Orientador: André Koch Torres de Assis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaib_JoaoPauloMartinsdeCastro_D.pdf: 18802562 bytes, checksum: 7a37bc6728a03158752193708b51fb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Apresentamos a força de Ampère entre elementos de corrente e discutimos detalhadamente as grandezas que aparecem nesta lei. Analisamos o caminho percorrido por Ampère para chegar na sua força entre elementos de corrente. Mostramos suas primeiras experiências, as formulações iniciais de sua força, as experiências de Biot e Savart, assim como a in u¿encia da experiência da rotação contínua de Faraday na determinação do valor final da força entre elementos de corrente de Ampère. Apresentamos os diversos casos de equilíbrio introduzidos por Ampère e sua relevância metodológica na obtenção de leis quantitativas na física. Mostramos as contribuições de Savary na elaboração das consequências quantitativas da força de Ampère e o impacto que elas tiveram sobre Biot, Savart e Ampère. Discutimos alguns dos principais trabalhos, cartas e manuscritos de Ampère, desde 1820 até sua obra máxima de 1826, o Théorie des Phénomènes Électro-dynamiques, Uniquement Déduite de l¿Expérience. Apresentamos uma tradução completa desta obra e das notas que a acompanham. / Abstract: We present Ampère¿s force between current elements and discuss in detail the magnitudes which appear in this law. We analyze the trajectory followed by Ampère in order to obtain his force between current elements. We show his first experiments, the initial formulations of his force, the experiments of Biot and Savart, and the in uence of Faraday¿s experiment of uninterrupted rotation in the determination of the final value of Ampère¿s force between current elements. We present the several cases of equilibrium introduced by Ampère and their methodological relevance in order to obtain quantitative laws in physics. We show the contributions of Savary for the elaboration of the quantitative consequences of Ampère¿s force and the impact they had upon Biot, Savart and Ampère. We discuss some of the main works, letters and manuscripts of Ampère, from 1820 until his masterpiece of 1826, the Théorie des Phénomènes Électro-dynamiques, Uniquement Déduite de l¿Expérience. We present a complete translation of this work and of the notes which follow it. / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Dirceu da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gatti_SandraReginaTeodoro_D.pdf: 3368290 bytes, checksum: c961b7a4350f31fe1fb3cfeb3a4cfd51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa procuramos discutir a inserção da História da Ciência no ensino de Ciências na disciplina de Prática de Ensino de Física, a partir de um curso para a formação de professores tendo como pano de fundo o desenvolvimento histórico do tema atração gravitacional. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de onze alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Física da UNESP ¿ Bauru. As tendências metodológicas desta pesquisa são o aspecto qualitativo e o estudo de caso. Iniciamos a pesquisa procurando revelar as pré-concepções dos licenciandos, fornecendo um panorama que pôde ser usado para orientar as atividades a partir da realidade diagnosticada. Nosso objetivo era promover discussões sobre a existência e persistência das concepções alternativas, sobre a evolução histórica do tema atração gravitacional, além de leituras e debates de textos contemplando discussões recentes sobre o ensino de Ciências, de modo a gerar insatisfações com o modelo tradicional de ensino. Além disso, pretendíamos permitir que o indivíduo construísse uma nova proposta através do desenvolvimento em situações reais no Ensino Médio, de um minicurso a partir das discussões realizadas em sala de aula e da utilização da História da Ciência e das concepções alternativas dos estudantes. As propostas de minicursos desenvolvidas pelos licenciandos, além da comparação entre as concepções inicial e final nos permitiram evidenciar a relação entre a evolução nas noções e o desenvolvimento de propostas mais de acordo com as discussões realizadas durante o curso. Dos onze participantes, quatro desenvolveram um ensino mais voltado para a construção de conhecimentos, sem, entretanto abandonar completamente as resistências à adoção de metodologias de ensino inovadoras / Abstract: The purpose of this research was to insert the discussion on the History of Science in Science Education in a subject of Practical of the Physics in Education course. Thus, we suggest a course plan on gravitational attraction that can help prospective teachers¿ education. The work was developed with a sample of eleven pupils of the course of Physics of the UNESP - Bauru. The methodological trends of this research are the qualitative aspect and the study of case. We began this work revealing the conceptions that the prospective teachers¿ have which supplied a panorama that could be used to guide the activities from the reality. Also, we where to promote discussions on the existence and persistence of the alternative conceptions, on the historical evolution of the subject gravitational attraction, beyond readings and debates of texts contemplating recent subjects on the Science Education, in order to generate dissatisfaction with the traditional model of education. Moreover, we intended to allow that the individual constructed new a proposal through the development in real situations in High School of a mini-course based on: debates and synthesis developed in classroom, the History of the Science and the alternative conceptions of the students. The proposals of mini-courses developed by the students, beyond the comparison between the initial and final conceptions allowed us to evidence the relations between the primitive ideas and the students¿ mini curses proposals. As results, just four participants had developed a proposal plane teaching more directed toward the constructivist perspective, but without, however to abandon completely the oppositions to the innovative methodologies of education / Doutorado / Educação, Ciencia e Tecnologia / Doutor em Educação

While women have had a profound impact in the world of science, they struggle to gain an equal foothold in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields today. This has led to considerable public and private sector efforts to recruit women into these arenas. In order to understand how schools and nonprofits engage today's young women in STEM studies, this account includes time spent both in high school science classrooms and with ChickTech -- a Portland-based organization that works to provide a pathway into tech careers for high school-aged girls. A historical perspective reveals that modern women aren't treading into completely uncharted territory, in spite of the current disparity of representation in today's STEM arenas. This perspective is offered via an examination of the lives of a group of extraordinary women who worked in astronomy at Harvard College Observatory from the late 1800s into the 1960s. While several noteworthy women are discussed, the focus here is on Cecilia Payne, the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard, and one of the 20th century's greatest astronomers. A great many people have never heard of her . . . yet.

Although anatomical terminology is in use for more than 2000 years, its first official publication achieved in 1895. The need for development of cogent nomenclature arose due to the high level of synonyms labeling individual anatomical structures. Thus towards the end of the 19th century existed more then 50 000 terms describing approximately 5 000 known structures at that time. Such synonymity caused and still causes chaos, especially in the research activities field. The reason for this is fact that most of the research performed not directly by medical field specialists but also information field specialists does not respect the historical evolution of terms. More, it mixes them according to different issues of the official terminologies. Also, further making the research activity complicated is wrong use of anatomical terms, lack of knowledge and misuse of latine grammary and last but not least americanization of the latine terms. Another hot topic is non existence of the official Czech anatomical terminology. This leads to increased tendency of neologisms formation which in turn causes increase of synonymities. Our study demonstrates above mentioned problems on examples from selected human body structures like locomotory and circulatory systems: bursas, 33 selected skeletal muscles, VIIIth cranial...

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Despite the vast research on industrial innovation in the United States, little shows innovation as a process from the theoretical origins to its practical application. The image that emerges from the overall literature is one showing only the importance of applied innovation. This thesis argues that historians need to reevaluate how manufacturing advancements are studied in the United States. Using the creation of the American System of Manufacturing as a case study, this study focuses on innovation as a connected process from its theoretical origins to its applied state. This study focuses less on the individuals involved and more on the system itself. This accomplishes two points. First is that it shows that the idea is more important than the peoples. Second is that this thesis provides a greater understanding of how the American System of Manufacturing came to fruition. By examining these two points, this thesis demonstrates that historians need to look beyond the traditional application-only focus that has plagued the study of technological history. Instead historians must show industrial innovation as both the creation of the theoretical concept and the systems practical application. / History

This dissertation explores U.S. military surgeons’ purposeful efforts to alter how medical and line officers in the U.S. Army and Navy conceived of disease, appreciated surgeons’ roles, and organized medical war preparations through education, training, exposure, and medico-military professionalization between 1884 and 1918. It traces surgeons’ postwar efforts to change American military cultures in response to the revelations of the germ theory of disease and deadly typhoid fever epidemics in the American training camps of the Spanish-American War. Medical and line officers required academic education and practical lessons to contextualize disease, surgeons, and medical care, understand and appreciate germs’ role in medicine, and train to apply these lessons to benefit their soldiers and sailors. Surgeons also reinforced their scientific education and grew military medicine through postgraduate education and tactical training designed to enhance the line’s perception of surgeons and medical science.This dissertation rests on the contention that surgeons contributed to military preparation for the next war by effecting cultural change to prevent the epidemics of previous wars. This culture of medical preparation shaped how military medical departments recruited, organized, and trained medical officers, procured supplies, and managed civil-military relationships. Entwined cultural change and war preparation were expressed in the multiple mobilization activities through which surgeons validated the success or failure of their efforts. Troops participated in organized camps of instruction, maneuver camps, and major mobilizations to the U.S.-Mexico border, allowing surgeons to use the physical encampments, hospitals, and other surgeons to test assumptions, exercise and refine theory, validate operational principles, and improve from previous iterations. As the United States entered the Great War in 1917, epidemics of measles, influenza, and meningitis attacked Army and Navy recruit training camps. Rather than demonstrate failure, this dissertation positions the 1917 and 1918 epidemics to demonstrate medical officers’ successful military cultural change. A comparative approach between 1898 and 1918 also highlights cultural and medico-military evolution through the lenses of preparation and mobilization. Official military reports and archival sources illuminate cultural divisions between line and medical officers and track the curricular development of military hygiene and sanitation courses in undergraduate and professional military schools and specialized fields at military medical schools. This dissertation intervenes in military and medical historiographies by pushing the conversation beyond disease’s impact on war to center disease and changing perceptions of disease, culturally and medically, as features of military preparation. It also recasts military surgeons as central agents in the U.S. military’s turn-of-the-century professionalization and modernization efforts. As the world addresses the outcomes and aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, this dissertation demonstrates that physicians and societies met previous epidemics and pandemics on medical science’s past frontiers where the germ theory of disease had barely won acceptance. It also illustrates the power of individuals in subordinate classes to affect institutional cultures for the betterment of all. Lastly, as military operations during future pandemics are all but guaranteed, this dissertation proves that dedication and preparation are just as vital to epidemic defense as good science. / History

The eighteenth century saw many innovations in political culture including the rise of the public sphere where political ideas were freely and openly discussed and criticized. The new public sphere arose within the institutions of private life such as the Republic of Letters and salons, so the modes of behavior in private life were important influences on the new political culture of the public sphere. By studying the lives and careers of Richard Price and the Marquis de Condorcet, I examine the role that the private institution of friendship played in the new political culture of the late Enlightenment. During the 1780s, friendship became an important political symbol that represented the enlightened ideals of equality, reciprocity, liberty, and humanitarianism.

This study examines the themes of alchemy and transformation in Paradise Lost and seventeenth-century thought. Beginning with an overvieiw of the historical roots of alchemy, this study analyzes the ancient, underlying philosophical concepts that marital union produces the birth of the soul and that destruction is necessary for this birth. Alchemical references identified in Paradise Lost include animal lore and direct alchemical images, which demonstrate Milton's knowledge of alchemy and his deliberate use of the alchemical metaphor. These themes support the proposal that Milton, a Christian humanist, uses alchemy as a metaphor described in this study as "divine alchemy," which begins with his belief that Christians, inheriting original sin, must submit themselves to a transformative process similar to transmutation to restore right reason and, ultimately, achieve salvation. / by Andrea J. Rutherford. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 201?. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

A presente pesquisa investiga a implantação da televisão analógica em cores no Brasil durante o regime militar em 1972, na perspectiva das relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS). Analisa as justificativas e consequências políticas, econômicas e técnicas da opção pelo sistema PAL alemão, adaptado às condições de telecomunicações no Brasil, resultando no padrão PAL-M. Relata a chegada da televisão ao país, no pré-Segunda Guerra Mundial, em ação conjunta de propaganda política do Estado Novo de Vargas e o III Reich de Hitler. Registra os marcos principais do desenvolvimento do meio no Brasil e suas relações com o poder político: a inauguração da TV Tupi no início da segunda era Vargas e o lançamento do Jornal Nacional da TV Globo no auge da repressão do regime militar. Descreve as propriedades físicas da cor, sua formação no cérebro humano, pelos processos de adição e subtração das cores primárias, e a discussão de filosofia da ciência travada após Goethe contestar a Teoria das Cores de Newton. Registra o nascimento e a evolução da televisão, de especulação científica no século XIX à condição de meio de comunicação global no século XX, quando pousou na Lua. Descreve os padrões de TV analógica em cores e relata o processo de comparação entre eles e a implantação do sistema PAL-M no Brasil. / This research investigates the deployment of analogical color TV in Brazil, under military rule in 1972, in a Science, Technology and Society (STS) approach. Analyzes the reasons and the political and economic consequences of the option for German PAL color TV system, adapted to the Brazils telecommunications conditions, resulting in the standard PAL-M. Reports the arrival of television to the country in pre-World War II, in a political propaganda act sponsored by both Varga´s New State and Hitler\'s Third Reich. Records the major milestones of the development of the medium in Brazil and its connections with political power: the inauguration of TV Tupi early in the second Vargas era and the launch of TV Globo\'s Jornal Nacional at the height of the repression of the military regime. Describes the physical properties of color, its formation in the human brain by processes of addition and subtraction of the primary colors and the discussion of the philosophy of science after Goethe\'s contest of Newton´s Theory of Colors. Records the birth and evolution of television, from a scientific speculation in the nineteenth century to the global communications medium in the twentieth century, when landed on the moon. Describes the analog color TV standards and the process of comparison between them and the deployment of PAL-M in Brazil.