This study reports research employing a three-phase methodology to investigate the nature and communication of the school culture of the Anglican Church Grammar School Brisbane. A preliminary survey with open-ended questions was used to obtain general opinion on the nature of the school's culture, how it is communicated and the role of the school's organisation structure in communicating the school's culture. From the results of this preliminary survey, a set of ratings was developed and given to randomly selected samples of ex-students, parents, staff and senior students. A descriptive statistical analysis of this main survey was used in providing answers to the research questions concerning the nature of the school's culture, the influence of the school's organisational structure on it, and how the culture is communicated within the school and to the general public. Data from the main survey were used to develop a set of scales, the Communication of School Culture Instrument, which was used to give comparisons of the perceptions of school culture by the four population sub-groups (viz. ex-students, parents, staff & students) of the school. Statistical findings from the surveys and the CSCI were complemented by a series of in-depth interviews of representatives of the school population sub-groups. Analysis of data suggested that, whilst the school's sub-groups generally shared perceptions about the nature of the school's culture, there were significant differences of opinion about how this culture was communicated and influenced by the school's organisational structure. There was also a significant difference of perspective between the adult males and females of the total school population. An analysis of perspective of ex-students from different time periods of attending the school from the 1920s to present, did not show any significant differences in perspective, suggesting a constancy of the school's culture over time. Several other areas of investigation which would be worthy of further attention are the role of mothers and female members of staff in a boys' school, and the impact of boarding students as a sub-culture would be worthy of further study in this school.

Contribution The main contribution offered by my research is an increased understanding of medical students’ perceptions of empathy and the factors that influence this. By using an innovative method in medical education research, the study contributes to research methodology. Background Empathy is accepted as a fundamental part of the patient-doctor relationship and essential for effective clinical care. Current societal opinions are that some healthcare professionals lack empathy and that medical students become less empathetic during their training, although the reasons for this are not understood. If this perceived decline is to be addressed, medical educators need to understand students’ perspectives of the factors that influence their empathy. Aims of the research The study sought to gain a deeper understanding of the development of medical students’ empathy and the factors influencing this during their undergraduate training. It is hoped that this understanding may lead to improvements in medical education and patient care. Methods Ethical approval for the study was granted by the University. A phenomenological approach was adopted, which involved listening to the students’ views and experiences of their course. Serial, semi-structured, indepth, interviews were conducted with sixteen medical students. Each year the student completed an hour-long interview over three years. One group of eight students were followed during the preclinical years of the course (years 1-3) and the other group, during the clinical years (years 4-6). The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded using qualitative data analysis software (N Vivo), and analysed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Findings The students in the preclinical years described empathy as a personal attribute, emphasising its emotional dimension. In the clinical years, students viewed empathy differently: as a complex relational process with the patient, which varied in depth and quality according to the clinical context. They described the tensions between connecting with and detachment from a patient. Students indicated influences which enhanced their empathy, including patient contact and positive role models. They also identified barriers to empathy, including: the medical school culture, a biomedical bias in the curriculum, a lack of patient contact, negative role models and teaching of professionalism as distancing from patients. The preclinical group of students reported gaining in self-confidence during their course. The clinical group described how their empathy with patients had increased but they detected a conflict between empathy and efficiency. Conclusions The use of an innovative longitudinal, phenomenological approach in medical education research generated new understanding of a complex interpersonal view of empathy and highlighted aspects of a ‘hidden curriculum’. The students maintained that their contact with patients was the most useful way of developing empathy. They expressed a desire to connect emotionally with patients but were uncertain how to balance this connection with professional detachment. They described a marked biomedical emphasis in their course and perceived that teaching on professionalism encouraged a distancing from patients. In contrast to the widely-reported opinion that there has been a decline in medical students’ empathy, this study suggested that students perceived that their empathy increased during their training. However, some students had learned distancing behaviours to hide their empathetic feelings. In the light of this research, it is hoped that medical educators will develop ways of supporting students to deal appropriately with their own emotions and those of patients.

Esta dissertação, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas de Michel Foucault, lança um olhar sobre aspectos da cultura escolar, suas regras, modos de organização, currículo, avaliações que movimentam o processo de escolarização, problematizando as relações de poder envolvidas na produção de subjetividades dos diferentes sujeitos e permeadas por diferentes verdades sobre esses sujeitos. Nessa perspectiva relacional, o poder é entendido como dinâmico, flexível, estratégico, difícil de ser capturado: o sujeito e suas ações são seus efeitos e agentes. Pretendo entender como algumas forças provenientes de diferentes direções vão construindo os cenários nos quais os sujeitos do cotidiano escolar atuam, produzindo relações de poder muito complexas. Nesse exercício, não cabe descrever os efeitos do poder em termos negativos. O poder produz realidades e rituais de verdade. Assim, busco, neste estudo, olhar para essa articulação de forças, de estratégias, de movimentos que, atravessando as relações de poder, produzem o currículo e as subjetividades num determinado espaço educativo. Esses saberes/verdades, extraídos das práticas de objetivação, possibilitam o investimento em ações e intervenções. É nesse sentido que busco olhar as práticas escolares como espaços de objetivação/subjetivação. Ao analisar essas práticas, destaco que os efeitos, no que diz respeito à produção de subjetividades, não se encontram em uma ou outra forma de agir. Percebi que as práticas escolares articulam-se numa rede disciplinar formada por diferentes dispositivos que se relacionam na produção de sujeitos, agindo sobre seus corpos. Relatórios, registros, observações, classificações, controle das atividades, organização do tempo e do espaço formam uma rede de significações e de normalização dos sujeitos no espaço escolar. E aqueles/as que não se enquadram, que se desviam do caminho, são apanhados mais facilmente pelas redes do poder e objetivados são produzidos em sua subjetividade que tenta fazer com que ele/a se perceba e se compreenda de certo jeito para se autogovernar, para melhor aprender e normalizar-se. Nesse processo de normalização dos sujeitos, não descarto a necessidade de se ter determinadas regras de convivência, de se ter a preocupação com que as crianças aprendam os conhecimentos escolares. O que ressalto é que se reflita sobre que tipo de normas estabelece o que é normal e anormal, que tipo de saberes é valorizado, com que propósito se investe sobre os corpos das crianças, que subjetividades estão sendo produzidas no espaço da escola. / This dissertation, seen through the theoretical-methodological eyes of Michel Foucault, looks at aspects of school culture, its rules, methods of organization, curriculum, evaluations that impel the process of schooling, problematizing the power relations involved in the production of subjectivities of the different subjects and permeated by different knowledges seeking to pronounce truths about those subjects. In that relational perspective, power is considered dynamic, flexible, strategic and hard to be captured: the subject and his actions are its effects and agents. I want to understand how some forces coming from different directions build scenarios in which the subjects of everyday school life act, producing very complex power relations. In that exercise, we should not describe the effects of power in negative terms, Power produces realities and rituals of truth. Therefore, I am seeking in this study to look for that articulation of forces, of strategies and of movements which, passing through the power relationships, produce the curriculum and the subjectivities in a certain educative space. These knowledges/truths extracted from objectivation practices, make it possible to invest in actions and interventions. It is in that sense that I am looking at school practices as objectivation/subjectivation spaces. When analyzing these practices I note that the effects, with regard to the production of subjectivities, are not found in one or another way of acting. I noticed that the school practices are articulated in a disciplinary network formed by different dispositions that are in the production of subjects, acting on their bodies. Reports, records, observations, classifications, control of activities, organization of time and of space form a network of significations and of normalization of the subjects in the school space. And those that do not fit in, who stray from the path, are caught more easily by the networks of power and objectivated persons are produced in their subjectivity which tries to make him or her perceive himself/herself and understand in a certain way to self-govern, to better learn and become normal. In that process of normalization of subjects, I do not rule out the need to have certain rules of cohabitation, to be preoccupied with children learning school knowledges. What I emphasize is that we should reflect on which type of rules establishes what is normal and abnormal, which type of knowledges is valorized, with which purpose the bodies of the children are invested in, and which subjectivities are being produced in the school space.

Esta dissertação, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas de Michel Foucault, lança um olhar sobre aspectos da cultura escolar, suas regras, modos de organização, currículo, avaliações que movimentam o processo de escolarização, problematizando as relações de poder envolvidas na produção de subjetividades dos diferentes sujeitos e permeadas por diferentes verdades sobre esses sujeitos. Nessa perspectiva relacional, o poder é entendido como dinâmico, flexível, estratégico, difícil de ser capturado: o sujeito e suas ações são seus efeitos e agentes. Pretendo entender como algumas forças provenientes de diferentes direções vão construindo os cenários nos quais os sujeitos do cotidiano escolar atuam, produzindo relações de poder muito complexas. Nesse exercício, não cabe descrever os efeitos do poder em termos negativos. O poder produz realidades e rituais de verdade. Assim, busco, neste estudo, olhar para essa articulação de forças, de estratégias, de movimentos que, atravessando as relações de poder, produzem o currículo e as subjetividades num determinado espaço educativo. Esses saberes/verdades, extraídos das práticas de objetivação, possibilitam o investimento em ações e intervenções. É nesse sentido que busco olhar as práticas escolares como espaços de objetivação/subjetivação. Ao analisar essas práticas, destaco que os efeitos, no que diz respeito à produção de subjetividades, não se encontram em uma ou outra forma de agir. Percebi que as práticas escolares articulam-se numa rede disciplinar formada por diferentes dispositivos que se relacionam na produção de sujeitos, agindo sobre seus corpos. Relatórios, registros, observações, classificações, controle das atividades, organização do tempo e do espaço formam uma rede de significações e de normalização dos sujeitos no espaço escolar. E aqueles/as que não se enquadram, que se desviam do caminho, são apanhados mais facilmente pelas redes do poder e objetivados são produzidos em sua subjetividade que tenta fazer com que ele/a se perceba e se compreenda de certo jeito para se autogovernar, para melhor aprender e normalizar-se. Nesse processo de normalização dos sujeitos, não descarto a necessidade de se ter determinadas regras de convivência, de se ter a preocupação com que as crianças aprendam os conhecimentos escolares. O que ressalto é que se reflita sobre que tipo de normas estabelece o que é normal e anormal, que tipo de saberes é valorizado, com que propósito se investe sobre os corpos das crianças, que subjetividades estão sendo produzidas no espaço da escola. / This dissertation, seen through the theoretical-methodological eyes of Michel Foucault, looks at aspects of school culture, its rules, methods of organization, curriculum, evaluations that impel the process of schooling, problematizing the power relations involved in the production of subjectivities of the different subjects and permeated by different knowledges seeking to pronounce truths about those subjects. In that relational perspective, power is considered dynamic, flexible, strategic and hard to be captured: the subject and his actions are its effects and agents. I want to understand how some forces coming from different directions build scenarios in which the subjects of everyday school life act, producing very complex power relations. In that exercise, we should not describe the effects of power in negative terms, Power produces realities and rituals of truth. Therefore, I am seeking in this study to look for that articulation of forces, of strategies and of movements which, passing through the power relationships, produce the curriculum and the subjectivities in a certain educative space. These knowledges/truths extracted from objectivation practices, make it possible to invest in actions and interventions. It is in that sense that I am looking at school practices as objectivation/subjectivation spaces. When analyzing these practices I note that the effects, with regard to the production of subjectivities, are not found in one or another way of acting. I noticed that the school practices are articulated in a disciplinary network formed by different dispositions that are in the production of subjects, acting on their bodies. Reports, records, observations, classifications, control of activities, organization of time and of space form a network of significations and of normalization of the subjects in the school space. And those that do not fit in, who stray from the path, are caught more easily by the networks of power and objectivated persons are produced in their subjectivity which tries to make him or her perceive himself/herself and understand in a certain way to self-govern, to better learn and become normal. In that process of normalization of subjects, I do not rule out the need to have certain rules of cohabitation, to be preoccupied with children learning school knowledges. What I emphasize is that we should reflect on which type of rules establishes what is normal and abnormal, which type of knowledges is valorized, with which purpose the bodies of the children are invested in, and which subjectivities are being produced in the school space.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como os jovens estudantes de uma escola pública em São Paulo utilizam a internet para dar conta de suas tarefas escolares e, desse modo, entender como eles utilizam os recursos disponíveis na internet como ferramentas pedagógicas. A pesquisa foi de caráter qualitativo e utilizou como instrumentos entrevistas e questionários. Partiu-se da hipótese de que com o advento da internet, algo se alteraria nas dinâmicas escolares, uma vez que a internet seria uma fonte de saber para os alunos que permitiria um diálogo com a cultura escolar. Seria um mecanismo que poderia alterar a relação estabelecida entre os jovens e o saber escolar, favorecendo a mobilização dos alunos para a aprendizagem. Constatou-se, no entanto, que o uso feito pelos jovens entrevistados dos recursos disponíveis é apenas instrumental e depende dos conhecimentos intuitivos já possuídos e não os adquiridos na escola. As atividades escolares continuam sendo propostas da mesma maneira como o eram antes de a internet figurar como fonte de pesquisa. Concluiu-se, então, que a internet, até o momento, não conseguiu alterar as dinâmicas escolares e que a escola deixa de utilizar as ferramentas da internet para potencializar as aprendizagens. A cultura escolar, enfim, não dialoga com os saberes retirados da internet pelos alunos, deixando de relacionar-se com parte da cultura desses alunos, pouco mobilizados para a aprendizagem escolar nos moldes habituais. / This study aims to investigate how the young students at a public school in São Paulo using the internet to realize their homework and thereby understand how they use the resources available on the internet as pedagogical tools. The research was qualitative and used interviews and questionnaires as instruments. We started from the assumption that with the advent of the internet, something would change in the dynamic of the school, since the internet was a source of knowledge for students that would allow a dialogue with the school culture. It would be a mechanism could change the relationship that young people establish with the school knowledge, favoring the mobilization of students for learning. It was found, however, that using that young respondents make available resources is only instrumental and depends on the intuitive knowledge they already have and that are not learned at school. School activities are still being proposed in the same way as they were before the internet appear as a research resource. It was concluded then that the internet, so far, failed to alter the dynamics of school and the school ceases to use the internet tools to enhance their learning. The school culture no dialogue with the knowledge taken from the internet by students, failing to relate to part of the culture of these students, some mobilized for school learning in the usual manner.

O Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), tem como objetivo o aperfeiçoamento da formação docente nas licenciaturas. Isto é previsto através da parceria estabelecida entre a universidade e a escola de educação básica. O programa foi alvo de um estudo avaliativo no ano de 2014 que revelou diversas contribuições proporcionadas pelo programa. As contribuições abrangiam todos os sujeitos participantes do processo, no entanto, apenas algumas apontavam os alunos das escolas públicas. Nessa pesquisa, buscamos compreender e caracterizar as contribuições que os licenciandos, ou pibidianos, possibilitaram aos alunos de uma escola pública. Para isso, além de ouvir o supervisor e os pibidianos, entrevistamos os alunos de uma escola pública. Para esse estudo, acompanhamos uma professora supervisora e alguns dos pibidianos orientados por ela. A observação foi realizada durante o segundo semestre de 2015 e durante o ano de 2016. Para caracterizar as contribuições, fundamentamos nosso trabalho nas ideias de Vygotsky sobre mediação e aprendizado. Os dados coletados foram divididos em quatro eixos: Cultura escolar, Aprendizado, Linguagem e Afetividade. As contribuições foram denominadas mediações e dos quatro eixos emergiram sete categorias: mediação científica, mediação científica, mediação assistencial, mediação problematizadora, mediação comunicativa, mediação afetivo-vivencial e mediação afetivo-científica. As categorias foram construídas no decorrer da análise dos dados, com exceção das categorias afetivo-vivencial e afetivo-científica que nos baseamos no trabalho desenvolvido por Pereira (2014). Inicialmente esperávamos resultados mostrando que a contribuição dos pibidianos para a educação científica dos alunos seria uma complementação da contribuição da supervisora. De fato, encontramos uma mudança dos alunos bastante diversificada e de longo prazo, envolvendo a cultura, a linguagem, a própria comunicação, a afetividade e também a Alfabetização Científica, que não seria possível sem a colaboração dos pibidianos, e que resultou também numa mudança da atuação deles e da supervisora. / The Institutional Scholarship for Teaching Initiation Program (Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência - PIBID) aims to improve teacher education in undergraduate programs. This is provided through the partnership established between the university and the school of basic education. The program was the subject of an evaluative study in the year 2014 that revealed several contributions provided by the program. The contributions covered all the subjects participating in the process, however, only a few contributions referred to students of the public school. In this research, we seek to understand and characterize the contributions that the undergraduate student enable to the students of a public school. For this, in addition to listening to the supervisor and the pibidianos, we interview the students of a public school. For this study, we accompanied a supervising teacher and some of the undergraduate students guided by her. The observation was made during the second half of 2015 and during the year 2016. To characterize the contributions, we base our work on Vygotsky\'s ideas on mediation and learning. The data collected were divided into four axes: School Culture, Learning, Language and Affectivity. The contributions were denominated mediations and seven categories emerged from the four axes: cultural-scientific mediation, scientific mediation, assistance mediation, problematizing mediation, communicative mediation, affective-experiential mediation and affective-scientific mediation. The categories were constructed during the analysis of the data, with the exception of the affective-experiential and affective-scientific categories based on the work developed by Pereira (2014). Initially we expected results showing that the contribution of the pibidians to students\' scientific education would complement the contribution of the supervisor. In fact, we find a rather diffuse and long-term change of students, involving culture, language, communication itself, affectivity and also Scientific Literacy, which would not be possible without the collaboration of the undergraduate students, and which also resulted in a change their work and the supervisor.

The concept of collective teacher efficacy was first introduced by Bandura (1997) in the 1990's. Hattie's (2016) identification of collective teacher efficacy as the number one influence on student achievement has led to the idea that educators within a school have the ability to positively impact student achievement. In his research, Bandura identified four sources of both individual and collective teacher efficacy: mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and affective state. The purpose of this qualitative research study is to identify aspects of school culture that support collective teacher efficacy. This was done by interviewing 32 members of the faculty and staff at a K-8 school in New Zealand through a lens of social cognitive theory. Qualitative analysis of these interviews identified five core aspects of school culture that contribute to collective teacher efficacy: shared vision for learning, school systems, relationships, well-being, and collaboration. Based on the assumption that collective teacher efficacy can have a positive effect on student achievement, it is my assertion that understanding and applying these five aspects of school culture could have a significant and positive impact on student achievement.

No description available.

Many have identified the principalship as a “sink or swim” role (Rooney, 2000, p. 77) in which new leaders address a multitude of tasks daily (Spillane & Lee, 2014, p. 433) with feelings of being ultimately responsible (Swen, 2019, p. 5). Preparing principals through induction programs, internships, mentors, coursework, and exposure, are just some of the many ways that we currently prepare beginning principals for their new role. “Challenges for novice school leaders evolve as information is managed differently and as societal and regulatory expectations change” (Beam, Claxton, & Smith, 2016, p. 145). Given this on-going negotiation, novice principals must actively engage in meaning-making and critical reflection of their broad range of experiences. This research dives into this transitional development, as it relates to school culture and the means through which novice elementary school principals come to understand it. Building on decades of research focused on the work of the principal and how that work can become maximized for efficiency and effectiveness, this dissertation situates the novice principal as a learner within the realities of the school organization’s culture. The identity of a novice principal is mutually defined with multiple factors, including, but not limited to, the people, place, time, and dynamic cultural process of their placement (Rogoff et al., 1995, p. 45). It was the intent of this research to learn how novice principals approach learning about school culture at a site where they have never worked before. Utilizing a cross-case study design, grounded in a social constructivist lens, three principals including a first-year principal, second-year principal and third-year principal participated in two rounds of interviews. The first interview included a set of elements of culture developed by Wagner (1998) that looked at what these novice principals knew about the culture at their sites. The second round of interviews looked at these same questions, but probed for how they learned about each component respectively. Interviews were transcribed, coded based on the framework developed by Wildy and Clark (2008b) which includes place, people, system, and self. Subthemes were also identified, and data were compared across cases and within each case. Results include the acknowledgment that novice principals utilize a variety of approaches to learn about school culture. A majority of these approaches include informal learning such as previous experiences, exposure due to an active presence, and situational learning within the context of place and time. Trial and error, as well as on the job learning, were highly prevalent across interview responses, as well as the identified approaches of observations, purposeful communication, asking questions, listening attentively, and seeking to understand. It is important to continue to build our understanding of how novice principals approach their learning of school culture. Insight into how, when, and why novice principals engage in this learning holds potential for informing and improving school culture, principal preparation, and the development of novice principals in their early years in the position.

This thesis explores how schools with a religious affiliation recruit religion in school culture and the formal curriculum (both curriculum content and pedagogic method) and how this relates to the pedagogic identities they project. An overarching concern of the thesis is to understand how the character of the affiliated religion relates to the privileging of particular forms of solidarity and identity. This explorative, multiple case study is located in four independent schools in South Africa, each with an official affiliation to a particular religious community. The sample comprises a co-educational charismatic Protestant school, a liberal Catholic school, a traditional-Orthodox Jewish school and a conservative Muslim school. The study foregrounds Bernstein’s (1990, 2000) suggestion that a sociologically important characteristic of religions is the way they constitute the relation between the 'inner’ self and the 'outer’ social world. The thesis looks to Bernstein’s (1975, 2000) theory that the ideology inherent in pedagogic discourse constitutes particular instantiations of power and control (related to Bernstein’s concepts of classification and framing respectively) that structure a school’s curriculum and pedagogic methods. The analysis of school culture utilises Bernstein’s (1975) theory of ritual and identity is explored in relation to Bernstein’s (2000) taxonomy of pedagogic identities. Furthermore, Durkheim’s (1915, 1960) concept of mechanical and organic solidarity and his theory of the sacred and the profane provide the primary conceptualizations of social order. The qualitative analysis of interview data (obtained from students, teachers, principals and religious leaders), policy documentation and direct observation shows significant differences between the schools relating to the recruitment of the affiliated religion in curriculum, pedagogy and ritual. The analysis suggests that the schools affiliated to religions in which the inner and the outer are dislocated (the Protestant and Catholic school), recruit the affiliated religion in a way that predominantly privileges a moral order in which the student is weakly related to a collective and individualised values and relations are emphasised (organic solidarity). Conversely, the schools in the sample affiliated to religions in which the inner is not dislocated from the outer (the Jewish and Muslim school), recruit the affiliated religion in a way that privileges strong identification of the student to a collective (mechanical solidarity). However, the analysis suggests that the form of solidarity related to the recruitment of the affiliated religion at the schools is not always the only form of solidarity privileged. More specifically, the analysis shows that components of the instructional order 'unordered’ by the affiliated religion may result in a layering of different forms of solidarity within the same school. The analysis implies that the schools project different pedagogic identity modes enabled by particular instantiations of power and control related to the privileged form/s of social solidarity. The major finding of the thesis is that the character of the affiliated religion, in terms of its constitution of the inner and the outer, relates to the form of social solidarity privileged by the school’s recruitment of religion, which, in turn, enables the projection of particular pedagogic identities. This thesis makes a contribution to a growing body of literature that vi challenges the idea that 'religious schools’ are homogenous. It provides a theoretical methodology for exploring differences and similarities between 'religious schools’ across different religions and suggests a sociologically important source of variance in 'religious schools’ in general.