Grande parte da comunidade internacional defende que as cidades devem ser sustentáveis, inclusivas, seguras e resilientes. Neste sentido, tem sido desenvolvidas diversas iniciativas que, normalmente, envolvem revitalização de áreas urbanas, implementação de infraestrutura e criação de políticas de incentivo ao transporte não motorizado, como o deslocamento a pé. Apesar das evidentes vantagens deste tipo de transporte, como o baixo impacto ambiental e a prática de exercícios físicos, a vulnerabilidade dos pedestres é maior devido a sua exposição direta à fatores externos. Essa realidade se agrava quando são consideradas regiões de trânsito no entorno de escolas, colégios ou outras instituições educacionais, àreas estratégicas por atrairem novos usuários para a rede local de tráfego, incluindo as crianças. Esta dissertação trata sobre projeto de um aplicativo para promover o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares, estimulando o transporte ativo entre crianças e adolescentes. A metodologia de projeto utilizada para a criação do sistema teve como base teórica e prática o design de interação, e considerou paralelamente as pesquisas específicas sobre o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares obtidas na revisão teórica. A usabilidade e o potencial do sistema para o incentivo ao transporte ativo foram validados através de testes com um protótipo semi-funcional e de discussões orientadas em grupo focado. Os resultados obtidos nos testes foram majoritariamente favoráveis à adesão ao uso do aplicativo e ao seu potencial para incentivo à realização de deslocamentos a pé no trajeto casa/escola, de acordo com diversos critérios de avaliação fundamentados na revisão teórica. / A large part of the international community argues that cities must be sustainable, inclusive, secure and resilient. In this sense, several initiatives have been developed that involve revitalization of urban areas, implementation of infrastructure and creation of policies to encourage non-motorized transportation, such as walking. Despite the obvious advantages of this type of transport, such as low environmental impact and physical exercise, the vulnerability of pedestrians is greater due to their direct exposure to external factors. This reality worsens when they are considered transit regions around schools, colleges or other educational institutions, strategic areas for attracting new users to the local traffic network, including children. This thesis deals with the design of a mobile application to promote the movement of pedestrians in school areas to stimulating active transportation among children and adolescents. The project methodology used for the creation of the system was based on interaction design, and considered the specific research on the pedestrian movement in school areas carried out in the theoretical revision. The results obtained in the tests were mostly positive according to several evaluation criteria based on the theoretical review, indicating the adherence to the use of the proposed mobile app and showing its potential as an incentive children and teenagers walking.

Grande parte da comunidade internacional defende que as cidades devem ser sustentáveis, inclusivas, seguras e resilientes. Neste sentido, tem sido desenvolvidas diversas iniciativas que, normalmente, envolvem revitalização de áreas urbanas, implementação de infraestrutura e criação de políticas de incentivo ao transporte não motorizado, como o deslocamento a pé. Apesar das evidentes vantagens deste tipo de transporte, como o baixo impacto ambiental e a prática de exercícios físicos, a vulnerabilidade dos pedestres é maior devido a sua exposição direta à fatores externos. Essa realidade se agrava quando são consideradas regiões de trânsito no entorno de escolas, colégios ou outras instituições educacionais, àreas estratégicas por atrairem novos usuários para a rede local de tráfego, incluindo as crianças. Esta dissertação trata sobre projeto de um aplicativo para promover o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares, estimulando o transporte ativo entre crianças e adolescentes. A metodologia de projeto utilizada para a criação do sistema teve como base teórica e prática o design de interação, e considerou paralelamente as pesquisas específicas sobre o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares obtidas na revisão teórica. A usabilidade e o potencial do sistema para o incentivo ao transporte ativo foram validados através de testes com um protótipo semi-funcional e de discussões orientadas em grupo focado. Os resultados obtidos nos testes foram majoritariamente favoráveis à adesão ao uso do aplicativo e ao seu potencial para incentivo à realização de deslocamentos a pé no trajeto casa/escola, de acordo com diversos critérios de avaliação fundamentados na revisão teórica. / A large part of the international community argues that cities must be sustainable, inclusive, secure and resilient. In this sense, several initiatives have been developed that involve revitalization of urban areas, implementation of infrastructure and creation of policies to encourage non-motorized transportation, such as walking. Despite the obvious advantages of this type of transport, such as low environmental impact and physical exercise, the vulnerability of pedestrians is greater due to their direct exposure to external factors. This reality worsens when they are considered transit regions around schools, colleges or other educational institutions, strategic areas for attracting new users to the local traffic network, including children. This thesis deals with the design of a mobile application to promote the movement of pedestrians in school areas to stimulating active transportation among children and adolescents. The project methodology used for the creation of the system was based on interaction design, and considered the specific research on the pedestrian movement in school areas carried out in the theoretical revision. The results obtained in the tests were mostly positive according to several evaluation criteria based on the theoretical review, indicating the adherence to the use of the proposed mobile app and showing its potential as an incentive children and teenagers walking.

abstract: Mobile healthy food retailers are a novel alleviation technique to address disparities in access to urban produce stores in food desert communities. Such retailers, which tend to exclusively stock produce items, have become significantly more popular in the past decade, but many are unable to achieve economic sustainability. Therefore, when local and federal grants and scholarships are no longer available for a mobile food retailer, they must stop operating which poses serious health risks to consumers who rely on their services. To address these issues, a framework was established in this dissertation to aid mobile food retailers with reaching economic sustainability by addressing two key operational decisions. The first decision was the stocked product mix of the mobile retailer. In this problem, it was assumed that mobile retailers want to balance the health, consumer cost, and retailer profitability of their product mix. The second investigated decision was the scheduling and routing plan of the mobile retailer. In this problem, it was assumed that mobile retailers operate similarly to traditional distribution vehicles with the exception that their customers are willing to travel between service locations so long as they are in close proximity. For each of these problems, multiple formulations were developed which address many of the nuances for most existing mobile food retailers. For each problem, a combination of exact and heuristic solution procedures were developed with many utilizing software independent methodologies as it was assumed that mobile retailers would not have access to advanced computational software. Extensive computational tests were performed on these algorithm with the findings demonstrating the advantages of the developed procedures over other algorithms and commercial software. The applicability of these techniques to mobile food retailers was demonstrated through a case study on a local Phoenix, AZ mobile retailer. Both the product mix and routing of the retailer were evaluated using the developed tools under a variety of conditions and assumptions. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that improved decision making can result in improved profits and longitudinal sustainability for the Phoenix mobile food retailer and similar entities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Industrial Engineering 2016

Grande parte da comunidade internacional defende que as cidades devem ser sustentáveis, inclusivas, seguras e resilientes. Neste sentido, tem sido desenvolvidas diversas iniciativas que, normalmente, envolvem revitalização de áreas urbanas, implementação de infraestrutura e criação de políticas de incentivo ao transporte não motorizado, como o deslocamento a pé. Apesar das evidentes vantagens deste tipo de transporte, como o baixo impacto ambiental e a prática de exercícios físicos, a vulnerabilidade dos pedestres é maior devido a sua exposição direta à fatores externos. Essa realidade se agrava quando são consideradas regiões de trânsito no entorno de escolas, colégios ou outras instituições educacionais, àreas estratégicas por atrairem novos usuários para a rede local de tráfego, incluindo as crianças. Esta dissertação trata sobre projeto de um aplicativo para promover o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares, estimulando o transporte ativo entre crianças e adolescentes. A metodologia de projeto utilizada para a criação do sistema teve como base teórica e prática o design de interação, e considerou paralelamente as pesquisas específicas sobre o deslocamento de pedestres em áreas escolares obtidas na revisão teórica. A usabilidade e o potencial do sistema para o incentivo ao transporte ativo foram validados através de testes com um protótipo semi-funcional e de discussões orientadas em grupo focado. Os resultados obtidos nos testes foram majoritariamente favoráveis à adesão ao uso do aplicativo e ao seu potencial para incentivo à realização de deslocamentos a pé no trajeto casa/escola, de acordo com diversos critérios de avaliação fundamentados na revisão teórica. / A large part of the international community argues that cities must be sustainable, inclusive, secure and resilient. In this sense, several initiatives have been developed that involve revitalization of urban areas, implementation of infrastructure and creation of policies to encourage non-motorized transportation, such as walking. Despite the obvious advantages of this type of transport, such as low environmental impact and physical exercise, the vulnerability of pedestrians is greater due to their direct exposure to external factors. This reality worsens when they are considered transit regions around schools, colleges or other educational institutions, strategic areas for attracting new users to the local traffic network, including children. This thesis deals with the design of a mobile application to promote the movement of pedestrians in school areas to stimulating active transportation among children and adolescents. The project methodology used for the creation of the system was based on interaction design, and considered the specific research on the pedestrian movement in school areas carried out in the theoretical revision. The results obtained in the tests were mostly positive according to several evaluation criteria based on the theoretical review, indicating the adherence to the use of the proposed mobile app and showing its potential as an incentive children and teenagers walking.

[pt] O transporte escolar é fundamental para garantir o acesso e permanência dos alunos nas escolas públicas, principalmente nas áreas rurais, onde os estudantes estão localizados em uma grande área com baixa densidade e as estradas encontram-se em situações precárias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar a metaheurística Iterated Local Search para o roteamento de 13.664 alunos da zona rural do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, considerouse o problema de roteamento de veículo escolares, do inglês School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP), com frota heterogênea e escola única, com o objetivo de minimizar o custo total considerando as restrições de capacidade dos veículos e distância máxima de percurso. Para aplicação do método, foram considerados os dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUC-RJ). Os resultados são apresentados em dois cenários, o primeiro considera os dados de 79 rotas utilizadas pela SEEDUC-RJ para comparação dos resultados obtidos com o ILS. O método mostrou uma redução de 40,5 por cento no custo médio das rotas e 46 or cento na quilometragem média por aluno. O segundo cenário considera o roteamento da totalidade dos alunos, que foram divididos em 506 instâncias considerando escola e turno. A maior instância roteada possui 534 alunos. Os resultados consolidados por município são apresentados e mostram a concentração de municípios com maior custo médio por rota no noroeste fluminense. A implementação das rotas propostas pode trazer economia significativa com as despesas relacionadas ao transporte escolar rural, além de indicar um aumento no nível de serviço para os estudantes, com redução da quilometragem média por aluno. / [en] School transport is essential to ensure access and permanence of students in public schools, especially in rural areas, where students are located in a large area with low density and roads are in precarious conditions. This work aims to apply the Iterated Local Search metaheuristic to route 13.664 rural students in the state of Rio de Janeiro. For this, we considered the School Bus Routing Problem (SBRP), with heterogeneous fleet and single school, in order to minimize the total cost considering the vehicles capacity constraints and maximum travel distance. To apply the method, the data provided by Secretaria de Estado de Educação do Rio de Janeiro (SEEDUCRJ) were considered. The results are presented in two scenarios, the first considers data from 79 routes used by SEEDUC-RJ to compare the results obtained with the ILS. The method showed a reduction of 40.5 percent in the average cost of routes and 46 percent in the average mileage per student. The second scenario considers the routing of all students, who were divided into 506 instances considering school and shift. The largest routed instance has 534 students. The results consolidated by municipality are presented and show the concentration of municipalities with the highest average cost per route in northwestern Rio de Janeiro. The implementation of the proposed routes can bring significant savings with expenses related to rural school transport, in addition to indicating an increase in the level of service for students, with a reduction in the average mileage per student.

Darbo tikslas. Ištirti ir išanalizuoti mokinių vežiojimo būklę Raseinių rajone. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Anoniminės apklausos būdu pagal specialiai parengtą anketą apklausti 1551 Raseinių rajono mokiniai gyvenantys toliau kaip 3 km nuo mokyklos. Vežiojimo būklė analizuota pagal mokinių gyvenamo atstumo nuo mokyklos, būdą, kuriuo pasiekia mokyklą. Anketinio tyrimo duomenys sukaupti duomenų bazėje ir analizuoti „Excel“ programa. Statistiniai ryšiai nustatyti „SPSS 14.0 for Windows“ programa naudojant neparametrinį chi kvadrato ((2) kriterijų bei Spirmeno koreliacijos koeficientą. Statistinis reikšmingumas nustatytas taikant Stjudento (t) kriterijų. Rezultatai. Raseinių rajono apklausos duomenys rodo, kad 20 proc. mokinių, turinčių teisę į nemokamą pavežėjimą iki artimiausios mokyklos, nėra vežiojami. Didžioji dalis mokinių į mokyklą vežiojami mokykliniais/geltonaisiais autobusiukais. 43,3 proc. Raseinių rajono mokinių kelionės trukmė išsitenka intervale nuo 15 min. iki 30 min. 40,9 proc. mokinių nuo mokyklos gyvena 3-5 km intervale. Pamokų pradžios iki 15 min. laukia 63,1 proc. visų apklaustų mokinių. Pagrindinės problemos, su kuriomis susiduria Raseinių rajono mokiniai, važinėjantys į mokyklą įvairaus tipo autobusais, yra grūmimasis lipant į autobusus bei sėdimų vietų trūkumas juose. Merginos dažniau grumiasi lipant į autobusus nei vaikinai. Jos taip pat dažniau nei berniukai įžeidinėja viena kitą, apsistumdo laukdamos autobuso, skriaudžia jaunesnes. 67,2 proc... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objective. To investigate and analyze the state of conveying pupils in Raseiniai District. Material and methods. 1551 Raseiniai district pupils, who live further than 3 km from the school, was interviewed by a specially prepared anonymous questionnaire. The state of conveying analyzed under the distance from pupils home to school and by the way, how they reaches the school. Questionnaire material has been accumulated in the database and analyzed in the Excel program. Statistical relations determinet by "SPSS 14.0 for Windows" program using nonparametric test, chi-Square (2) and Spirmen‘s correlation coefficient. Statistical significance determined using Student‘s (t) coefficient. Rezults. Survey shows that 20 percent of pupils who having the right to travel free into the nearest school, and come back to the home, is not moved. Most part of the pupils in the school moved by school / yellow bus. 43,3 percent Raseiniai district pupils trip to school takes from 15 until 30 minutes. 40,9 percent pupils live 3-5 kilometers from school. 63,1 percent of all the surveyed pupils waiting about 15 minutes until the start of lessons. The main problems faced by the Raseiniai district pupils, traveling at different school buses, are pushing trying to enter the bus and the lack of passenger seats. Girls pushing trying to enter the buses more often than boys. They also are more often taunt each other. 67,2 percent Raseiniai district pupils who living more than 3 km from the school... [to full text]

Contribution d'organismes subventionnaires: Le Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), Sport Canada et l’Initiative de recherche sur la participation au sport, l’Institut de recherche en santé publique (IRSPUM)

L’écomobilité en milieu scolaire, étudiée à travers le Pédibus ou walking school bus, système de ramassage pédestre organisant bénévolement le trajet domicile-école à l’initiative des parents, peut questionner l’éducation relative à l’environnement (ERE) et l’éducation au développement durable (EDD). S’inscrivant à la suite des travaux de Lucie Sauvé, Sandrine Depeau, Alain Legardez, Angela Barthes, Marie-Louise Martinez et Jean-Marc Lange, les analyses ont cherché à montrer comment la pratique du Pédibus peut devenir un enjeu éducatif qui touche aux finalités de l’éducation : « construire des savoirs », « construire une identité de sujet et de citoyen », « devenir une personne responsable évoluant au sein d’une communauté ». Le point de départ a été d’interroger la façon dont le discours véhiculé par les textes officiels, dont les grandes déclarations onusiennes fondatrices du développement durable (DD), voient en l’école le lieu fondamental de la formation des esprits conscients et responsables. A ces discours prônant une réforme par le haut, la thèse a mis en regard les discours des acteurs du Pédibus en Métropole Rouen Normandie, recueillis entre 2016 et 2018, afin de montrer comment s’articule un discours écocitoyen, inscrit dans un processus de réforme par la base et par l’action quotidienne. S’inspirant des études sur l’écocitoyenneté, en particulier des travaux de Marie-Louise Martinez, l’analyse interlocutive des discours a mis en évidence la constitution d’une conscience écocitoyenne et l’émergence d’une personne écoresponsable, inscrite dans son milieu urbain et naturel, ainsi que dans son milieu social (rue, quartier, ville). Par ailleurs, cette thèse constitue la première monographie universitaire consacrée au Pédibus, incluant un état de la recherche inspiré de divers pays et de domaines différents (sciences de l’éducation, médecine, sociologie, géographie) concernés par le « car-à-pattes », à l’origine des principaux types de discours portant sur un objet complexe (discours sécuritaire, hygiéniste, sociétal, environnemental). Conformément à la nature même d’un processus d’apprentissage dénué de curriculum et dont la compréhension peut s’inspirer des travaux de l’éco-ontogénèse dans l’esprit de Tom Berryman, les relations entre apprentissage non formel et apprentissage formel ont été interrogées, d’autant que les élèves concernés relèvent du « cycle des observations » et du « cycle de consolidation » de l’école primaire. Sur ces bases, la thèse a formulé des pistes de remédiation, susceptibles de renforcer la synergie entre éducation non formelle et éducation formelle d’une part, et de contribuer à la multiplication et à la pérennisation des lignes de Pédibus d’autre part, très engagée depuis des décennies dans les « déplacements doux », pourrait servir de modèle dans le domaine de l’écomobilité. / Eco-mobility in connection with schools, studied through the Walking School Bus, a pedestrian collecting system that voluntarily organizes the home-school journey for young pupils at the initiative of some parents, can raise questions about environmental education (EE) and education for sustainable development (ESD). Following the work of Lucie Sauvé, Sandrine Depeau, Alain Legardez, Angela Barthes, Marie-Louise Martinez and Jean-Marc Lange, the analyses sought to show how the practice of the Walking School Bus can become an educational issue that touches on the aims of education: "building knowledge", "building an identity as a subject and a citizen", "becoming a responsible person evolving within a community". The starting point was to question how the discourse conveyed by official texts, including the major UN declarations founding sustainable development (SD), see schools as the fundamental place for the training of conscious and responsible minds. To these discourses advocating a reform from above, the thesis compared the discourses of the actors of the Walking School Bus in Rouen Normandy Metropolis, collected between 2016 and 2018, in order to show how an eco-citizen discourse is articulated, as part of a reform process from the bottom up, and through daily action. Inspired by studies on eco-citizenship, in particular the work of Marie-Louise Martinez, the interlocutory analysis of the discourses highlighted the creation of an eco-citizen awareness and the emergence of an eco-responsible person, inscribed in its urban and natural environment, as well as in its social environment (street, neighborhood, city). Moreover, this thesis is the first university monograph devoted to the Walking School Bus, including a state of research inspired by various countries and different fields of science (educational sciences, medicine, sociology, geography) concerned by the WSB, at the origin of the main types of discourse on a complex subject (safety, hygienist, societal, environmental discourse). In accordance with the very nature of a curriculum-free learning process whose understanding can be inspired by the work of eco-ontogenesis in Tom Berryman's mind, the relationship between non-formal and formal learning was questioned, especially because the pupils concerned fall within the "observation cycle" and the "consolidation cycle" of primary school. On this basis, the thesis formulated remedial approaches that could strengthen the synergy between non-formal and formal education on the one hand, and contribute to the multiplication and sustainability of the Walking School Bus lines on the other hand. Rouen Normandy Metropolis, which has been very much involved for decades in "soft mobility", could serve as a model in the field of eco-mobility.