The hypothesis was investigated that school training was more effective than on-the-job training. Of a sample of 349 male subjects, 217 received on-the-job training and 132 received school training. Data were collected and analyzed on tenure, performance, promotions, salary increases, and accidents. Training type had a significant positive correlation with tenure and accident occurrence at the .01 and .05 level, respectively, and a significant correlation with salary increase at the .05 level. A regression model using accident occurrence and salary increase yielded a prediction of training type significant at the .05 level. No difference was found between the two types of training, as measured by the study variables.

As with many other disciplines, the study of medicine is being influenced by the change in the cultural make-up of our country. On occasion, conflicts may develop between the personal beliefs of medical students and the training they must undertake in order to become competent and caring physicians. What are the implications for medical school training in terms of the increasing diversity of the individuals applying to, and being accepted into, medical schools across this country? How much should we allow the personal beliefs and values of physicians-in-training to modify the medical education experience as it currently exists? Do we need to accommodate these individual student differences (religious and cultural) when designing and modifying the medical school curriculum? This thesis looks at the requirement for accommodation (as established in human rights legislation) and the rights of individuals entering into medical school training (as guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms) and attempts to balance these individual rights against the goal of a medical school to develop a generic physician who is prepared, at completion of medical school training, to enter into many different post-graduate training programs. Medical school training involves a number of different types of learning including: knowledge acquisition, procedural competence, and the ability to interact in an intimate, yet wholly professional, manner with complete strangers. Current accreditation requirements demand that each medical student achieves a requisite level of knowledge, and the ability to perform certain physical examinations and associated procedures, by the completion of medical school training. Three distinct examples of possible requests for accommodation are examined during this thesis in order to determine if, and when, accommodation is reasonable and achievable. Although it is possible to allow some degree of modification of the medical school training process in order to accommodate religious or cultural beliefs of particular students, this accommodation is currently not possible if bona fide educational requirements are undermined during this accommodation or if accommodation of students would require undue hardship on the part of the particular medical school, staff or other students involved in the training process. Creating a standard process whereby students can request a modification of their involvement in the medical school curriculum (in order to accommodate religious or cultural differences) will facilitate unbiased and reasonable decision-making. This will allow students and faculty to have reasonable expectations about the ability of each individual to be successfully integrated into the medical school training program. It would also be useful and responsible to make it clear to students applying to be admitted to medical school where the limits are with respect to what degree of modification of medical school training is possible. The knowledge and clinical abilities that a student will be expected to master, within a Canadian medical school curriculum, must be consistent with the expectation of non-discrimination, as identified by provincial and national human rights legislation, and with the rights and freedoms as guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

This study, as stated in Chapter I, is designed for the purpose of determining the relationship between an individual's degree of social acceptance and social adjustment in the classroom and the presence or absence of pre-school training.

Understanding the complexity of the organization and the development of School training does not seem to be something to be postponed. This research aims to point out contributions to Universities and Elementary Education Schools in order to put up shared practices among the institutions concerning planning, accompaniment and evaluation of school training. This research aimed to find answers to the following problem: Which aspects are relevant to characterize the organization and the development of school training in the Biology Courses from Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões URI Erechim Campus and Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). This is a qualitative research that involved the two institutions quoted above and 35 EEB (13 from Erechim and 22 from Santa Maria). As research sources, information from documents that direct the development of school training in the universities and the EEB were used, as well as 89 people who built the real sample of the research: 24 Biology teachers (12 from Erechim EEB and 12 from Santa Maria); 17 members of the board of the EEB from Erechim; 4 school training advisors (2 from URI and 2 from UFSM) and 44 school trainees (24 from URI and 24 from UFSM). Questionnaires, interviews and document analysis were the instruments for data collection. Although the research was carried out in two different towns the answers were similar. These answers show that the problems and difficulties faced in the process of organization and development of school training are not specific of one single teaching institution, but they happen in several institutions. Among the results of the research we can highlight: the students are educated for school training through the disciplines; the school training follow the legislation; the courses under study have some lines that govern the development of school training; the accompaniment of the trainees is done by the advisors, with individual and group attendance to grant the continuity of the frequency. The EEB do not have lines to orient the development of school trainings; the members of the board team almost never accompany the school trainings and there are few biology teachers who do that, most of the teachers just see the class plans made by the students; the responsibility of the EEB is limited to dispose classes for the school training; most of the EEB teachers think that the trainees should know better the reality of the school, should have a better knowledge of the content, and should take over the class, that is, students should have experience. We can say that there few institutionalized forms of interaction between the university and the school. We could see that no changes occur through decrees, legal or institutional laws. For a real change, there should be a commitment of the educators, no matter if they are school trainers, biology teachers or members of the school boards. / Compreender a complexidade em que a organização e o desenvolvimento do Estágio Curricular se encontra parece ser um investimento inadiável. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo sinalizar às Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e às Escolas de Educação Básica (EEB) contribuições para que possam se efetivar práticas compartilhadas entre as instituições de ensino no que se refere ao planejamento, acompanhamento e avaliação dos Estágios Curriculares. Nossa pesquisa procurou encontrar respostas para o seguinte problema: Que aspectos são relevantes para caracterizar a organização e o desenvolvimento dos Estágios Curriculares dos Cursos de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões URI - Campus de Erechim e da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu, além das duas Universidades citadas anteriormente, 35 EEB (13 no Município de Erechim e 22 em Santa Maria). Utilizamos como fontes de pesquisa as informações contidas em documentos que regem o desenvolvimento do Estágio nas Universidades e EEB, além das falas dos 89 sujeitos que construíram nossa amostra real de pesquisa, a saber: 24 professores de Biologia (12 das EEB do Município de Erechim e 12 EEB Município de Santa Maria); 17 membros das equipes diretivas das EEB do Município de Erechim; 4 professoras orientadoras de estágio (2 da URI e 2 da UFSM) e 44 alunos estagiários (24 da URI e 20 da UFSM). Os instrumentos de coleta de informações utilizados foram: questionários, roteiro de entrevista e roteiro de análise de documentos. Mesmo a pesquisa sendo desenvolvida em Escolas e Universidades localizadas em Municípios diferentes, as respostas dadas pelos sujeitos questionados são semelhantes. Elas sinalizam que os problemas e as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de organização e desenvolvimento dos Estágios Curriculares não são específicas de uma única instituição de ensino, mas são recorrentes em diversas delas. Dentre os resultados da pesquisa destacamos que: a preparação dos alunos para a realização do Estágio ocorre por meio de disciplinas; os Estágios atendem a legislação vigente; os Cursos investigados possuem algumas diretrizes que orientam o processo de desenvolvimento do Estágio; o acompanhamento do aluno estagiário é realizado pelos professores orientadores de Estágio, com horários individuais e coletivos de atendimento que garantem uma continuidade na freqüência dos atendimentos. As EEB não possuem diretrizes que orientam o desenvolvimento dos Estágios; o acompanhamento dos Estágios por parte dos membros das equipes diretivas é quase inexistente e são poucos os professores de Biologia que acompanham o estagiário, a maioria apenas verifica os planos de aula elaborados pelos mesmos; a responsabilidade da EEB praticamente se limita a disponibilizar vagas para a realização dos Estágios; a maioria dos docentes das EEB acreditam que os alunos estagiários deveriam chegar à escola com maior conhecimento da realidade escolar, maior domínio de conteúdos, maior domínio de classe, ou seja, com experiência. Podemos dizer ainda que são poucas as formas institucionalizadas de interação entre Universidade e Escola. Frente ao apresentado ao longo do estudo realizado, percebemos que nenhuma mudança ocorre por decretos , por regulamentações legais ou institucionais. Para haver mudança precisa haver compromisso e comprometimento dos educadores, em quaisquer posições que ocupem, sejam eles, professores orientadores de estágio, professores de Biologia ou membros de equipes diretivas.