Criada em 1864, a Academia Nacional de Medicina passou diversas transformações ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX em decorrência das mudanças no cenário sociopolítico mexicano e da própria dinâmica das ciências médicas no mundo Ocidental. Nesta dissertação, busca-se compreender como ocorreu o processo de institucionalização da medicina acadêmica no México a partir da trajetória da Academia Nacional de Medicina e como foram produzidos determinados saberes entre as décadas de 1860-1880. Assim, foram estudados o processo de consolidação de uma deontologia médica, além da produção, regulação e normatização de saberes médicos relacionados à concepção de vida e aos procedimentos de partos. À luz de uma perspectiva microssociológica e contextualista, demonstram-se como os embates e as controvérsias científicas serviram à organização da academia, às normas de produção e à formulação de saberes sobre vida e parto. Esta pesquisa também apontou como tais saberes serviram à estruturação do Estado mexicano durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Foram analisados os relatórios clínicos e as atas publicados na Gaceta Médica de México (periódico da Academia), os códigos civil e penal sancionados na virada das décadas de 1860-70 e os manuais de medicina legal e medicina obstétrica elaborados pelos médicos Luis Hidalgo y Carpio e Juan María Rodríguez. / Created in 1864, the Academia Nacional de Medicina went through several transformations during the second half of the 19th century as a result of changes at the mexican sociopolitical scenario and the dynamics of medical science in the Western World. Within this dissertation, it is searched to understand how did the process of institutionalization of academic medicine happen in Mexico starting from the trajectory of the Academia Nacional de Medicina and how certain knowledge were produced during the decades of 1860-1880. Therefore, were studied process of consolidation of a physician deontology, in addition to the production, regulation and normatization of medical knowledge related to the conception of life and childbirth procedures. At the light of a microsociological and contextualist perspective, it is shown how the dispute and the scientific controversy served to the organization of the academy, to its norms of production and to the formulation of knowledge about life and childbirth. This research also pointed how such knowledge served to the structuring of the mexican State during the second half of the 19th century. Were analysed clinical reports and minutes published in the Gaceta Médica de México (Academias journal), the civil and criminal Codes sanctioned at the turn of the 1860-70 decade and the manuals of legal medicine and obstetrical medicine made by the physicians Luis Hidalgo y Carpio and Juan María Rodríguez.

Criada em 1864, a Academia Nacional de Medicina passou diversas transformações ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX em decorrência das mudanças no cenário sociopolítico mexicano e da própria dinâmica das ciências médicas no mundo Ocidental. Nesta dissertação, busca-se compreender como ocorreu o processo de institucionalização da medicina acadêmica no México a partir da trajetória da Academia Nacional de Medicina e como foram produzidos determinados saberes entre as décadas de 1860-1880. Assim, foram estudados o processo de consolidação de uma deontologia médica, além da produção, regulação e normatização de saberes médicos relacionados à concepção de vida e aos procedimentos de partos. À luz de uma perspectiva microssociológica e contextualista, demonstram-se como os embates e as controvérsias científicas serviram à organização da academia, às normas de produção e à formulação de saberes sobre vida e parto. Esta pesquisa também apontou como tais saberes serviram à estruturação do Estado mexicano durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Foram analisados os relatórios clínicos e as atas publicados na Gaceta Médica de México (periódico da Academia), os códigos civil e penal sancionados na virada das décadas de 1860-70 e os manuais de medicina legal e medicina obstétrica elaborados pelos médicos Luis Hidalgo y Carpio e Juan María Rodríguez. / Created in 1864, the Academia Nacional de Medicina went through several transformations during the second half of the 19th century as a result of changes at the mexican sociopolitical scenario and the dynamics of medical science in the Western World. Within this dissertation, it is searched to understand how did the process of institutionalization of academic medicine happen in Mexico starting from the trajectory of the Academia Nacional de Medicina and how certain knowledge were produced during the decades of 1860-1880. Therefore, were studied process of consolidation of a physician deontology, in addition to the production, regulation and normatization of medical knowledge related to the conception of life and childbirth procedures. At the light of a microsociological and contextualist perspective, it is shown how the dispute and the scientific controversy served to the organization of the academy, to its norms of production and to the formulation of knowledge about life and childbirth. This research also pointed how such knowledge served to the structuring of the mexican State during the second half of the 19th century. Were analysed clinical reports and minutes published in the Gaceta Médica de México (Academias journal), the civil and criminal Codes sanctioned at the turn of the 1860-70 decade and the manuals of legal medicine and obstetrical medicine made by the physicians Luis Hidalgo y Carpio and Juan María Rodríguez.

La formation d’un territoire scientifique et technologique est le fruit d’un processus, dont les origines institutionnelles remontent au XIXe siècle, mais auquel prend part une grande variété de phénomènes à compter des années 1950. Cette thèse explore plusieurs itinéraires dans l’histoire de Grenoble qui sont autant de points de vue sur l’émergence de l’un des premiers pôles de recherche de la province française. Entre les années 1950 et 2015, la recherche s’organise et devient progressivement le cœur des institutions d’enseignement supérieur. L’acquisition d’importants instruments de recherche et le développement des technologies électroniques définissent certains types d’organisation de la recherche et façonnent, par là, tout l’environnement scientifique. De nouvelles manières d’occuper l’espace et d’intégrer la structure urbaine se développent avec le déploiement des campus et des parcs technologiques. Peu à peu, les acteurs scientifiques et politiques se saisissent explicitement de ce territoire scientifique en l’intégrant à leurs propres stratégies ou en produisant à son sujet un discours normatif. Mais, la formation de ce territoire est aussi l’enjeu de controverses. Elle génère des contestations sociales qui, subissant de profondes reconfigurations au cours du temps, peinent à peser sur le développement des sciences et technologies. En définitive, Grenoble ne devient un véritable territoire scientifique et technologique qu’après les années 1980, car c’est à partir de ce moment que les activités de recherche et d’innovation occupent une position déterminante dans l’espace social et géographique grenoblois. / The creation of a scientific and technological territory results from a historical process. It takes its institutional origins in the 19th century, but many phenomena take part of it since the 1950s. This doctoral thesis examines several ‘trajectories’ in the history of one of the first scientific cities of the French Province. Between 1950 and 2015, the research structures itself. It becomes the heart of the higher education institutions. The Grenoble scientific instruments and the development of the electronic technology define the organization of the scientific research and shape the scientific environment altogether. New ways of occupying the space and integrating the urban structure are developed with the deployment of the university campus and of technology parks. Progressively, scientific and political actors are involved in the scientific territory by integrating it to their own strategies or by producing a normative discourse about it. Besides, the creation of this territory generates social protests that, however, barely succeed in influencing the development of science and technology. Ultimately, Grenoble really becomes a scientific and technological territory after the 1980s when science and innovation become central in social and geographic space of Grenoble.