Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2004. / This stucly set out to investigate the possibility of school social work intervention as an institutional structure in South African schools with special reference to the Durban, Empangeni and Pietermaritzburg education areas where the writer carried out the empirical observation. The justification or the investigation was strengthened by the double factors of globalisation and fast increasing technology transfer throughout the world- The study regarded the multiplicity of social, financial and other problems plaguing communities in South Africa as a given. Against this background, the question asked was whether, given the reality of these factors inhibiting the intellectual and vocatipnal development of school going children, educational provision for social work intervention as it obtains at the moment, was adequate to equip the younger generation to fit gainfully in a highly competitive and fast changing global market. ln terms of methodological orientation, the study was both exploratory and descriptive in nature. It employed both qualitative and quantitative methods including interviews and focused groups. The sample was divided into two phases. The respondents in phase one were educators and education managers. The respondents in phase two were social workers and social work managers from the Department of Welfare as well as non-governmental organizations CNGO's). For this study two interview schedules were used to obtain data. One was for Educators and Education Managers and the other was for Social Workers and Social Work Managers. The findings of this study are revealing in their disclosure. They reveal that the child could benefit from a developmental perspective in school social work, as this perspective would discourage dependency, and promote parental involvement and that of other sections of the community having a vested interest in the school. The findings of this study give ample indication that given the situation of South Africa within a fast changing global economy, the introduction of, as well as adequate provisioning for school social work intervention would be a well placed structural improvement in the South African schooling system. Somewhat disturbing though was the finding that educators were not making adequate use of social Work services (where available in referring children with social problems to social work agencies). In turn the agency social workers were'unable to attend speedily to children's social problems because of their heavy case loads. With this in the background, the recommendation for the insti'tutionalisation of school social work is no longer of legislative choice but an existential imperative.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1997. / Een kopie mikrofiche. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: School social work has been part of the services rendered to schools in the Western Cape province for the past 13 years. This service, however, was not equally available to all schools and learners. In addition to this, services are being rendered by four different systems in a diverse way. The aim of this study is to develop guidelines for the effective management of school social work services in the Western Cape province. The underlying goal to this study is to explore in which system school social work should be structured as part of an Education Support Service. A literature study and its practical application lead to the conclusion that school social work is a specialist field. The fact that school social work and education share common goals, serves to confirm the structuring of school social work within the education system. From a description of the existing state of school social work in the Western Cape province, it becomes evident that the diverse nature of the service is the result of the differences in its management. The unification of the different school social work systems therefore seems to be a priority in the creation of a service which can be accountable in every way. On the grounds of the established fact that school social work should be structured as a unit within the Western Cape Education Department, the compatability of the management administrations of social work and education was investigated. It was concluded that both these services could be grouped under the concept human service organization and thus share a common management administration. From the caracteristics of a human service organization's structural framework, an empirical investigation was conducted as to the way school social work is being managed as a unit within the Western Cape Education Department. According to the description of the style of management, interpretations were made on the basis of applications from existing literature. By means of this descriptive and applied research methods, the conclusion was reached that the characteristics of the management of a human service organization are not adhered to with regard to school social work services within the Directorate: Para- Edicational Service. It was also found that the management of school social work is ineffective. On the basis of these conclusions, recommendations were made regarding the structuring of school social work within the Western Cape province, as well as on a national level. The way in which such structuring should be implemented is formulated in the recommendation regarding guidelines which were developed for the effective management of school social work in the Western Cape Province. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skool maatskaplike werk word reeds vir 13 jaar in die Wes- Kaapprovinsie geimplementeer. Hierdie dienste was egter nie tot 'n gelyke mate beskikbaar aan alle skole en leerders nie. Verder word die diens gefragmenteerd vanuit vier verskillende stelsels gelewer en bestuur. Hierdie ondersoek het ten doel om riglyne te ontwikkel vir die effektiewe bestuur van skool maatskaplike werk. Onderliggend tot die riglyne is ondersoek ingestel na waar die skool maatskaplikewerk-diens, as deel van 'n Onderwysondersteuningsdiens gestruktureer behoort te word. Op grond van 'n literatuurstudie en praktiese toepassing vanuit die literatuur is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat skool maatskaplike werk 'n spesialiteitsrigting in die maatskaplike werk is. Die gemeenskaplike aard van die doelstellings van skool maatskaplike werk en die opvoedkunde of onderwys dien as bevestiging vir die strukturering van skool maatskaplike werk binne die onderwysstelsel. Uit die bespreking van die stand van skool maatskaplike werk in die Wes-Kaapprovinsie blyk dit dat die gediversifiseerde aard van die diens voortspruit uit die verskille wat bestaan ten opsigte van die bestuur daarvan. Die vereniging van die verskillende skool maatskaplikewerk-stelsels onder een bestuurstelsel, blyk dus 'n prioriteit te wees in die daarstel van 'n verantwoordbare diens. Op grond van die bevestiging dat skool maatskaplike werk as 'n eenheid gestruktureer moet wees binne die Wes-Kaapse Onderwysdepartement, is ondersoek ingestel na die verenigbaarheid van die bestuursadministrasies van maatskaplike werk en onderwys. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beide hierdie dienste gegroepeer kan word onder die begrip diensgerigte instelling. Hulle deel dus een bestuursadministrasie, naamlik die bestuursadministrasie vir 'n diensgerigte instelling. Vanuit die bestuurskenmerke van 'n diensgerigte instelling is 'n empiriese ondersoek gedoen na die wyse waarop skool maatskaplike werk as 'n eenheid binne die Wes-Kaapse Onderwysdepartement bestuur word. Na aanleiding van die beskrywing van die bestuurswyse is interpretasies gemaak op grond van toepassings uit die literatuur. Deur middel van hierdie beskrywende en toegepaste navorsing is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die bestuurskenmerke van 'n diensgerigte instelling nie realiseer ten opsigte van skool maatskaplikewerk-dienste binne die Direktoraat: Para- Opvoedkundige Diens nie en dat bestuur van die skool maatskaplikewerk-diens oneffektief is. Op grond van hierdie gevolgtrekkings is aanbevelings gemaak ten opsigte van die strukturering van skool maatskaplike werk binne die Wes- Kaapprovinsie, sowel as op nasionale vlak. Die wyse waarop hierdie strukturering in praktyk gestel behoort te word is geformuleer in die aanbeveling ten opsigte van riglyne wat ontwikkel is vir die effektiewe bestuur van skool maatskaplike werk in die Wes-Kaapprovinsie.

The purpose of the study was to find out about provision of guidance and counselling in the schools in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. Guidance and counselling services are crucial to the success of lifelong learning policies, providing assistance and advice to learners so that they make better informed and future educational and career choices suitable for them. Through guidance and counseling services, students develop a clear understanding of self, their attitudes, abilities, interests, ambitions, resources and limitations from career counselling. They are also guided into various entrepreneurial activities, training, advancement and other benefits for sustainable self-reliance and self-worth. Students are able to achieve and live fulfilled lives and contribute meaningfully to the development of their country in all spheres of life once they receive appropriate guidance and counselling services. Guidance and counseling services look at the holistic development of the learner by taking into account the psycho-social, intellectual, emotional and physical development aspects of the learner within the context of the learner’s environment. The provision of guidance and counselling programmes and services is the shared responsibility of all school staff. A team approach should be employed, wherein all staff members have specified roles to play. School counsellors play a key role in planning and implementing programmes and service. Guidance and counselling programmes and services are systematically planned to meet the needs of all learners and are infused into the daily activities of schools. Using a quantitative research design, the research sample included Department of Education (DoE) Officials and teachers in seven districts in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics in were used to analyse the provision of guidance and counselling in the schools in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. The results revealed that guidance and counselling is necessary in schools and that it should be provided in all schools in the districts. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

The purpose of the study was to find out about provision of guidance and counselling in the schools in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. Guidance and counselling services are crucial to the success of lifelong learning policies, providing assistance and advice to learners so that they make better informed and future educational and career choices suitable for them. Through guidance and counseling services, students develop a clear understanding of self, their attitudes, abilities, interests, ambitions, resources and limitations from career counselling. They are also guided into various entrepreneurial activities, training, advancement and other benefits for sustainable self-reliance and self-worth. Students are able to achieve and live fulfilled lives and contribute meaningfully to the development of their country in all spheres of life once they receive appropriate guidance and counselling services. Guidance and counseling services look at the holistic development of the learner by taking into account the psycho-social, intellectual, emotional and physical development aspects of the learner within the context of the learner’s environment. The provision of guidance and counselling programmes and services is the shared responsibility of all school staff. A team approach should be employed, wherein all staff members have specified roles to play. School counsellors play a key role in planning and implementing programmes and service. Guidance and counselling programmes and services are systematically planned to meet the needs of all learners and are infused into the daily activities of schools. Using a quantitative research design, the research sample included Department of Education (DoE) Officials and teachers in seven districts in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics in were used to analyse the provision of guidance and counselling in the schools in the Transkei sub-region of the Eastern Cape. The results revealed that guidance and counselling is necessary in schools and that it should be provided in all schools in the districts. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

Sexual abuse of children occurs at a very high rate and most of the victims are young children who have never been taught about the possibility of being abused. Victims of abuse are not equipped with appropriate knowledge and vocabulary to enable them to explain properly when they experience abuse. Acquisition of a vocabulary and understanding of the concepts of sexuality would assist children in recognizing, resisting and reporting sexual abuse. The young age at which abuse occurs makes the study at primary school level important and relevant. There is little literature on how child sexual abuse can be identified, addressed and handled by schools or what unique role the school should play in the management of child sexual abuse cases. Educators are in a position to identify sexually abused children because of their close and ongoing contact with school-going children. Therefore, young children place a great deal of trust in their teachers and look to them for protection when they feel unsafe. Teachers are trained to observe changes in the appearance and progress of individual children. Therefore, they can also assist in uncovering and reacting appropriately to disclosures of abuse. The study was conducted in poor, disadvantaged, rural primary schools in a part of the North West Province. There is a limited access to social work services in rural areas and therefore, educators are considered to be appropriate people to educate children about sexual abuse issues because children spend most of their time at school. There is a relationship between educators, parents and children which creates a proper channel of communicating information about sexual abuse of children. That is, educators are in a position not only to educate but also to reinforce what children have learnt at home. Educators' role have been limited in the identification and dealing with sexual abuse cases and therefore, there is a need to empower them with appropriate knowledge and skills to enable them to handle sexual abuse cases at school level successfully. / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)

The study focuses on the emotional experiences of parental bereavement of African adolescents who live in a rural environment. Findings revealed that the loss of a parent is very devastating for African adolescents. The adolescents received inadequate assistance from family, peers, community members or educators. It is essential after this study to uncover ways in which these adolescents could be assisted to cope with the loss of a parent who had been providing love, care, financial and material support, as well as safety and security. To gather data the researcher drew meaning from eight participants’ lived experiences from transcriptions of interviews with the participants. The participants, seven girls and one boy, were adolescents between the ages of twelve and fifteen years, who had lost their fathers. This study recommended that educators be equipped to take a major role in dealing with children in bereavement, since there are no educational psychologists or other professionals based in the school or neighbourhood. The community needs to be made aware of the plight of bereaved adolescents and should be introduced into giving positive and constructive assistance to these young people. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

This research study focuses on the sexual encounters of teenagers. Teenagers do not always have private intimate places of their own and tend to use school grounds, toilets and classrooms to engage in sexual activities. Recently, various newspapers published articles about teen pregnancy and sex on school grounds. The alarming rate of sexual activities at schools among South African teenagers became a driving force for the researcher to investigate this phenomenon. The goal was to develop in-depth understanding of the experiences of teenagers being engaged in sexual activities at school and social work support required. A qualitative approach was employed following explorative, descriptive and contextual research designs. The study was conducted in the Gauteng province. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data. Purposive sampling was utilised. Analysis of data was conducted according to Tesch (cited in Smit, 2002) and Guba's model (cited in Shenton, 2004) was employed for data verification. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science (Social Work))

Sexual abuse of children occurs at a very high rate and most of the victims are young children who have never been taught about the possibility of being abused. Victims of abuse are not equipped with appropriate knowledge and vocabulary to enable them to explain properly when they experience abuse. Acquisition of a vocabulary and understanding of the concepts of sexuality would assist children in recognizing, resisting and reporting sexual abuse. The young age at which abuse occurs makes the study at primary school level important and relevant. There is little literature on how child sexual abuse can be identified, addressed and handled by schools or what unique role the school should play in the management of child sexual abuse cases. Educators are in a position to identify sexually abused children because of their close and ongoing contact with school-going children. Therefore, young children place a great deal of trust in their teachers and look to them for protection when they feel unsafe. Teachers are trained to observe changes in the appearance and progress of individual children. Therefore, they can also assist in uncovering and reacting appropriately to disclosures of abuse. The study was conducted in poor, disadvantaged, rural primary schools in a part of the North West Province. There is a limited access to social work services in rural areas and therefore, educators are considered to be appropriate people to educate children about sexual abuse issues because children spend most of their time at school. There is a relationship between educators, parents and children which creates a proper channel of communicating information about sexual abuse of children. That is, educators are in a position not only to educate but also to reinforce what children have learnt at home. Educators' role have been limited in the identification and dealing with sexual abuse cases and therefore, there is a need to empower them with appropriate knowledge and skills to enable them to handle sexual abuse cases at school level successfully. / Psychology / M. A. (Psychology)

This research study focuses on the sexual encounters of teenagers. Teenagers do not always have private intimate places of their own and tend to use school grounds, toilets and classrooms to engage in sexual activities. Recently, various newspapers published articles about teen pregnancy and sex on school grounds. The alarming rate of sexual activities at schools among South African teenagers became a driving force for the researcher to investigate this phenomenon. The goal was to develop in-depth understanding of the experiences of teenagers being engaged in sexual activities at school and social work support required. A qualitative approach was employed following explorative, descriptive and contextual research designs. The study was conducted in the Gauteng province. Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect data. Purposive sampling was utilised. Analysis of data was conducted according to Tesch (cited in Smit, 2002) and Guba's model (cited in Shenton, 2004) was employed for data verification. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science (Social Work))

The study focuses on the emotional experiences of parental bereavement of African adolescents who live in a rural environment. Findings revealed that the loss of a parent is very devastating for African adolescents. The adolescents received inadequate assistance from family, peers, community members or educators. It is essential after this study to uncover ways in which these adolescents could be assisted to cope with the loss of a parent who had been providing love, care, financial and material support, as well as safety and security. To gather data the researcher drew meaning from eight participants’ lived experiences from transcriptions of interviews with the participants. The participants, seven girls and one boy, were adolescents between the ages of twelve and fifteen years, who had lost their fathers. This study recommended that educators be equipped to take a major role in dealing with children in bereavement, since there are no educational psychologists or other professionals based in the school or neighbourhood. The community needs to be made aware of the plight of bereaved adolescents and should be introduced into giving positive and constructive assistance to these young people. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)