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11	Pension Reform in Continental Europe : A comparative study of pension reform in Germany and France during the years ofausterity 1990-2010. Grönroos (fd. Johansson), Per January 2018 (has links) As demographic and economic contexts have shifted, the need for pension systems to reform has increased. Often, however, these systems have proved difficult to change – especially in continental Europe. Despite this, Germany, by many considered particularly reform resistant, succeeded in reforming its pension system; while France, with its strong executive power, has not. As research has yet to find a consensus on what factors makes welfare retrenchment possible, this field requires more attention. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the developments of the German and French pension systems, from 1990-2010, and to unearth what factors made successful reform possible in Germany while it failed in France. Using a comparative case study, all major pension reforms in the two countries during the time period, are analysed from four institutionalist perspectives. The results point to three main factors explaining Germany’s successful reform. Firstly, the shock brought on by the reunification of East and West Germany forced politicians to act. France on the other hand, experienced no such shock. Secondly, the subduing of the unions removed the main veto player against reform. In contrast, the French unions, whose political power lies in their ability to call for manifestations and shift public opinion, could not be outflanked. Lastly, the new liberal ideas that permeated German politics around the turn of the century provided a locus for change that was lacking in France. These results suggest the importance of external pressure, veto players and ideational factors to major welfare reform. Political science pension policy institutionalism Germany France Europe conservative welfare states continental welfare states retrenchment comparative welfare state regimes Gerhard Schröder Alain Juppé unions Bismarckian welfare states veto player reform capacity Statsvetenskap pensionspolitik institutionalism Tyskland Frankrike Europa konservativa välfärdsstater kontinentala välfärdstater åtstramningspolitik komparativ välfärdsregimer Gerhard Schröder Alain Juppé fackförbund vetospelare reformkapacitet
12	Bezpečnostně-politická dimenze kontroly exportu zbraní na příkladu vlád H. Kohla a G. Schrödera v letech 1989-2005 / Security policy dimension of arms exports - the cases of the Helmut Kohl and the Gerhad Schröder governments 1989-2005 Kufčák, Jakub January 2014 (has links) This thesis addressed the arms export control in the Federal Republic of Germany during the tenure of chancellor Helmut Kohl and Gerhard Schröder between 1989 and 2005. To this end this thesis elaborated an analytical framework, which analyses this phenomenon thought government arms export policy. Due to lack of preceding research in this area it was necessary to devote significant space for conceptual definition of the arms export policy and contextualization of analytical framework. It was argued that arms export policy of the Federal Republic of Germany should be analyzed as a passive sub-category within security policy. Analytical framework employed to analyze the period between 1989 and 2005 thus reflected four factors or standpoints that exert influence on arms export policy (foreign pressures, security policy, European coordination and legislative and institutional framework). This thesis designed as disciplined interpretive case study posited two hypothesis based on concepts that have been partially applied to arms export phenomenon in different context and time period. First hypothesis concerns the nature of change of arms exports control, which was supposed to change between periods restriction and relaxation of export control. Second hypothesis postulates the nature of change of arms exports...

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Pension Reform in Continental Europe : A comparative study of pension reform in Germany and France during the years ofausterity 1990-2010.

Bezpečnostně-politická dimenze kontroly exportu zbraní na příkladu vlád H. Kohla a G. Schrödera v letech 1989-2005 / Security policy dimension of arms exports - the cases of the Helmut Kohl and the Gerhad Schröder governments 1989-2005