La problématique de notre recherche, puise sa source d’un constat réel que matérialisent les énormes difficultés que rencontrent les enfants libyens dans l’apprentissage de la lecture. L’hypothèse de départ sur laquelle nous nous sommes étayés, part du postulat que l’échec d’assimilation rapide des processus du codage et d’encodage chez l’enfant libyen, résulte non seulement de la non reconnaissance de l’enfant libyen dans le modèle culturel et familial que proposent les manuels, mais en plus, de l’inadaptation de la méthode d’apprentissage de la lecture aux spécificités sociales et culturelles de la Libye. La non adéquation de la méthode d’apprentissage aux spécificités sociales et culturelles, se trouve aggravée par la mauvaise structuration des référents dans le manuel scolaire, tant au plan du contenu que celui du contenant. La distanciation entre la symbolique utilisée dans le langage populaire (arabe parlé dans les familles) et ceux du langage officiel (arabe classique pratiqué à tous les niveaux de l’administration), précipitent l’échec d’apprentissage de la lecture à commencer par les enfants du CP. L’objectif de notre travail consiste, au terme d’une recherche laborieuse, à mettre entre les mains des différentes instances gouvernementales libyennes, un nouveau manuel, adapté aux spécificités locales tout en s’inspirant des avancées réalisées dans les sciences de la didactique et de la pédagogie, constatées en Occident. / Our research them relies on real observation of the difficulties encountered by the Libyan pupils in the field of reading.We started from the supposition that the Libyan child's failure is due to the fact that child does not identify with the social and cultural models proposed in this school books.It is also due to the discrepancy between the reading methods and Libya socio-cultural specificities. Such as discrepancy is deepened by the inadequate organization of the references in the school handbook at the level of forms as well as usersThe difference between the colloquial language spoken within families and the official one based on classical written Arabic used in all the Libyan official administrations quickens the failure of the reading apprenticeship from the first year of primary education.Our aim in this research is to provide the Libyan officials with a new method more adapted to the local specificities, and in the same time enriched with the most relevant didactic and pedagogical achievement obtained in the west.

Thesis (D. Ed.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. An analysis of 2 studies of a summer school program in Anchorage, Alaska. The main study compared 8th grade students who attended summer school in 2003 with 8th grade students who did not attend; achievement was measured with the April 2003 CAT 6/Terra Nova examinations and the April 2004 Alaska Benchmarks examinations. The follow up study compared low socio-economic status (SES) 8th grade students who attended summer school in 2004 with low SES 8th grade students who did not attend; reading achievement was measured with the April 2004 CAT 6/Terra Nova reading examination and the fall 2004/05 Gates MacGinitie reading examination. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-132). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to describe some students' own experiences and involvement of remedial instruction during year seven to nine in compulsory school in Sweden. My hope is that the study may contribute in possible ways of supporting students in reading and writing difficulties. The study is qualitative with a life-world approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with four upper secondary school students. The study is retrospective and describes the students´ experiences and perceptions of remedial instruction. The result shows that all four students have their unique perspectives on reading and writing difficulties or dyslexia as a phenomenon. As individuals, they have positive experiences of support and individual teachers´ commitment. These students interviewed have in common an experience of struggling and fight to get their rights respected, and that this has consuming power and energy that otherwise could have been used in the learning process. / Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva några elevers egna upplevelser och deltagande av stödinsatser under svenska grundskolans årskurser sju till nio. Min förhoppning är att studien kan bidra med möjliga vägar att stödja elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Undersökningen är kvalitativ med en livsvärldsansats. Data har samlats in genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med fyra gymnasieelever. Studien är retroperspektiv och eleverna har sett tillbaka på sin grundskoletid och beskriver sina erfarenheter och upplevelser av det stöd de fick då. Resultatet visar att alla fyra eleverna har sitt unika perspektiv på läs- och skrivsvårigheter eller dyslexi som fenomen. Som individer har de positiva erfarenheter av stödinsatser och enskilda pedagogers engagemang. Gemensamt har eleverna en upplevelse av att ha fått kämpa för att få sina rättigheter tillgodosedda och att detta tagit kraft och energi som annars kunnat komma deras lärprocess till gagn.

The topic of this thesis is analysis of the International Women's Day, Peace Race and first day of a school year as normalization rituals. The aim of these rituals was to mediate and consolidate the official state ideology and transform the whole society. Each of these events is analysed in three steps - in the first step is described the ideological content, in the second step is probed the way of projecting this ideology into the rituals and in the third step are analysed the actors themselves. If they adopted the ideological practise and what were their motivation to participate in these rituals.

<p> <strong>SAMMANFATTNING</strong><p>Arbetets syfte var att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som påverkar lärare att använda eller inte använda laborativt material i sin matematikundervisning i förskoleklass till och med årskurs 3.</p><p>Laborativ matematik innebär i detta arbete matematiklektioner där lärare och elever tar hjälp av någon form av konkret material, både vardagsmaterial och pedagogiskt material för att förstå och lösa problem inom ämnesområdet matematik.</p><p>Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av enkäter till elva lärare i förskoleklass till årskurs 3 på tre olika skolor i en och samma kommun.</p><p>Resultatet visar att samtliga av de lärare som svarade, alltid eller nästan alltid använder laborativt material i sin matematikundervisning, men inom vilka matematiska områden detta sker är varierande.</p><p>Varför lärare i denna undersökning använder laborativt material eller inte på en lektion påverkas inte av vilken utbildning de har eller om de har någon vidareutbildning i matematik och inte heller av hur länge lärarna har undervisat, utan detta beror enligt lärarna själva på andra faktorer så som: elevens förståelse, tron på metoden, intresse/attityd hos lärare och elevers, tid/lektionens längd och gruppstorlek.</p><p>Knappt ¾ av lärarna har deltagit i någon form av vidareutbildning i matematik. Alla lärarna som svarade ansåg dock att det laborativa materialet är självklart och nödvändigt för att eleverna ska få en djupare förståelse, då materialet visuellt kan konkretisera detabstrakta i matematiken. Lärarna ansåg också att det laborativa materialet bidrar till att eleverna lär med fler sinnen och att detta i sin tur gör att kunskapen fastnar lättare, matematiken blir även roligare.</p></p><p> </p> / <p> <strong>ABSTRACT</strong><p>The purpose with this survey was to examine which factors that influence teachers to use or not to use manipulatives in the mathematics education in preschool up to the third school year.</p><p>In this form of education pupils and teachers use some form of concrete materials, manipulatives like stones, seashells and pearls or special pedagogic materials to understand and solve mathematical problems.</p><p>The examination was made with questionnaires to 11 teachers in preschool to the third school year in three different schools, in the same district, in x –city, Sweden.</p><p>The result shows that all of the teachers, always or almost always, use manipulatives n their mathematics education, but it varies depending on which type of mathematics.</p><p>Whether teachers in this investigation use, or not use, manipulatives in a lesson is not influenced by education or further education, neither how long they have been teaching. According to the teachers this is instead influenced by; for the pupils understanding, belief in the method, interest/attitude by the teachers and pupils, time/length of lesson, and group size.</p><p>Almost ¾ of the teachers had some form of further education in mathematics. All of the teachers however considered the use of manipulatives obvious and necessary for the pupils to get a deeper understanding, as the materials visually can make the abstract part in mathematics more concrete. The teachers’ means that manipulatives contribute to that the pupils learn with more senses, and it causes the knowledge to remain more easy, it also makes mathematics education more fun.</p></p><p> </p>

Transformations in the economy have led to changes in employment practices that can create a mismatch between parents’ work schedules and family routines. At the same time, approaches to child-rearing have become more time-intensive, with expectations of increased parental involvement in all aspects of children’s lives compared to previous generations. Mothers are subject to a more intensified maternal role and for fathers, the provider role is no longer sufficient. There are strong social pressures for more active participation in children’s lives and to nurture greater emotional connectivity in the parent-child relationship. These transformations in parenting and employment practices have contributed to a situation where parents now report increased levels of time pressure and greater dissatisfaction with the balance between work and the rest of their lives. The purpose of this study was to develop a broader understanding of how mothers and fathers with school-age children allocate their time, how it varies by household composition, season of the year, and work schedule, and how time use is related to subjective well-being. Given the role that leisure may play in creating a more satisfactory work-life balance, special attention was given to the amount of time available for leisure, with whom this time was spent and the relationship to quality of life. The gender relations perspective provided a theoretical framework since role expectations and experiences of parenthood differ for mothers and fathers. By considering individual, interpersonal, institutional and socio-historical levels of influence, patterns of behaviour may be better understood within the Canadian social context. This study is a secondary analysis of the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, Cycle 19. Using a sub-sample of 2,062 parents of school-age children (ages 5-17 years), patterns of time use and perceptions of quality of life were assessed and compared by gender according to household composition, season of the school year, work schedule and flexible work option. Work schedules were categorized as traditional (daytime, no weekends), non-standard (evening, weekend and rotating shifts) and irregular (unpredictable, with “on call”, casual, or other irregular patterns). Gender inequality in the allocation of time to important life spheres remained substantial even when faced with very complex challenges in coordinating employment arrangements, family routines, and the school year schedule. With the exception of single fathers, men spent more time on employment-related activities than women regardless of work schedule, while women continued to perform greater amounts of domestic and child care activities. Combined workloads of paid and unpaid labour were significantly different only among single mothers and fathers. For married or cohabitating parents, the distribution of paid and unpaid labour was asymmetrical but the combined workload was not significantly different. Fathers continued to be privileged with greater amounts of leisure time. This was especially noticeable for men with non-standard work schedules and fathers of teenage children. Seasonal differences in time use indicated that women’s routines were more linked to the school year than men’s because of their greater child care responsibilities. When irregular or non-standard schedules were in place that could create more optimal conditions for reconsidering time allocation, parents still followed activity patterns that reproduced traditional gender roles. For women, non-standard schedules were the most detrimental to quality of life, whereas for men irregular schedules decreased well-being. Flexible schedules also perpetuated inequality in the distribution of paid work, unpaid work and leisure although quality of life actually improved for women. This improved quality of life may be attributable to more time spent on activities with physical health benefits or increased options for daily schedules, but it also leads to questions about how much control mothers actually have over their time and whether they recognize or care to challenge the inequalities that persist in the distribution of labour and leisure. Quality of life was diminished by conditions that contributed to a deviation from traditional role expectations. Some of these included not having a partner, women’s work schedules that conflicted with other family members, and for men, having an irregular and unpredictable work schedule. Since these conditions are characteristic of a sizable minority of Canadians parents, their experiences should not be dismissed but rather given greater attention. Additionally, future discussions of work-life integration should consider access to leisure since time for leisure was shown to contribute to parents’ quality of life. The gender relations perspective proved to be helpful in interpreting and understanding the dynamics of time use and behaviour. The four levels of interaction were highly interconnected, but changing institutional conditions such as employment schedules did not lead to greater equality. Instead, non-traditional work schedules widened the gender gap, particularly for child care and domestic activities. Dominant parenting practices were shown to be so deeply imbedded that stereotypical patterns remained a prevailing force guiding men’s and women’s daily activities. The GSS data, despite some limitations, provided considerable insight into the effect of parents’ employment and gender on time use and well-being. The findings of this study underscore the relevance of considering multiple levels of influence when assessing parenting practices, gendered behaviour, and quality of life for employed parents.

Transformations in the economy have led to changes in employment practices that can create a mismatch between parents’ work schedules and family routines. At the same time, approaches to child-rearing have become more time-intensive, with expectations of increased parental involvement in all aspects of children’s lives compared to previous generations. Mothers are subject to a more intensified maternal role and for fathers, the provider role is no longer sufficient. There are strong social pressures for more active participation in children’s lives and to nurture greater emotional connectivity in the parent-child relationship. These transformations in parenting and employment practices have contributed to a situation where parents now report increased levels of time pressure and greater dissatisfaction with the balance between work and the rest of their lives. The purpose of this study was to develop a broader understanding of how mothers and fathers with school-age children allocate their time, how it varies by household composition, season of the year, and work schedule, and how time use is related to subjective well-being. Given the role that leisure may play in creating a more satisfactory work-life balance, special attention was given to the amount of time available for leisure, with whom this time was spent and the relationship to quality of life. The gender relations perspective provided a theoretical framework since role expectations and experiences of parenthood differ for mothers and fathers. By considering individual, interpersonal, institutional and socio-historical levels of influence, patterns of behaviour may be better understood within the Canadian social context. This study is a secondary analysis of the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, Cycle 19. Using a sub-sample of 2,062 parents of school-age children (ages 5-17 years), patterns of time use and perceptions of quality of life were assessed and compared by gender according to household composition, season of the school year, work schedule and flexible work option. Work schedules were categorized as traditional (daytime, no weekends), non-standard (evening, weekend and rotating shifts) and irregular (unpredictable, with “on call”, casual, or other irregular patterns). Gender inequality in the allocation of time to important life spheres remained substantial even when faced with very complex challenges in coordinating employment arrangements, family routines, and the school year schedule. With the exception of single fathers, men spent more time on employment-related activities than women regardless of work schedule, while women continued to perform greater amounts of domestic and child care activities. Combined workloads of paid and unpaid labour were significantly different only among single mothers and fathers. For married or cohabitating parents, the distribution of paid and unpaid labour was asymmetrical but the combined workload was not significantly different. Fathers continued to be privileged with greater amounts of leisure time. This was especially noticeable for men with non-standard work schedules and fathers of teenage children. Seasonal differences in time use indicated that women’s routines were more linked to the school year than men’s because of their greater child care responsibilities. When irregular or non-standard schedules were in place that could create more optimal conditions for reconsidering time allocation, parents still followed activity patterns that reproduced traditional gender roles. For women, non-standard schedules were the most detrimental to quality of life, whereas for men irregular schedules decreased well-being. Flexible schedules also perpetuated inequality in the distribution of paid work, unpaid work and leisure although quality of life actually improved for women. This improved quality of life may be attributable to more time spent on activities with physical health benefits or increased options for daily schedules, but it also leads to questions about how much control mothers actually have over their time and whether they recognize or care to challenge the inequalities that persist in the distribution of labour and leisure. Quality of life was diminished by conditions that contributed to a deviation from traditional role expectations. Some of these included not having a partner, women’s work schedules that conflicted with other family members, and for men, having an irregular and unpredictable work schedule. Since these conditions are characteristic of a sizable minority of Canadians parents, their experiences should not be dismissed but rather given greater attention. Additionally, future discussions of work-life integration should consider access to leisure since time for leisure was shown to contribute to parents’ quality of life. The gender relations perspective proved to be helpful in interpreting and understanding the dynamics of time use and behaviour. The four levels of interaction were highly interconnected, but changing institutional conditions such as employment schedules did not lead to greater equality. Instead, non-traditional work schedules widened the gender gap, particularly for child care and domestic activities. Dominant parenting practices were shown to be so deeply imbedded that stereotypical patterns remained a prevailing force guiding men’s and women’s daily activities. The GSS data, despite some limitations, provided considerable insight into the effect of parents’ employment and gender on time use and well-being. The findings of this study underscore the relevance of considering multiple levels of influence when assessing parenting practices, gendered behaviour, and quality of life for employed parents.

SAMMANFATTNINGArbetets syfte var att undersöka vilka faktorer det är som påverkar lärare att använda eller inte använda laborativt material i sin matematikundervisning i förskoleklass till och med årskurs 3. Laborativ matematik innebär i detta arbete matematiklektioner där lärare och elever tar hjälp av någon form av konkret material, både vardagsmaterial och pedagogiskt material för att förstå och lösa problem inom ämnesområdet matematik. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av enkäter till elva lärare i förskoleklass till årskurs 3 på tre olika skolor i en och samma kommun. Resultatet visar att samtliga av de lärare som svarade, alltid eller nästan alltid använder laborativt material i sin matematikundervisning, men inom vilka matematiska områden detta sker är varierande. Varför lärare i denna undersökning använder laborativt material eller inte på en lektion påverkas inte av vilken utbildning de har eller om de har någon vidareutbildning i matematik och inte heller av hur länge lärarna har undervisat, utan detta beror enligt lärarna själva på andra faktorer så som: elevens förståelse, tron på metoden, intresse/attityd hos lärare och elevers, tid/lektionens längd och gruppstorlek. Knappt ¾ av lärarna har deltagit i någon form av vidareutbildning i matematik. Alla lärarna som svarade ansåg dock att det laborativa materialet är självklart och nödvändigt för att eleverna ska få en djupare förståelse, då materialet visuellt kan konkretisera detabstrakta i matematiken. Lärarna ansåg också att det laborativa materialet bidrar till att eleverna lär med fler sinnen och att detta i sin tur gör att kunskapen fastnar lättare, matematiken blir även roligare. / ABSTRACTThe purpose with this survey was to examine which factors that influence teachers to use or not to use manipulatives in the mathematics education in preschool up to the third school year. In this form of education pupils and teachers use some form of concrete materials, manipulatives like stones, seashells and pearls or special pedagogic materials to understand and solve mathematical problems. The examination was made with questionnaires to 11 teachers in preschool to the third school year in three different schools, in the same district, in x –city, Sweden. The result shows that all of the teachers, always or almost always, use manipulatives n their mathematics education, but it varies depending on which type of mathematics. Whether teachers in this investigation use, or not use, manipulatives in a lesson is not influenced by education or further education, neither how long they have been teaching. According to the teachers this is instead influenced by; for the pupils understanding, belief in the method, interest/attitude by the teachers and pupils, time/length of lesson, and group size. Almost ¾ of the teachers had some form of further education in mathematics. All of the teachers however considered the use of manipulatives obvious and necessary for the pupils to get a deeper understanding, as the materials visually can make the abstract part in mathematics more concrete. The teachers’ means that manipulatives contribute to that the pupils learn with more senses, and it causes the knowledge to remain more easy, it also makes mathematics education more fun.

The thesis is working with knowledge of art crisis and looking for its causes and possibility how to preventing it. Theoretic part of the thesis brings near a creative expression of the pupil in the secondary school year. It informs about the chances of his thinking, when he makes reality of two dimensional media. From experience you can see why crisis´s appearance is very often in the secondary school year. Following designs from Zdeněk Hosman, Věra Roeselová and other authors fill in the work, how art crisis precedes. Practical part unreels from investigation of pupil´s effort to approach with his art studies to reality. Purposes of methodical succession "Image of tridimensionality" is amplify interest and ability with child to study the reality lead him to sensation of substantial sign for right strategy of objects. Set of selected activities is intended to inspire pedagogues with other possible activities, which it is lead to the elimination of crisis appearances in pupil´s art locution.