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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / An efficient nozzle design is critical for enhancing the benefits of Pulse Detonation Engines (PDEs) and enabling their use as future propulsion or power generation systems. Due to the inherent variation in chamber pressure for Pulse Detonation Combustors, it has been difficult to design a nozzle, which has the capability to provide an appropriate exit-to-throat area ratio suited for both the detonation blow-down event and refresh pressures associated with the cyclic operation of a PDE. A two-dimensional PDE exit nozzle was designed, modeled, and constructed in an attempt to increase the overall efficiency of converting thermal energy to kinetic energy by providing a fluidic method to dynamically vary the effective nozzle area ratio. A fluidic nozzle configuration was evaluated, which had the ability to inject a small amount of air into the diverging section of the nozzle in order to dynamically create a more desirable exit-to-throat area ratio. Experimental testing was conducted on various injection flow rates, and a shadowgraph system was used to observe the fluid flow characteristics within the nozzle. Computer simulations were used to analyze the fluid flow properties within the nozzle. A comparison of the computer simulations and the experimental results was performed and demonstrated good agreement. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Detonation waves are supersonic combustion waves that have a multi-shock front structure followed by a spatially non-uniform reaction zone. During propagation, a de-coupled shock-flame complex is periodically re-initiated into an overdriven detonation following a transient Mach reflection process. Past researchers have identified mechanisms that can increase combustion rates and cause localized hot spot re-ignition behind the Mach shock. But due to the small length scales and stochastic behaviour of detonation waves, the important mechanisms that can lead to re-initiation into a detonation requires further clarification. If a detonation is allowed to diffract behind an obstacle, it can quench to form a de-coupled shock-flame complex and if allowed to form a Mach reflection, re-initiation of a detonation can occur. The use of this approach permits the study of re-initiation mechanisms reproducibly with relatively large length scales. The objective of this study is to experimentally elucidate the key mechanisms that can increase chemical reaction rates and sequentially lead to re-initiation of a de-coupled shock-flame complex into an overdriven detonation wave following a Mach reflection. All experiments were carried out in a thin rectangular channel using a stoichiometric mixture of oxy-methane. Three different types of obstacles were used - a half-cylinder, a roughness plate along with the half-cylinder and a full-cylinder. Schlieren visualization was achieved by using a Z-configuration setup, a high speed camera and a high intensity light source. Results indicate that forward jetting of the slip line behind the Mach stem can potentially increase combustion rates by entraining hot burned gas into unburned gas. Following ignition and jet entrainment, a detonation wave first appears along the Mach stem. The transverse wave can form a detonation wave due to rapid combustion of unburned gas which may be attributed to shock interaction with the unburned gas. Alternatively, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability can produce vortices along the slipline that may lead to mixing between burned-unburned gases and potentially increase combustion rates near the transverse wave. However, the mechanism(s) that causes the transverse wave to re-initiate into a detonation wave remains to be satisfactorily resolved.

[EN] Since the last two decades of the XX century and still nowadays the automotive industry has resorted to the very understanding of the combustion process. Regarding the Diesel engine many contributions has been built from the machine itself or test rigs that simulate real operating conditions. Based on that, the use of non-intrusive optical techniques has propelled the understanding of Diesel combustion phenomena, and extended conceptual models as Dec stablishes the Diesel flame morphology from the visualization of the injection/combustion process. From such combustion process picture, a review of the current state of the art has been done in order to assess on the still remain questions of the injection/combustion areas open to knowledge contribution. In that sense, it has been identified that Diesel flame transient evolution turns contradictory either on the final penetration result or the difficulties involved with reacting spray studies. While the quantification of the soot and its temperature in diffusive conditions might be related with high uncertainties of the experimental set-up, i.e. with the final result. The approach of this thesis is experimental; therefore, it considers the experimental conditions to ideally address the investigation with two main optical techniques, schlieren visualization and the two color method. Regarding the first one, the solution to saturation of the camera sensor enabled a reliable penetration on the reacting spray penetration. This technique added value has helped to evaluate two different test rigs in order to define the ideal environment (optical technique + test rig) to better describe the reacting spray. Regarding two color thermometry, experimental calibration has helped to define the basis to obtain a spatial relationship of images with different spectral information and to significantly improve the technic results. As a result, using standard techniques to investigate lift-off length of diffusion flames has helped to establish that the schlieren image with temporal resolution is feasible from the radial expansion in the auto-ignition area. Schlieren results: penetration, inert and reactive spray angle and lift-off have supported the description of the evolution of penetration flame phases, which compared with an inert jet have been modified by the establishment of the combustion. Depending on the radial and axial flame expansion the process description can be modified according to the variation of combustion conditions. Although, in the overall description framework the 5 stages of penetration: inert, self-ignition and expansion, stabilization, acceleration and quasi stationarity are kept. On the other hand, research on competing fuels in the formation of soot as n-heptane and Diesel, has helped to establish the sensitivity of soot indicators under different operating conditions evaluated in an optical engine. As an overall, understanding the evolution of the flame front penetration and soot formation in diffusive flames provides an extensive data with which it is possible to feed complex calculation models as the CFD and thus, provide additional elements for comprehending the radial and axial flame expansion processes; something that in the present work has been analyzed only from the macroscopic point of view document. / [ES] A lo largo de las dos últimas décadas del final del siglo XX y aún hasta la actualidad la industria de automoción ha recurrido al entendimiento de los procesos que gobiernan el proceso de combustión. En el caso del motor Diesel, muchos son los aportes que se han construido en tal sentido a partir de estudios sobre el motor propiamente dicho o a través de herramientas que simulan las condiciones de operación de este. Con ello, la introducción de medidas no intrusivas de carácter óptico ha impulsado el entendimiento del fenómeno de combustión Diesel. Conceptos tan amplios como el Dec establecen la morfología de la llama Diesel generados a partir de la visualización del proceso de inyección/combustión. A partir de esta fotografía del proceso de combustión, se ha hecho un revisión de cuál es el estado del arte actual con la finalidad de identificar los aspectos de inyección y combustión que en la literatura permanecen aún abiertos al aporte de conocimiento. En ese sentido, se ha identificado que el conocimiento de la evolución transitoria de llamas Diesel resulta contradictoria, bien por el resultado final de penetración o por la dificultad planteada al estudiar chorros reactivos. Mientras que en condiciones de combustión por difusión, la cuantificación del hollín y su temperatura parece estar relacionada con un alta incertidumbre asociada al desarrollo experimental, en sí, con el resultado final. El enfoque de esta tesis es experimental, y por tanto se plantean las condiciones experimentales para afrontar de manera idónea la investigación con dos técnicas ópticas principales, la visualización schlieren y la termometría de dos colores. Respecto a la primera, la solución al fenómeno de saturación de sensores de cámara de visualización ha permitido establecer una medida fiable de la penetración del chorro reactivo. Este valor agregado a la técnica, ha permitido evaluar dos instalaciones disponibles en el grupo de investigación donde se ha desarrollado la investigado y definir el entorno experimental técnica + instalación ideal para la descripción de evolución transitoria de la llama. Respecto a la termometría de dos colores, la puesta a punto experimental ha permitido establecer las bases para establecer una relación espacial de imágenes con información espectral diferente y mejorar sensiblemente el resultado de la técnica. Como resultados, el apoyo en técnicas estándar para la investigación de la longitud de lift-off de llamas de difusión, ha permito establecer comparativamente que la medida a partir de la imagen de schlieren con resolución temporal es factible a partir de la expansión radial en la zona de autoencendido. Los resultados de schlieren: penetración, ángulo de chorro inerte/reactivo y el lift-off han apoyado la descripción de las fases de la evolución de le penetración de llama, que en comparación con un chorro-inerte se ha visto modificada por el establecimiento de la combustión. Dependiendo de la expansión radial y axial de la llama la descripción del proceso puede modificarse según varían las condiciones de combustión, aunque el marco global de la descripción se mantienen las 5 fases de penetración: Inerte, autoencendido y expansión, estabilización, aceleración y cuasi estacionalidad. Por otra parte, la investigación sobre combustibles contrapuestos en la formación de hollín como el n-Heptano y Diesel, han permitido establecer la sensibilidad de indicadores de la cantidad de hollín y su en diferentes condiciones de operación evaluadas en un motor óptico. En conjunto, el entendimiento de la evolución del penetración del frente y de llama y la formación de hollín en llamas difusivas provee de una matriz de ensayos extensa con la cual es posible alimentar modelos de cálculos complejos como el CFD y así, proporcionar elementos adicionales para el entendimiento de los procesos de expansión radial y axial de la llama. Algo que en e / [CAT] Al llarg de les dues últimes dècades del final del segle XX i encara fins a l'actualitat la indústria d'automoció ha recorregut a l'enteniment dels processos que governen el procés de combustió. En el cas del motor Diesel, molts són les aportacions que s'han construït en aquest sentit a partir d'estudis sobre el motor pròpiament dit o a través d'eines que simulen les condicions d'operació d'aquest. Amb això, la introducció de mesures no intrusives de caràcter òptic ha impulsat l'enteniment del fenomen de combustió dièsel. Models conceptuals tan amplis com el de Dec estableixen la morfologia de la flama Diesel generats a partir de la visualització del procés d'injecció / combustió. A partir d'aquesta fotografia del procés de combustió, s'ha fet un revisió de quin és l'estat de l'art actual amb la finalitat d'identificar els aspectes d'injecció i combustió que en la literatura romanen encara oberts a l'aportació de coneixement. En aquest sentit, s'ha identificat que el coneixement de l'evolució transitòria de flames Diesel resulta contradictòria, bé pel resultat final de penetració o per la dificultat plantejada en estudiar dolls reactius. Mentre que en condicions de combustió per difusió, la quantificació del sutge i la seva temperatura sembla estar relacionada amb una alta incertesa associada al desenvolupament experimental, en si, amb el resultat final. L'enfocament d'aquesta tesi és experimental, i per tant es plantegen les condicions experimentals per afrontar de manera idònia la investigació amb dues tècniques òptiques principals, la visualització schlieren i la termometria de dos colors. Respecte a la primera, la solució al fenomen de saturació de sensors de cambra de visualització ha permès establir una mesura fiable de la penetració del doll reactiu. Aquest valor afegit a la tècnica, ha permès avaluar dues instal·lacions disponibles en el grup de recerca on s'ha desenvolupat el treball i definir l'entorn experimental tècnica + instal·lació ideal per a la descripció d'evolució transitòria de la flama. Respecte a la termometria de dos colors, la posada a punt experimental ha permès establir les bases per establir una relació espacial d'imatges amb informació espectral diferent i millorar sensiblement el resultat de la tècnica. Com a resultats, el suport en tècniques estàndard per a la recerca de la longitud de lift-off de flames de difusió, ha permès establir comparativament que la mesura a partir de la imatge de schlieren amb resolució temporal és factible a partir de l'expansió radial en la zona d'autoencesa. Els resultats de schlieren: penetració, angle de doll inert / reactiu i lift-off han donat suport a la descripció de les fases de l'evolució de la penetració de flama, que en comparació amb un doll inert s'ha vist modificada per l'establiment de la combustió. Depenent de l'expansió radial i axial de la flama la descripció del procés pot modificar-se segons varien les condicions de combustió, tot i que en el marc global de la descripció es mantenen les 5 fases de penetració: Inert, autoencesa i expansió, estabilització, acceleració i quasi estacionalitat . D'altra banda, la investigació sobre combustibles contraposats en la formació de sutge com el n-heptà i Diesel, han permès establir la sensibilitat d'indicadors de la quantitat de sutge i la seva en diferents condicions d'operació avaluades en un motor òptic. En conjunt, l'enteniment de l'evolució del penetració del front de flama i la formació de sutge en flames difusives proveeix d'una matriu d'assajos extensa amb la qual és possible alimentar models de càlculs complexos com el CFD i així, proporcionar elements addicionals per l'enteniment dels processos d'expansió radial i axial de la flama. Una cosa que en aquest document s'ha analitzat només des del punt de vista macroscòpic. / Briceño Sánchez, FJ. (2016). APORTACIONES AL ESTUDIO DE LA EVOLUCIÓN TRANSITORIA DE LLAMAS DE DIFUSIÓN DIESEL [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61485 / TESIS

Orientador: João Andrade de Carvalho / Resumo: Application technologies based on the detonation cycle has proven a significant impact on the overall efficiency. However, detonation engines are not currently available on the markets due to the lack of physical and chemical knowledge of the detonation phenomenon. The present study aims to provide new insights by studying the pressure and velocity, the density gradient of the detonation wave, and the OH distribution on the reaction zone of hydrogen-air detonation. Three strategies were proposed to obtain repeatable detonation events. The strategies vary on the geometry of the obstacle and the amount of spark plug to ignite the mixture. Pressure and velocity were recorded to determine if the transition from deflagration to detonation is successful. To image the density gradient of the shock wave, the optical technique called Schlieren was adapted to the detonation test bench. The OH radical distribution was studied by the optical diagnostic technique called planar laser-induced fluorescence. The pressure trace results showed high peaks in the regimen of Chapman-Jouguet state for detonation, unlike fast flames. The velocity results showed a considerable influence of the obstacle geometry to enhance the velocity of the wave, although the repeatable detonation events and the steadiness of the velocity were not boosted. The third strategy proved that adding more energy to a transient detonation wave, enhanced the stability and the consistent production of detonation events. The S... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The subject of this diploma thesis is the use of laser welding technology in protective atmospheres. Based on the literary research presented in the theoretical part of the thesis, two experiments were made. Welding of materials X5CrNi18-10 and X2CrNiMo17-13-2. Welded sheets were performed in three different protective atmospheres. Samples were made from the welded sheets for measuring tensile strength, hardness, macrostructure and microstructure. These samples were analyzed. The output of the analysis is the evaluation of the impact that the protective atmosphere have on the quality of the welded joint and optimal process parameters.

Internal waves are generated in stratified fluids, like the ocean, where density increases with depth. Tides are one of the major generation mechanisms of internal waves. As the tides move water back and forth over underwater topography, internal waves can be generated. The shape of the topography plays a major part in the properties of the generated internal wave and the type of wave and energy is known for multiple symmetric topographies, such as Gaussian or sinusoidal. In order to further understand the effects topographic shape plays, the effect of asymmetry on internal waves is investigated. First, two experimental methods are compared to evaluate which will capture the relevant information for comparing waves generated from oscillating asymmetric topographies. Two experimental methods are often used in internal wave research, Synthetic Schlieren (SS) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Both SS and PIV experimental methods are used to analyze a set of experiments in a variety of density profiles and with a variety of topographies. The results from these experiments are then compared both qualitatively and quantitatively to decide which method to use for further research. In the setup, the larger field of view of SS results in superior resolution in wavenumber analysis, when compared to PIV. In addition, SS is 25% faster to setup and significantly cheaper. These are the deciding factors leading to the selection of SS as the preferred experimental method for further tests regarding tidally generated internal waves from asymmetric topographies. Previous experimental and theoretical research on tidally generated internal waves has most often used symmetric topographies. However, due to the complex nature of real ocean topography, the effect of asymmetry can not be overlooked. A few studies have shown that asymmetry can have a significant effect on internal wave generation, but topographic asymmetry has not been studied in a systematic manner up to this point. This work presents a comparison of tidally generated internal waves from nine different asymmetric topographies, consisting of a steeper Gaussian curve on one side, and a wider Gaussian curve on the other. The wider curve has varying amplitude from 1 to 0.6 of the steeper curve's amplitude, and two oscillation frequencies are explored. First, kinetic energy density in tidally generated internal waves is compared qualitatively and quantitatively, in both physical and Fourier space. When compared to similar symmetric topographies, the asymmetric topographies varied distinctly in the amount of internal wave kinetic energy generated. In general, internal wave kinetic energy generated from asymmetric topographies is higher for waves generated at a lower frequency than at a higher frequency. Also, kinetic energy is higher in internal waves on the relatively steeper side of the topography. There is very little kinetic energy in the higher wavenumbers, with most of the internal waves being generated at the lower wavenumbers. The amplitude does not make an appreciable difference in the wavenumber at which the internal waves are generated. Thus, the differences quantified here are due solely to changing slope, showing a significant impact of a relatively slight asymmetry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A chemically reactive turbulent traversing hot-jet issued from a pre-chamber to a relatively long combustion chamber is experimentally investigated. The long combustion chamber represents a single channel of a wave rotor constant-volume combustor. The issued jet ignites the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. Fuel-air mixtures are prepared with different hydrocarbon fuels of different reactivity, namely, methane, propane, methane-hydrogen blend, methane-propane blend and methane-argon blend. The jet acts as a rapid, distributed and moving source of ignition, traversing across one end of the long combustion chamber entrance, induces complex flow structures such as a train of counter rotating vortices that enhance turbulent mixing. In general, a stationary hot-jet ignition process lack these structures due to absence of the traversing motion. The ignition delay of the fuels and fuel blends are measured in order to obtain insights about constant-volume pressure-gain combustion process initiated by a moving source of ignition and also to glean useful data about design and operation of a wave rotor combustor. Reactive hot-jets are useful to ignite fuel-air mixtures in internal combustion engines and novel wave rotor combustors. A reactive hot-jet or puff of gas issued from a suitably designed pre-chamber can act as rapid, distributed and less polluting ignition source in internal combustion engines. Each cylinder of the engine is provided with its own pre-chamber. A wave rotor combustor has an array of circumferentially arranged channels on a rotating drum. Each channel acts as a constant-volume combustor and produces high pressure combustion products. Implementation of hot-jet igniter in a wave rotor combustor offers utilization of available high temperature and high pressure reactive combustion products residing in each of the wave rotor channels as a distributed source of ignition for other channels, thus requiring no special pre-chamber in ultimate implementation. Such reactive products or partially combusted and radical-laden gases can be issued from one or more channels to ignite the fuel-air mixture residing in another channel. Due to the rotation of the rotor channels, the issued hot-jet would have relative motion with respect to one end of the channels and traverse across it. This thesis aims to investigate the effects of jet traverse time experimentally on ignition delay along with other important factors that affect the hot-jet ignition process such as fuel reactivity, fuel-air mixture preparation quality and stratification and equivalence ratio. In this study, the traversing motion of the hot-jet at one end of the main combustion chamber is implemented by keeping the main combustion chamber stationary and rotating a pre-chamber at speeds of 400 RPM, 800 RPM and 1200 RPM. The rotational speeds correspond to jet traverse times of 16.9 ms, 8.4 ms and 5.6 ms respectively. The fuel-air mixture inside the channel is at room temperature and pressure initially and its equivalence ratio is varied from 0.4 to 1.3. The cylindrical pre-chamber is initially filled with a 50%-50% methane-hydrogen blend fuel and air mixture at room pressure and temperature and at an equivalence ratio of 1.1. These conditions were chosen based on prior evidence of ignition rapidity with the jet properties. The hot-jet is issued by rupturing a thin diaphragm isolating the chambers. Using high frequency dynamic pressure transducer pressure histories, the diaphragm rupture moment and onset of ignition is measured. Pressure traces from two transducers are employed to measure the initial rupture shock speed and ignition delay. Schlieren images recorded by a high speed camera are used to identify ignition moment and validate the measured ignition delay times. Ignition delay is defined as time interval from the rupture moment to onset of ignition of fuel-air mixture in the main combustion chamber. The ignition system is designed to produce diaphragm rupture at almost exactly the moment when jet traverse begins. Ignition delay times are measured for methane, propane, methane-hydrogen blends, methane-propane blend and methane-argon blend. The equivalence ratio of the fuel-air mixtures varied from 0.4 to 1.3 in steps of 0.1 for stationary-hot jet ignition experiments and in steps of 0.3 for traversing hot-jet ignition experiments. Hot-jet ignition delay of fuel-air mixtures, for both stationary hot-jet ignition process and traversing hot-jet ignition process, generally increased with increasing equivalence ratio. For stationary hot-jet ignition delay, the minimum ignition delay occurs between Ф = 0.4 to Ф = 0.6 for the tested fuel-air mixtures. Both stationary and traversing hot-jet ignition delay depended on fuel reactivity. In particular, the shortest ignition delay times were observed for a fuel blend containing hydrogen. Among pure fuels propane exhibited slightly shorter ignition delay times, on average, compared to pure methane fuel. The addition of argon to pure methane, intended to control fuel density and buoyancy, increased the ignition delay. The traversing hot-jet ignition delay generally increased with increasing jet traverse times. To explain the variations in the measured hot-jet ignition delay and investigate qualitatively the effect of buoyancy on flame propagation and mixture stratification, the fuel-air mixture inside the main combustion chamber was ignited using a spark plug to generate a propagating laminar flame. The laminar flame propagated within the flammable regions of the channel in ways that sensitively reveal variations in local fuel-air mixture equivalence ratio. Flame luminosity images from a high speed camera and schlieren images revealed the fuel-air mixture being highly stratified depending on the density difference between the fuel and air and provided mixing time (0 s, 10s ,30s for most fuels). The lack of buoyancy-driven spreading caused the fuel to remain in the vicinity of the fuel injector resulting in significant longitudinal stratification of the fuel-air mixture. Lighter fuels stratified to the top of the chambers and heavier fuel stratified to the bottom of the chamber. Increasing the mixing time, which is defined as the time interval from end of fuel injection into the chamber to the triggering of the spark plug, improved the buoyancy-driven spreading and extended the flammable region as evidenced by the schlieren and flame luminosity images. The maximum pressure developed in the combustor for the three ignition processes, namely, stationary hot-jet ignition, traversing hot-jet ignition and spark ignition process in laminar flame propagation experiments were compared. Stationary hot-jet ignition process generally exhibited the highest pressure being developed in the chamber. Variations in heat loss, fuel-air mixture leakage and mass addition mechanisms reduced the maximum pressure for spark ignition and traversing hot-jet ignition process.

Internal waves exist everywhere in stratified fluids - fluids whose density changes with depth. The two largest bodies of stratified fluid are the atmosphere and ocean. Internal waves are generated from a variety of mechanisms. One common mechanism is wind forcing over repeated sinusoidal topography, like a series of hills. When modeling these waves, linear theory has been employed due to its ease and low computational cost. However, recent research has shown that non-linear effects, such as boundary layer separation, may have a dramatic impact on wave generation. This research has consisted of experimentation on sloped, sinusoidal hills. As of yet, no experimental research has been done to characterize internal wave generation when repeated sinusoidal hills lie on a sloped surface such as a continental slope or a foothill. In order to perform this experiment, a laboratory was built which employed the synthetic schlieren method of wave visualization. Measurements were taken to find wind speed, boundary layer thickness, and density perturbation. From these data, an analysis was performed on wave propagation angle, wave amplitude, and pressure drag. The result of the analysis shows that when wind blows across a series of sloped sinusoidal hills, fluid becomes trapped in the troughs of the hills resulting in a lower apparent forcing amplitude. The generated waves contain less energy than linear predictions. Additionally, the sloped hills produce waves which propagate at an angle away from the viewer. A necessary correction, which shifts from the reference frame of the observer to the reference plane of the waves is described. When this correction is applied, it is shown that linear theory may only be applied for low Froude numbers. At high Froude numbers, the effect of the boundary layer is great enough that the wave characteristics deviate significantly from linear theory predictions. The analyzed data agrees well with previous studies which show a similar deviation from linear theory.

<p dir="ltr">The Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel (BAM6QT) was used for a set of experiments studying the effect of isolated roughness elements on boundary-layer transition on a 7° half-angle cone. In quiet flow, the cone was tested at Reynolds numbers of 7.4 × 10e6 /m, 10.2 × 10e6 /m, and 13.0 × 10e6 /m. Tests were also completed at Re = 11.0 × 10e6 /m in noisy flow to examine the effects of freestream noise. The cone was set at both 0° and 6° angle of attack and an isolated, square trip oriented like a diamond with respect to the flow direction was attached before each set of runs. </p><p dir="ltr">Using infrared thermography and pressure transducers, the location of transition onset was estimated for each test. The results followed all expected trends: transition moved upstream as trip height increased, transition occurred earlier at higher freestream Reynolds numbers, and transition was significantly delayed in quiet flow compared to noisy flow. Mean flow solutions were generated to calculate correlation values commonly used to predict transition. Theexperimentaldatawasthenusedinconjunctionwiththesecorrelationvalues to identify a range of critical values that could be used to predict transition behavior. </p><p dir="ltr">Additionally, a z-type schlieren setup was developed for the BAM6QT. Various components were upgraded and standard procedures for aligning the system were developed. A new pulsed laser and high-speed camera were integrated into the system to enable schlieren imaging at up to 1.75M fps. The final configuration allows the schlieren system to be used for various applications with minimal adjustments, and has been utilized in many research projects in the BAM6QT.</p>