No description available.

The purposes of the study were: (1) to identify schools and/or school districts in which extended school year or year-round school programs were currently in operation in each of the fifty states of the United States of America; (2) to identify schools and/or school districts in the United States of America where year-round or extended school year programs had been implemented and abandoned since 1956; (3) to identify schools and/or school districts in the United States of America in which year-round or extended school year programs were to be implemented in the near future; (4) to determine the type of extended school year or year-round programs and variations of programs conducted or to be conducted in each school district identified as part of the study population; (5) to determine the extent to which each year-round or extended school year design or variation of a design had or had not permitted district officials to achieve a common set of year-round school objectives found in the literature and presented in Chapters I, II, and III of the study.The investigation was conducted in two phases. Both phases were conducted by survey questionnaire instruments.

The problem of this study was to analyze the effect that a legislature-mandated quarter system was having on certain selected middle schools in the State of Texas, Some educators have claimed that the quarter system makes it possible to add flexibility to school programs. This study, therefore, was an attempt to find out if local school districts were taking advantage of this opportunity. A second goal of the study was to determine how principals, teachers, and curriculum directors felt about the manner in which schools were implementing certain teaching strategies which experts in this field have recommended for use in middle schools. It was concluded that the schools were not taking advantage of the quarter system in order to more nearly approach the middle school concept. Educators do not seem to be against the innovations proposed by middle school authorities so it would seem that the time is right for a full commitment to the area of schooling for the middle years. The support of the general public then will be a key factor in the success of the middle school. Educators must make an effort to keep the public better informed about the way children learn and grow if this support is to be forthcoming.

The aim of the proposed thesis is to describe the history of The Business Academy in České Budějovice from its establishment in 1901 to 1948. The Czech history of the period between 1901 and 1948 as a factor influencing the school system at that time is also mentioned in the first chapter. However, the essential part of the proposed thesis is built up according to archival databases from the years 1901{--}1948. The second chapter is devoted to the development of business education in České Budějovice by 1918, the establishment of Czechoslovakia. The third chapter is focused on the development of secondary business school system in 1918{--}1948. In addition, a summary for each school year is given separately.

No description available.

The purposes of the study were to (a) determine whether there was a significant difference in the mathematics achievement of students which may be attributed to any of the nine variations in trimester scheduling during the two-year period, and (b) to analyze the implications of trimester scheduling as they apply to teachers, counselors, and administrators in the middle school program. On the basis of careful treatment and analysis of data collected to ascertain the effect of time-lapse scheduling on mathematics achievement in arithmetic computation, arithmetic concepts, and arithmetic applications, the following conclusions, limited to the population studied, were drawn: 1. None of the nine time-lapse schedules had a significant differential effect on mathematics achievement. 2. The results of this study may be generalized to include the high, middle, and low achievement segments of the target population of students in all middle schools in the school district of this study. 3. Middle school administrators and counselors may schedule students into any convenient sequence of courses without fear of relative detrimental consequences to mathematics achievement. 4. Teachers need not be concerned that "learning loss" in mathematics due to different time-lapse schedules of the students will require different amounts of review prior to beginning work in a new trimester. 5. The Intensified Learning Plan is a viable program in mathematics in the school district's middle school plan of organization and scheduling.

The effects of long school breaks, such as summer vacation, on students' achievement has been an area of interest among educators and researchers for many years (e.g. Austin, Rogers & Walbesser, 1972; Ballinger, 1987, 1988; Borman, Benson & Overman, 2005; White, 1906). Research specific to children and youth with disabilities and the level of regression over summer months, however, is sparse. On the whole, both researchers and special educators have agreed that students with more severe disabilities tend to regress more than students with mild disabilities (Cornelius & Semmel, 1982; Edgar, Spence & Kenowitz, 1977; Shaw, 1982). These challenges can make extended breaks from school particularly detrimental for these children. A group of students that may be especially affected by a long break in schooling are children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These children often have slower rates of skill acquisition and more difficulties with maintenance/generalization of skills across time (Arnold- Saritepe, 2009). The current study explored the extent to which students with ASD maintained cognitive, behavioral and social skills over the summer vacation months with differing levels of summer programming. Additionally, this study examined whether students of varying functioning levels differed in their maintenance of skills during the summer. A pre-post quasi-experimental design was utilized in which the May assessments were treated as baseline data and September assessments for the following academic year were treated as outcome data. Participants included 139 students aged 5-9 years with an ASD diagnosis given by their school district. Three different groups of Extended School Year support were compared, including students who received no ESY support, students who received standard ESY support from their school district, and students who received ESY support along with individualized programming. Overall, students maintained skills from pre- to post-test in most key areas. When group comparisons were made between children who attended ESY (ESY group and ESY with individualized support group) and those who did not receive ESY programming few differences were found. While students who received the most intensive level of ESY support were found to decrease significantly in the presentation of hyperactivity and noncompliance, ESY was generally effective in maintaining skills over the summer break. / School Psychology

The courts have determined that for some handicapped children to derive "educational benefit" from their schooling an extension of the school year, beyond the traditional 180 day school year, may be required. The current study describes Extended School Year (ESY) program implementation in the field, in the Commonwealth of Virginia, and identifies potential gaps and inadequacies that exist between implementation and case law. A survey instrument was mailed to a purposive stratified random sample of the directors of special education across large and small school districts (with a student population) in the Commonwealth of Virginia. All forty-two of the school divisions surveyed responded to the questionnaire. Data from the survey included descriptive information regarding: the education and training of respondents; services offered to handicapped students beyond 180 days; and criteria for making an ESY determination. A two-year follow-up survey of the same school divisions examined changes in the implementation of ESY services. Survey data were analyzed to reveal points in case law that current practice does not address and practice that is congruent with case law. / Ed. D.

This study described perceptions of principals who have made the transition from a traditional to a year-round educational program in North Carolina. Data was collected which dealt with school operations in a YRE setting. A questionnaire designed to answer seven research questions was used in this study. Part I of the questionnaire gathered school demographic data from the principals. Part II was a fixed response section of the instrument using a Likert scale, and part III contained open-ended questions designed to give participants in the study an opportunity to elaborate on their experiences as their schools made the transition from a traditional to a YRE setting. The questionnaire focused on six domains of school operations: school calendar, daily schedules, facilities, transportation, funding, and personnel. This study addressed six domains. Giving students and parents an opportunity for input on the school calendar and offering enrichment classes were positive benefits of YRE programs. In the area of daily schedules, according to the principals it is difficult to schedule meetings when one track is out of school. Several principals mentioned that it was difficult to schedule itinerant teachers shared with dual calendars. In the area of school facilities, it is necessary to schedule maintenance workers on a more flexible schedule since students are in school more days during the year. Principals believe facility use has not lessened since implementation. The success of YRE has been worth the added transportation costs. Most principals agreed that YRE requires additional funding. In the area of personnel, affording teachers opportunities for taking needed time off was rated very positively by principals in a YRE setting. Principals also felt that teachers are more satisfied teaching in a YRE program. It is apparent that principals have an increase in their workload as a result of operating a YRE calendar; the school-within-a-school requires much more time, according to the principals. They recommend that schools entering a YRE schedule use a Single-track pattern of grouping. Although several principals stated the school staff would need at least a year to adequately plan a YRE program, most recommended a two year period to allow the principal and school staff to gain the needed community and staff support for the program. Several principals stated that it was difficult for them to take personal time away from school during the planning and implementation stages. Several principals stated there was a need to have an assistant principal because the work load is greater in a YRE school. / Ed. D.

Forskning visar att läroböcker spelar en viktig roll i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena. Samtidigt riktas kritik mot lärobokens utformning där samverkan mellan människans organsystem inte visas tydligt i texter och bilder. I denna studie undersöks hur blodomloppets samverkan med andningen samt med matspjälkningen skildras i läroböckernas texter och bilder som används i grundskolans årskurs 4-6. Intervjuer med fem lärare har genomförts för att undersöka hur text och bild från läroböckerna används i undervisningen. Analyserna av läroböckerna visade att skildringen av hur blodomloppet samverkar med matspjälkningen är tydliga i lärobokens texter medan det saknas bilder på denna samverkan. Den samverkan som sker mellan blodomloppet och andningen är tydlig i både bilder och text. Intervjuerna pekade på att användandet av läroböcker är lågt i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena i grundskolans årskurs 4-6. / Research shows that the textbook plays an important role in science education. However, textbooks has been criticized because of the poor descriptions of the interaction between the human circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems. This study shows how the relationship between the circulatory system, respiratory and digestive system is described in primary school science textbooks in both texts and images. Five teachers have been interviewed to examine how they use the texts and the images from the textbooks in the classroom. Analyzes of the textbooks show that the interaction between the circulatory system and the digestive system is clearly described in texts though there is a lack of illustrative images. The interaction between the circulatory system and the respiration is clear in both images and text. The interviews showed that the use of science textbooks is scarce in primary school year 4-6.