Depuis 2005, une loi garantit le droit à l’inclusion scolaire de tout enfant porteur de handicap. L’objectif principal de cette recherche de Doctorat était d'étudier les modalités de scolarisation des élèves avec autisme en école ordinaire en interrogeant à la fois les parents, les enseignants et les auxiliaires de vie scolaire (AVS). Nous souhaitions apporter des réponses aux questions suivantes : La scolarisation dans une école ordinaire est-elle toujours bénéfique aux enfants avec autisme quelle que soit l’ampleur de leurs troubles ? La sévérité du syndrome oriente-t-elle les objectifs à atteindre ? Les enseignants sont-ils suffisamment formés pour participer à une école inclusive ? La méthodologie de recherche se compose de trois parties : 1. la diffusion en ligne de trois questionnaires adressés respectivement aux enseignants, aux parents et aux AVS ; 2. Des entretiens conduits avec des parents d’enfants atteints d’autisme scolarisés en milieu ordinaire, des AVS et des enseignants ; 3. Une étude de cas visant à observer l’intégration d’un enfant avec autisme dans une classe. Les résultats montrent notamment des décalages de points de vue entre chaque acteur. Les parents évoquent souvent « un parcours du combattant » pour réussir à scolariser leur enfant et regrettent parfois le manque de motivation de certains enseignants pour accueillir des enfants avec autisme. La rencontre avec les enseignants laisse penser que la Loi a été promulguée un peu trop rapidement avant que les écoles et les enseignants soient véritablement prêts à accueillir les enfants différents et à leur proposer des modalités d’inclusion ajustées à leurs besoins particuliers. Ainsi, des enseignants et des AVS regrettent un manque de formation dans ce registre. Il apparaît finalement que réussir l’intégration des enfants « différents » en école ordinaire implique une différenciation des dynamiques d’apprentissage, un ajustement des stratégies pédagogiques de l’enseignant et un aménagement du cadre pour que le jeu didactique soit source d’enrichissement pour l’enfant, pour l’enseignant et pour les autres élèves de la classe. / Since 2005, a law guarantees the right to scholastic inclusion of any disabled child. The main objective of this PhD research is to focus on studying the modalities for students schooling with autism in ordinary schools by interviewing both of the parents, teachers and education/teaching assistants (EAs/TAs). We want to provide answers to the following questions: Is schooling in ordinary school always beneficial to children with autism whatever the extent of their problems? Can the objectives be oriented by the severity of the autism’s syndrome? Are teachers adequately trained to participate in an inclusive school? The research methodology consists of three parts: 1. online distribution of three questionnaires respectively addressed to teachers, parents and EAs/TAs; 2. interviews with parents of children with autism into ordinary schooling, EAs/TAs and teachers; 3. A case study to observe the integration of a child with autism in a classroom. The results show in particular shifting views between each actor. Parents often evoke "an obstacle course" to successfully schooling their child and sometimes regret the lack of some teachers’ motivation to receive children with autism. The meeting with teachers suggests that the Act is enacted too quickly before schools and teachers are truly ready to welcome different children and offer them modalities of adjuster inclusion to their specific needs. Thus, teachers and EAs/TAs regret a lack of training in this register. It finally appears that the successful integration of "different" children in ordinary schools implies a differentiation of learning dynamics, adjustment of teaching strategies of the teacher and a framework planning so that the didactic game is a source of enrichment for the child, the teacher and other students in the classroom.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Tanganelli Lara.pdf: 1122663 bytes, checksum: ab5640c7d3581b1be5a551e7af36eb14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study analizes the scolastic inclusion and exclusion of students in the 8th grade, verifying the reasons for which the students present scolastic success or weakness. The main objective of the research was to identify and characterize scolastic inclusion and exclusion of students at the end of the eight grade in relation to the organizational aspects of the school and the curiculum being used at the school, as seen through the work of the teachers, as well as in relation to the social and cultural characteristics of all the school employees. The main theoretical references for the present study were Bourdieu, in order to comprehend the meaning of the categories allotted by the teachers for the students and those excluded from the interior; Charlot, to clarify the relation to knowledge; and Lahire, to discuss the scholastic success amongst the lower-class population. To explain the processes of selection existent in the day to day school environment, Apple was consulted. The data collected refers to observation within the school, including the 8th grade students of a public school situated in the city of São Paulo em 2007; to the questionaires applied to and interviews with teachers and students throughout the time period; and to the analysis of documents related to the evaluations of the students when in the 8th grade and prior (when in the 4th grade), and other information from general evaluation tests, and from scolastic organization. The results indicate that the production of scholastic success or weakness was an institutional factor, including the actions of all school employees, be it by the classification used, be it by the maintenance of them throughout the years, be it by the institutions that decided the lives of the students, and be it by the actions of the team of directors in omitting many times the conditions or change in conditions needed for betterment and not providing substitution rather than suspension of so many classes, which only worsened the precariousness of the attention given. These actions within the school demonstrate strong traits of school culture, which proportions the scholastic inclusion or exclusion of students / Este estudo analisa a inclusão e a exclusão escolar de alunos no último ano do ciclo II, verificando por quais razões os alunos apresentam sucesso ou fracasso escolar. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi identificar e caracterizar a inclusão e a exclusão escolar de alunos do final do ciclo II em suas relações com aspectos da organização da escola e do currículo em ação na escola, por meio do trabalho dos professores, bem como das características sociais e culturais dos agentes da escola. Os principais referenciais teóricos do presente estudo foram Bourdieu, a fim de compreender o que significam as categorias do juízo professoral sobre os alunos e os excluídos do interior; Charlot, para esclarecer a relação com o saber; Lahire, para discutir o sucesso escolar nos meios populares. Para explicar os processos de rotulação existentes no cotidiano escolar, recorreu-se a Apple. Os dados coletados referemse à observação no interior da escola, inclusive nas turmas de 8ª série de uma escola pública municipal situada na cidade de São Paulo em 2007; a questionários e entrevistas ao longo do percurso para professores e alunos; a análise dos documentos relativos às avaliações dos alunos na 8ª série e prévia (4ª série), e outros advindos das provas de avaliação externa da escola, e da organização escolar. Os resultados indicaram que a produção do sucesso e do fracasso escolar foi uma questão institucional, perpassando a atuação de todos os agentes da escola, seja pelas classificações efetuadas, seja pela manutenção delas ao longo dos anos, seja pelos órgãos que decidiram a vida dos alunos ou, ainda, pela atuação da equipe dirigente, omissa muitas vezes em prover condições ou alterá-las para outra direção, ou mesmo providenciar substituições e não suspensão de tantas aulas, o que só agravou a precariedade do atendimento. Essas ações no interior da escola demonstram traços fortes da cultura escolar, que propiciam a inclusão ou a exclusão escolar de alunos