abstract: Scientific and Cultural Interpretations of Volcanoes, 1766-1901 analyzes nineteenth-century conceptions of volcanoes through interdisciplinary literature and science studies. The project considers how people in the nineteenth century used science, aesthetics, and other ways of knowing to understand volcanoes and their operations. In the mid-eighteenth century, volcanoes were seen as singular, unique features of the planet that lacked temporal and terrestrial reach. By the end of the nineteenth century, volcanoes were seen as networked, environmental phenomena that stretched through geological time and geographic space. Scientific and Cultural Interpretations of Volcanoes, 1766-1901 offers a new historical understanding of volcanoes and their environmental connections, using literature and science to show how perceptions of volcanic time and space changed over 135 years. The first chapter, using texts by Sir William Hamilton, Hester Piozzi, and Priscilla Wakefield, argues that in the late eighteenth century important aspects of volcanoes, like their impact upon human life and their existence through time, were beginning to be defined in texts ranging from the scientific to the educational. The second chapter focuses on works by Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Charles Lyell to demonstrate the ways that volcanoes were stripped of metaphysical or symbolic meaning as the nineteenth century progressed. The third chapter contrasts the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa with Constance Gordon-Cumming’s travels to Kīlauea. The chapter shows how even towards the end of the century, trying to connect human minds with the process of volcanic phenomenon was a substantial challenge, but that volcanoes like Kīlauea allowed for new conceptions of volcanic action. The last chapter, through a post-apocalyptic novel by M. P. Shiel, shows how volcanoes were finally beginning to be categorized as a primary agent within the environment, shaping all life including humanity. Ultimately, I argue that the change in thinking about volcanoes parallels today’s shift in thinking about global climate change. My work provides insight into how we imagine ecological catastrophes like volcanic eruptions or climate change in the past and present and what that means for their impact on people. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2016

abstract: In the fifteen years between the discovery of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in 1973 and the passage of alcohol beverage warning labels in 1988, FAS transformed from a medical diagnosis between practitioner and pregnant women to a broader societal risk imbued with political and cultural meaning. I examine how scientific, social, moral, and political narratives dynamically interacted to construct the risk of drinking during pregnancy and the public health response of health warning labels on alcohol. To situate such phenomena I first observe the closest regulatory precedents, the public health responses to thalidomide and cigarettes, which established a federal response to fetal risk. I then examine the history of how the US defined and responded to the social problem of alcoholism, paying particular attention to the role of women in that process. Those chapters inform my discussion of how the US reengaged with alcohol control at the federal level in the last quarter of the twentieth century. In the 1970s, FAS allowed federal agencies to carve out disciplinary authority, but robust public health measures were tempered by uncertainty surrounding issues of bureaucratic authority over labeling, and the mechanism and extent of alcohol’s impact on development. A socially conservative presidency, dramatic budgetary cuts, and increased industry funding reshaped the public health approach to alcoholism in the 1980s. The passage of labeling in 1988 required several conditions: a groundswell of other labeling initiatives that normalized the practice; the classification of other high profile, socially unacceptable alcohol-related behaviors such as drunk driving and youth drinking; and the creation of a dual public health population that faced increased medical, social, and political scrutiny, the pregnant woman and her developing fetus. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2016

abstract: This dissertation begins to lay out a small slice of the history of morphological research, and how it has changed, from the late 19th through the close of the 20th century. Investigators using different methods, addressing different questions, holding different assumptions, and coming from different research fields have pursued morphological research programs, i.e. research programs that explore the process of changing form. Subsequently, the way in which investigators have pursued and understood morphology has witnessed significant changes from the 19th century to modern day research. In order to trace this shifting history of morphology, I have selected a particular organ, teeth, and traced a tendril of research on the dentition beginning in the late 19th century and ending at the year 2000. But even focusing on teeth would be impossible; the scope of research on this organ is far too vast. Instead, I narrow this dissertation to investigation of research on a particular problem: explaining mammalian tooth morphology. How researchers have investigated mammalian tooth morphology and what counts as an explanation changed dramatically during this period. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

abstract: Glucose sensors have had many paradigm shifts, beginning with using urine, to point of care blood, now being approved for implant. This review covers various aspects of the sensors, ranging from the types of surface chemistry, and electron transduction. All the way to the algorithms, and filters used to alter and understand the signal being transduced. Focus is given to Dr. Hellerâ’s work using redox mediators, as well as Dr. Sode in his advances for direct electron transfer. Simple process of designing sensors are described, as well as the possible errors that may come with glucose sensor use. Finally, a small window into the future trends of glucose sensors is described both from a device view point, as well as organic viewpoint. Using this history the initial point of care sensor for insulin published through LaBelle’s lab is reevaluated critically. In addition, the modeling of the possibility of continuously measuring insulin is researched. To better understand the design for a continuous glucose sensor, the basic kinetic model is set up, and ran through a design of experiments to then optimized what the binding kinetics for an ideal insulin molecular recognition element would be. In addition, the phenomena of two electrochemical impedance spectroscopy peaks is analyzed, and two theories are suggests, and demonstrated to a modest level. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2018

Orientador: Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:52:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tavares_GiovanaGalvao_D.pdf: 14593414 bytes, checksum: 5c0167a0cfa5451352d1a94f423b4ec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa, através do método biográfico, a trajetória de vida e a produção cultural e,ou científica de Zoroastro Artiaga entre as décadas de 1930 a 1970. Em nossa tese entendemos nosso biografado enquanto um divulgador de Goiás que buscou principalmente, por meio das discussões goecientíficas, apresentar a região goiana ao país, utilizando-se dos meios de comunicação regional e nacional. Para esse fim, recorremos à nova historiografia da ciência que estabelece diálogo com a História Cultural. Esse diálogo investiga os objetos e personagens "escondidos", e assim permite que se investiguem indivíduos anteriormente desconsiderados pela historiografia. Analisamos a vida de Zoroastro Artiaga em dois momentos. O primeiro, nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, momento em que nosso divulgador atuou ativamente nos meios de comunicação com o objetivo de divulgar o estado de Goiás para a Nação brasileira, tendo como eixos norteadores de suas publicações: rede ferroviária, recursos minerais e a transferência da Capital Federal para o Planalto Central. O segundo, pós Estado Novo, 1940/1960, período em que administrou o Museu Estadual de Goiás (1946-1957), o IHGG (1958-1962), a AGL (1957-1959) e publicou mais intensamente sobre as questões regionais, tendo como principal pano de fundo as geociências (mineralogia, geologia, geografia). Nesse momento, seus artigos e livros tomam dimensão nacional e internacional. Nossa tese apresenta análise desses dois momentos de Zoroastro Artiaga, abordando os contextos e circunstâncias regionais e nacionais em que nosso biografado esteve inserido ao longo dos anos por nós investigados, considerando o seu papel fundamental na construção do discurso do estado moderno e promissor. Concluímos que, ao longo de sua trajetória de vida, Artiaga centrou suas preocupações na divulgação da região goiana para a Nação. As publicações de Zoroastro estavam atreladas às suas atividades profissionais e, em sua maioria, percebemos que buscou tratar de temáticas que faziam eco regional, como por exemplo, a mudança da Capital Federal para o território goiano ou, ainda, os problemas econômicos advindos com a falta de ampliação das redes ferroviárias em Goiás. Mas foi com a temática de geociências que Artiaga se destacou, especialmente, quando se dedicou a divulgar trabalhos sobre os minérios radiativos que afirmava existir no estado de Goiás. Suas afirmações sobre o tema foram polêmicas, ou como ele mesmo dizia "trazia estranhamento aos outros". Nosso divulgador faleceu em 27 de fevereiro de 1972, aos 81 anos de idade / Abstract: The current study, through biographical methodology, examines the life of Zoroastro Artiaga, and his cultural and /or scientific production between the 1930s and 1970s. In this PhD Dissertation we understand our biographical subject as a popularizer of the state of Goiás who aimed, mainly through geoscientific discussions, at presenting Goiás to the rest of the country, using, for this purpose, the mass media, regionally and nationally. In order to achieve this goal, we reviewed the new historiography of the history of science, which establishes a dialogue with cultural history. This dialogue explores 'hidden' objects and characters, thus allowing to the investigation of subjects previously ignored by historiography. We analyze three periods of Zoroastra Artiaga's life. The first, the early 1930s, marked his political and/or social rise, during the government of Pedro Ludovico Teixeira. The second as a consolidated popularizer of the state of Goias, during the "Estado Novo" politics. And the third, 1940/1960, when he directed the State Museum of Goiás and published more heavily on regional issues; having as main background the geosciences (mineralogy, geology, geography). This thesis presents an analysis of these three moments of Zoroaster Artiaga's life and approaches the regional contexts in which our biography subject was inserted, throughout the 40 years investigated. We conclude that, throughout his lifetime, Artiaga focused their concerns on the disclosure of the Goias region to the nation. The publications of Zoroastro were related to their professional activities and, mostly, we realize that sought to address regional issues that echoed, for example, the change the Federal Capital to the Goiás territory, or even economic problems arising with the lack of expansion of rail networks in Goiás. But it was with the thematic geoscience Artiaga that stood out, especially when he devoted himself to publishing studies on radioactive ores claimed that exist in the state of Goiás. Their statements on the issue were controversial, or as he said "brought uneasiness to the other". Our publisher died on February 27, 1972, at 81 years old / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador : Fatima Regina Rodrigues Evora / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:56:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moschetti_Marcelo_D.pdf: 1071583 bytes, checksum: f3b9175acce31ce1e2539b5d4f9f78be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A conhecida passagem do Ensaiador (1623) sobre a linguagem geométrica da natureza pode ser considerada uma síntese do projeto galileano: dirigir-se à natureza sem conhecer essa linguagem é um inútil vaguear em um obscuro labirinto. Na defesa da necessidade do uso da geometria na filosofia natural, destaca-se o problema da tese tradicional da heterogeneidade entre a exatidão matemática e a matéria imperfeita. Para resolvê-lo (e para recusar essa heterogeneidade), o autor mostra que só a geometria permite a superação das dificuldades relacionadas com o contínuo. Tal discussão é assunto dos Discursos sobre as duas novas ciências (1638). Tanto o atomismo incomum presente na obra quanto as novidades referentes ao estudo do movimento dependem do tratamento geométrico dado ao problema do contínuo. Por outro lado, a tensão entre a exatidão matemática e a imprecisão dos dados da experiência, que é responsável por parte das controvérsias interpretativas que envolvem Galileu, é fundamental para que se compreenda sua proposta de uma nova física / Abstract: The well-known quotation of The Assayer (1623) concerning the geometrical language of nature can be taken as a synthesis of galileo's project: turning to nature without knowing that language is an useless errantry on a dark labyrinth. The problem of the traditional thesis on the heterogeneity of mathematical exactness and the imperfection of matter is highlighted by Galileo in his defense of the necessity of using Geometry in Natural Philosophy. For solving it (and for refusing the heterogeneity), the author shows that only Geometry makes it possible to overcome the difficulties related to the continuum. This discussion is present in his Discourses concerning the two new sciences (1638). Both the uncommon atomism found in the book and the news related to the study of movement rely on the geometrical approach on the problem of the continuum. Otherwise, the tension between mathematical exactness and the lack of accuracy of the data from experience, wich causes controversies concerning Galileo, is fundamental for understanding his proposal of a new Physics / Doutorado / Historia da Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Orientador: José Carlos Pinto de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T22:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AmeliadeJesus_D.pdf: 1526573 bytes, checksum: 35175fb8e24d12c518f965da0659e2db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Pierre Duhem e Thomas Kuhn aparecem como personagens privilegiados nas discussões historiográficas acerca de como a ciência se desenvolve e são classificados, respectivamente, como continuísta e descontinuísta. Este trabalho resulta de uma análise comparativa entre as visões desses dois filósofos e historiadores da ciência. Nosso propósito inicial foi compreender como eles poderiam ter visões tão díspares acerca do desenvolvimento científico, já que ambos são vistos também como participantes do mesmo grupo de filósofos para quem a estreiteza entre a história e a filosofia da ciência é admitida de maneira consensual. A pesquisa inicialmente orientada pela questão ?Como a ciência se desenvolve?' em suas obras nos levou a questionar a própria classificação da qual partimos. Na ausência de elementos corroboradores da difundida oposição entre as duas visões históricas, exploramos em suas obras dois eventos tidos comumente como revolucionários na história da ciência - os que levam o nome de Copérnico e Newton. Esse exame possibilitou a descoberta de uma insuspeitada semelhança entre a visão de Duhem e Kuhn acerca do desenvolvimento científico que neutraliza o antagonismo entre continuísmo e descontinuísmo em suas obras. Sustentamos que esse antagonismo resulta de uma abordagem bastante parcial de seus trabalhos em filosofia e história da ciência, uma abordagem que não leva em consideração os contextos diferentes de suas obras. O que observamos é que, em momentos distintos da história da ciência, Duhem e Kuhn acreditaram no rompimento com uma tradição histórica responsável por uma imagem enganadora do modo da ciência se desenvolver e que, portanto, precisava ser ultrapassada. Na tradição criticada por Duhem, os historiadores relatavam o surgimento repentino de grandes teorias, sem nenhum vínculo com a tradição; só viam revoluções. Na tradição criticada por Kuhn, os historiadores, ao reescreverem a história da ciência a partir da visão e do aparato conceitual de seu momento presente, acabaram tornando ocultas as revoluções. O resultado do trabalho reflete, sim, a tentativa inicial de compreender como se dá o desenvolvimento da ciência em Duhem e Kuhn, mas essa tentativa nos conduziu à necessidade de abandonar as usuais classificações conferidas às suas visões / Abstract: Pierre Duhem and Thomas Kuhn appear as privileged characters in the historiographical discussions about how science develops and are classified, respectively, as continuist and discontinuist. This thesis is the result of a comparative analysis between the views of these philosophers and historians of science. Our initial purpose was to understand how they could have such different views about the scientific development, since both are seen also as participants of the same group of philosophers that admit the necessary intimate connection between the history and the philosophy of science. The research, initially conducted by the question ?how does science develop?' in their works, led us to question the proper classification from which we started. In the absence of elements which corroborate the widespread opposition between the two historical views, we explore in their works two events usually regarded as revolutionary in the history of science - those that bear the names of Copernicus and Newton. This examination made possible the discovery of an unsuspected similarity between Duhem's and Kuhn's views about the scientific development that neutralizes the antagonism between continuism and discontinuism in their works. We maintain that this antagonism results from a very much partial approach of their works in philosophy and history of science, an approach that does not consider the different contexts of their works. What we observe is that Duhem and Kuhn in different times of history of science had believed in the rupture with a historical tradition which was responsible for a misleading image of scientific development, and therefore had to be overcome. In the tradition that is criticized by Duhem, historians related the sudden emergence of great theories, without any connections with the tradition; they just saw revolutions. In the tradition that is criticized by Kuhn, historians, by rewriting the history of science from a perspective of their contemporary moment, ended up turning the revolutions hidden. The result of this work does reflect the initial attempt of understanding how the scientific development occurs in Duhem and Kuhn, but this attempt has led us to the need of abandoning the usual classifications that are attributed to their views / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

D.Ed. / The aim of this study was to investigate: the causes, problems and justification of the increase in part-perspectives in faculties of education; the reasons for the apparent disappearance of borders between part-perspectives in Education; and possible criteria for the justification of existing and new part-perspectives and modules. The study showed that the increase in part-perspectives led to various problems in Education, such as: considering the own part-perspective to be more important than other partperspectives; overlapping between part-perspectives; and overemphasising the subdivisions of Education in stead of emphasising the educational phenomenon as the object of investigation. There were not only historical reasons for the diversifying of Education. The difficulties experienced in the structuring of Education were the result of the complex reality of education in a rapid changing society. Contemporary and future trends were therefore taken into account by the researcher because the effectiveness of faculties of education is determined by the manner in which they respond to changes in society. The present stance of the part-perspectives in Education was evaluated in this study in order to find criteria for the justification of existing and new part-perspectives. These criteria can be used as a basis for the possible restructuring of Education. The following criteria were amongst others identified: an educational perspective; demarcation; a clear problem; theoretical accountability; scientific justification; expertise; and a sound curriculum. This study demonstrated the necessity of knowledge of the nature of an educational perspective to enable educationists to evaluate the focus of their part-perspectives from an authentic educational point of view.

This essay is premised on two assumptions: first, that concepts change their meaning; second, that the examination of the relationship between language and action - two central components of the public sphere - illuminates the process of change. Three models of conceptual change are critically discussed through their language-action axis. The first, adduced by German historian of concepts Reinhart Koselleck, assumes that conceptual change results from a gap between language and action. The second, put forward by historian of political thought Quentin Skinner, argues that conceptual change is produced by political theorists that are doing something when writing; language, according to this model is (sometimes) a form of action. The third model is derived from the American PC movement, which, it is argued here, presents us with a theory and a practice of conceptual change. According to this model, conceptual change results from a deliberate change of language by social agents. Language, as maintained by this model, is the world; action cannot be discussed separately from language since everything exists only through language. As we move from one model to the next we see that the place language assumes in both political theory and practice is increasing in relation to, and at the expense of, action. This essay argues that the mid-twentieth century "linguistic turn," coupled with the growing influence of postmodernism on political theory and practice, results in a distorted picture of the polls. This weakens the ability of political theory to make intelligible the world around us, and also its effectiveness as a guide for action. This tendency must be remedied i f political theory and practice wishes to remain relevant to the public sphere. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Orientadores: Maria Conceição da Costa, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueiroa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T22:10:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carreta_JorgeAugusto_D.pdf: 1645136 bytes, checksum: 628069139e0969a3c34089c9f3ef44ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo principal desta tese é mostrar o conflituoso processo de aceitação do conhecimento da microbiologia no Brasil entre o final do século XIX e começo do século XX. O foco se concentrou nas polêmicas e controvérsias em torno deste conhecimento entre os cientistas e médicos do Rio de Janeiro. Inicialmente, foram analisados os efeitos da Reforma de 1880 na Faculdade de Medicina, ligada aos projetos de profissionalização dos médicos cariocas, e que ambicionava introduzir os mais recentes avanços da medicina experimental na instituição. O trabalho mostra que essa reforma obteve alguns êxitos, mas teve alcance limitado. Entre as metas não atingidas pelos médicos estava o estabelecimento do consenso acerca do conhecimento que embasaria a sua profissão. Em seguida, essa ausência de consenso é exposta por meio do exame das diversas polêmicas sobre a etiologia, combate e profilaxia das doenças epidêmicas, que assolavam a capital do país desde a década de 1850. Destaque especial foi dado a doenças como a varíola, a febre amarela e o beribéri. Também foi investigada a trajetória do Laboratório de Fisiologia do Museu Nacional, um dos espaços exteriores à Faculdade de Medicina onde se desenvolveram atividades na área de microbiologia. A análise das controvérsias sobre o conhecimento microbiológico, ainda não completamente aceito por todos os médicos e pela sociedade, serviu assim para indicar o grau de experimentalismo e improvisação que ainda marcava a ciência médica no Brasil do último quartel do século XIX. Já no século XX, dois episódios foram escolhidos para continuar a acompanhar esse processo: a fundação do Instituto Soroterápico de Manguinhos (1899) e a Revolta da Vacina (1904). No primeiro caso, foram enfatizadas as dúvidas que rondavam a produção e aplicação de soros curativos. No segundo, foi evidenciada a desconfiança que setores letrados e não letrados tinham do uso da vacina como meio profilático. Finalmente, aponto para a permanência do dissenso sobre a microbiologia nas décadas seguintes usando um debate pouco conhecido da literatura brasileira sobre o tema. Trata-se da disputa entre os partidários das idéias de Louis Pasteur e Antoine Béchap. Este último negava a teoria microbiana das doenças e afirmava que os estados doentios advinham de um desequilíbrio do próprio organismo. Ficou claro que mesmo após fundação do Instituto de Manguinhos, tido por alguns como o marco inicial das atividades científicas no Brasil, a microbiologia ainda levou alguns bons anos para obter o consenso (não absoluto) de que desfruta hoje em dia / Abstract: The main objective of this work is to show the conflictive acceptance process of the microbiology in Brazil in the late XIX and beginnings of XX centuries. The focus was kept in the controversies about this knowledge among the Brazilian scientists and physicians. The first analysis made in this work is the one of the effects of the 1880's reforms in Rio de Janeiro's Medical School that was linked to the profissionalization projects of the Brazilian physicians. This project¿s main goal was to introduce the most recent advances of experimental medicine in that school. The investigation shows that the reform was only partially successful, as they did not achieve a consensus regarding the knowledge that would be the basis of their profession. This lack of consensus is exposed by the analyzes of the polemics about the etiology, combat and prophylaxis of epidemic diseases that had been devastating the capital of the country since 1850. Special prominence is given to illnesses such as smallpox, yellow fever and beriberi. Also the trajectory of the Physiology Laboratory of the National Museum is investigated in this work, known as an outside space to the Medicine School and where activities in the microbiology area were developed. The analyzes of the controversies on the microbiological knowledge, not yet completely accepted by all the doctors and the society, revealed the depth of uncertainty that marked the Brazilian medical science in the last quarter of the XIX century. Already in the XX century, two episodes were chosen to follow this process: the foundation of the Manguinhos Serumtherapeutical Institute (1899) and the Vaccine Revolt (1904). In the first episode, the emphasis is made on the doubts concerning the production and application of serum to cure the epidemic diseases. In the second, there is an exposure of the suspicion of the physicians and population on the vaccine as a way of prophylaxis. Finally, this study shows the permanence of the dissent on the microbiology during the following decades through an almost unknown debate on the history of biology: the dispute between the ideas from Louis Pasteur and the ones from Antoine Béchamp. The last one denied the microbial theory of the illnesses and affirmed that the unhealthy states happens from disequilibrium of the organism itself. The microbiology still took some good years after the foundation of the Manguinhos Institute, fact that would be identified/known by some people as the initial mark of scientific activities in Brazil, to achieve the consensus (not absolute) that it has nowadays / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica