Magnaporthe grisea is a notorious pathogenic fungus that causes rice blast disease worldwide. Proteins secreted by the fungus are likely candidates for being effectors that are potentially recognized by determinants of resistance or susceptibility in host plants. However, knowledge of the role of secreted proteins of M. grisea is still limited. In this study, I identified 29 proteins that were secreted into culture filtrates from M. grisea strains expressing candidate proteins. I confirmed secretion of these proteins and tested them for elicitor activity on plants. Among them, I studied two groups: cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and small cysteine-rich proteins. Cysteine-rich proteins have been shown in other systems to function as elicitors. Initially, I expressed and purified proteins in M. grisea to obtain proteins by a homologous expression system. Although this was effective for a number of proteins, the need for greater amounts of protein led me to express several proteins in the Pichia pastoris system. Several candidate proteins were purified and found to induce symptoms on rice and maize. Hypothetical proteins MG10424.4 and MG09998.4 were both found to have elicitor activity. Lipase MG07016.4 did not induce response of plants and we concluded that the lipase activity of MG07016.4 does not function as an elicitor. I also purified a small cysteine-rich protein, which belongs to the group of cluster 180 proteins in M. grisea, MG10732.4 from P. pastoris. It is able to cause yellowing symptoms and hydrogen peroxide production in plants and it might contain elicitor activity.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Plant Pathology / John P. Fellers / Harold Trick / In Kansas, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is severely affected by the biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina (leaf rust). Although resistant varieties have been developed, the fungus tends to overcome new sources resistance very quickly. Plants have evolved a single gene (R genes) defense network that can recognize specific pathogen effectors (Avr), in a gene-for-gene manor. In rusts, effectors are secreted proteins responsible for inducing the uptake of nutrients and inhibit host defense responses. Identification of secreted proteins during the infection may help to understand the mode of infection of P. triticina. Little is known about molecular interactions in the pathosystem wheat-leaf rust and no Avr genes from cereal rusts have been cloned. In order to understand pathogenicity in leaf rust and generate new alternatives for disease control, the goal of this research is identify P. triticina secreted proteins from a collection of expressed genes during the infection, and to characterize putative Avr function for three candidates. From 432 EST’s derived from haustoria and infected plants, fifteen secreted proteins were identified and 10 were selected as potential avirulence candidates. Pt3 and Pt 51 are two P. triticina (Pt) candidates expressed specifically in the haustoria and encode small cysteine-rich secreted proteins. Eight candidates are expressed at early stages of infection, during spore germination and 6 days after inoculation. They are small-secreted proteins. None are repetitive elements or have nuclear localization signals. They also do not share a conserved motif with known filamentous fungus Avr proteins. Five candidates are novel proteins, two have similarity with predicted proteins, one is homologous with Hesp-379-like protein, one is homologous with superoxide dismutase, and one has a cell glucanase predicted function. Pt3, Pt12 and Pt27 were tested by transient expression experiments using co-bombardment with GUS into leaf rust resistant isogenic lines. Reduction in the expression of reporter gene GUS co-expressed with Pt27 indicates a potential avirulence factor for Lr26 in wheat.

A leptospirose é causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira e constitui um problema de saúde pública mundial, por acometer humanos e animais. Sua patogênese ainda é pouco esclarecida, especialmente quanto aos processos de invasão, adesão e colonização dos hospedeiros. Recentemente, proteínas secretadas por leptospiras foram identificadas por proteômica e análises in silico, algumas das quais apresentam possível envolvimento no desenvolvimento de quadros hemorrágicos, bem como podem ser possíveis antígenos para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propôs a clonagem em vetor de expressão heteróloga bacteriano das sequências codificantes das proteínas Sph2, LipA, ColA e LipL32 de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni, caracterização funcional das proteínas recombinantes purificadas e estudo do seu potencial uso no diagnóstico para a leptospirose. Essas proteínas foram escolhidas por possivelmente estarem envolvidas na patogênese de leptospiras. Para tanto, as sequências correspondentes aos genes das proteínas foram clonadas nos vetores de expressão em Brevibacillus choshinensis e Escherichia coli. A produção de soro policlonal e técnicas de ELISA, western-blotting e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para avaliar a funcionalidade das proteínas recombinantes purificadas. Também foram realizados testes de comprovação e caracterização da atividade enzimática para proteína LipA, que se apresenta como uma provável lipase na análise in silico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o sistema de expressão em Brevibacillus foi eficiente na expressão das proteínas, porém com baixo rendimento na purificação das proteínas Sph2, ColA e LipA. A proteína recombinante LipL32 purificada não apresentou diferença na sua atividade antigênica, em relação aos dois sistemas de expressão utilizados. Experimentos de Western - blotting demonstraram a presença de proteína LipA em diferentes sorovares patogênicos de Leptospira spp. A proteína LipA apresentou atividade lipásica sobre ésteres graxos de p-nitrofenil, sendo uma provável lipase euritérmica. Os dados obtidos com a análise de imuno-histoquímica sugerem que esta proteína possa participar dos eventos que levam a lesões na membrana celular no tecido hepático. Resultados de ELISA com soro de pacientes mostraram que as proteínas ColA e Sph2 são potenciais antígenos para diagnóstico da leptospirose. Apenas a proteína ColA apresentou ação hemorrágica na pele de camundongos. Estes resultados indicam que as proteínas LipA, ColA e Sph2 podem estar envolvidas em mecanismos patogênicos na leptospirose. / Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and it is a public health problem worldwide, for affecting humans and animals. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, especially regarding the processes of invasion, adhesion and colonization of hosts. Recently, proteins secreted by leptospires were identified by proteomics and in silico analyzes, some of which present possible involvement in the development of hemorrhagic conditions, as well they could be possible antigens for the diagnosis. Thus, the present work proposed the cloning into bacterial heterologous expression vectors of the coding sequences of the Sph2, LipA, ColA and LipL32 proteins of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, the functional characterization of the purified recombinant proteins and the study of their potential use in the diagnosis for the Leptospirosis. These proteins were chosen because they may be involved in the pathogenesis of leptospires. To that end, the coding sequences were cloned into the expression vectors in Brevibacillus choshinensis and Escherichia coli. The production of polyclonal serum and ELISA, Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to evaluate the functionality of the purified recombinant proteins. Also, tests were carried out to prove and characterize the enzymatic activity of LipA protein, which presents as a probable lipase in the in silico analysis. The obtained results showed that the expression in the Brevibacillus system was efficient, but with low yield in the purification of Sph2, ColA and LipA proteins. The purified recombinant LipL32 protein showed no difference in its antigenic activity, in relation to the two expression systems used. Western-blotting experiments demonstrated the presence of LipA protein in different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The LipA protein showed lipase activity on p-nitrophenyl fatty esters, being a probable eurythermic lipase. The data obtained with the immunohistochemical analysis suggest that this protein can participate in the events that lead to cell membrane lesions in the hepatic tissue. ELISA results using serum from patients showed that ColA and Sph2 proteins are potential antigens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Only the ColA protein presented hemorrhagic action on the mice skin. These results indicate that LipA, ColA and Sph2 proteins may be involved in pathogenic mechanisms in leptospirosis.

Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian, has been given much attention in recent years as it has been linked with Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which leads to the sudden deaths of honey bee colonies. It has been described that many pathogenic organisms secrete virulence factors in order to hijack its host`s cellular functions, but in most cases the underlying mechanisms of this process still remains to be deciphered. Cornman et al. (2009) have identified in N. ceranae a list of putative effector proteins (called secretome) destined to be secreted into the host, and I have taken this list for further investigation using a bioinformatical and experimental approaches. The principal aim of this project was to generate a N. ceranae ORFeome for genes predicted to be secreted, elucidate the function of effector candidates important for N. ceranae biology and/or pathogenicity, as well as to investigate any interactions between N. ceranae proteins and its host utilising two eukaryotic model organisms, budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, and fruit fly, D. melanogaster. A library of S. cerevisiae strains expressing N. ceranae proteins was generated utilising the Gateway® technology, and phenotypic and localisation screens were undertaken to investigate the N. ceranae secretome. Two N. ceranae ORFs, NcORF-15 (NcORF-02039) and NcORF-16 (NcORF-01159) encoding a putative thioredoxin and a hexokinase, respectively, were subjected to yeast complementation assays in order to assess their catalytic activity. NcORF-15, the putative thioredoxin, was able to rescue the sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae Δtrx2 under oxidative stress, whereas NcORF-16, the putative hexokinase, did not complement YSH7.4-3C, a triple knockout lacking hexokinase activity. A third N. ceranae effector candidate NcORF-4 (NcORF-00654), a putative proteasome subunit, was investigated for its nuclear localisation and protein interactions in both S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster.

A leptospirose é causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira e constitui um problema de saúde pública mundial, por acometer humanos e animais. Sua patogênese ainda é pouco esclarecida, especialmente quanto aos processos de invasão, adesão e colonização dos hospedeiros. Recentemente, proteínas secretadas por leptospiras foram identificadas por proteômica e análises in silico, algumas das quais apresentam possível envolvimento no desenvolvimento de quadros hemorrágicos, bem como podem ser possíveis antígenos para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propôs a clonagem em vetor de expressão heteróloga bacteriano das sequências codificantes das proteínas Sph2, LipA, ColA e LipL32 de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni, caracterização funcional das proteínas recombinantes purificadas e estudo do seu potencial uso no diagnóstico para a leptospirose. Essas proteínas foram escolhidas por possivelmente estarem envolvidas na patogênese de leptospiras. Para tanto, as sequências correspondentes aos genes das proteínas foram clonadas nos vetores de expressão em Brevibacillus choshinensis e Escherichia coli. A produção de soro policlonal e técnicas de ELISA, western-blotting e imuno-histoquímica foram realizadas para avaliar a funcionalidade das proteínas recombinantes purificadas. Também foram realizados testes de comprovação e caracterização da atividade enzimática para proteína LipA, que se apresenta como uma provável lipase na análise in silico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o sistema de expressão em Brevibacillus foi eficiente na expressão das proteínas, porém com baixo rendimento na purificação das proteínas Sph2, ColA e LipA. A proteína recombinante LipL32 purificada não apresentou diferença na sua atividade antigênica, em relação aos dois sistemas de expressão utilizados. Experimentos de Western - blotting demonstraram a presença de proteína LipA em diferentes sorovares patogênicos de Leptospira spp. A proteína LipA apresentou atividade lipásica sobre ésteres graxos de p-nitrofenil, sendo uma provável lipase euritérmica. Os dados obtidos com a análise de imuno-histoquímica sugerem que esta proteína possa participar dos eventos que levam a lesões na membrana celular no tecido hepático. Resultados de ELISA com soro de pacientes mostraram que as proteínas ColA e Sph2 são potenciais antígenos para diagnóstico da leptospirose. Apenas a proteína ColA apresentou ação hemorrágica na pele de camundongos. Estes resultados indicam que as proteínas LipA, ColA e Sph2 podem estar envolvidas em mecanismos patogênicos na leptospirose. / Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and it is a public health problem worldwide, for affecting humans and animals. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, especially regarding the processes of invasion, adhesion and colonization of hosts. Recently, proteins secreted by leptospires were identified by proteomics and in silico analyzes, some of which present possible involvement in the development of hemorrhagic conditions, as well they could be possible antigens for the diagnosis. Thus, the present work proposed the cloning into bacterial heterologous expression vectors of the coding sequences of the Sph2, LipA, ColA and LipL32 proteins of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, the functional characterization of the purified recombinant proteins and the study of their potential use in the diagnosis for the Leptospirosis. These proteins were chosen because they may be involved in the pathogenesis of leptospires. To that end, the coding sequences were cloned into the expression vectors in Brevibacillus choshinensis and Escherichia coli. The production of polyclonal serum and ELISA, Western-blotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were performed to evaluate the functionality of the purified recombinant proteins. Also, tests were carried out to prove and characterize the enzymatic activity of LipA protein, which presents as a probable lipase in the in silico analysis. The obtained results showed that the expression in the Brevibacillus system was efficient, but with low yield in the purification of Sph2, ColA and LipA proteins. The purified recombinant LipL32 protein showed no difference in its antigenic activity, in relation to the two expression systems used. Western-blotting experiments demonstrated the presence of LipA protein in different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The LipA protein showed lipase activity on p-nitrophenyl fatty esters, being a probable eurythermic lipase. The data obtained with the immunohistochemical analysis suggest that this protein can participate in the events that lead to cell membrane lesions in the hepatic tissue. ELISA results using serum from patients showed that ColA and Sph2 proteins are potential antigens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Only the ColA protein presented hemorrhagic action on the mice skin. These results indicate that LipA, ColA and Sph2 proteins may be involved in pathogenic mechanisms in leptospirosis.

No description available.

La maladie de la rouille foliaire du peuplier, causée par le basidiomycète Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) cause des dégâts importants dans les peupleraies européennes. Le séquençage du génome de la souche 98AG31 de Mlp a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives pour l'identification de déterminants géniques impliqués dans le processus infectieux du champignon et notamment ceux codant des effecteurs fongiques capables de manipuler la structure et le fonctionnement de la cellule hôte pour assurer le succès de l'infection. L'analyse du transcriptome du champignon au cours des différentes phases du processus infectieux, basée sur l'utilisation de puces à oligonucléotides NimbleGen ou le séquençage massifs d'ESTs, a permis d?identifier des gènes marqueurs de la germination, de la phase de croissance biotrophe et de la sporulation du champignon. Nous avons notamment pu montrer l'induction importante de nombreux gènes codant des petites protéines sécrétées (SSPs) au cours de la phase biotrophe à 96 hpi heures post-inoculation (hpi) ainsi qu'au sein du parenchyme lacuneux à 168 hpi par microdissection à capture laser. L?analyse fine du sécrétome de Mlp, basée sur l'annotation, l'évolution et l'expression des gènes codant des SSPs a permis de mettre à jour des effecteurs candidats. Certains, spécifiquement exprimés in planta ou présentant des homologies de séquence avec des effecteurs de rouilles ont été localisés au niveau de l'haustorium. De manière intéressante, d'autre gènes candidats appartenant à des familles multigéniques sous pression de sélection positive, sont riches en cystéines, spécifiquement exprimés in planta et possèdent un motif de translocation potentiellement impliqué dans l'export de l'effecteur dans la cellule hôte. Ce travail d'analyse fine des effecteurs potentiels d'un agent de rouille à l'échelle génomique va contribuer à l'amélioration des connaissances sur la biologie de ces champignons biotrophes et contribuera à faciliter la recherche de nouvelles méthodes de lutte contre la maladie / The leaf rust disease caused by Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) is the main disease affecting poplar plantations in Europe with severe economic losses. The recent sequencing of the genome of Mlp (strain 98AG31) opens new perspectives to identify key genes involved in the fungal infection process and particularly those encoding fungal effectors that could manipulate host cell structure and function to facilitate host colonization. Analysis of the rust transcriptome during time course infection of poplar leaves, based on NimbleGen oligoarrays and massive EST sequencing led to the identification of genes related to fungal germination, biotrophy and sporulation. A consistant induction of genes encoding small-secreted proteins (SSPs) was observed during the biotrophic growth at 96 hours post-inoculation (hpi) but also at 168 hpi in the palisade mesophyll using laser capture microdissection. Mlp Secretome analysis, based on annotation, evolution and expression of genes encoding SSPs helped in identifying candidate poplar rust effectors. Some, specifically expressed in planta or showing homologies with known rust effectors were localized around the haustorium. Interestingly, other candidate genes, belonging to multigenic families under diversifying selection are cystein-rich, specifically expressed in planta and harbour a translocation signal potentially involved in effector export inside host cell. This genome-wide analysis of putative fungal effectors will contribute to the general knowledge of rust biology and will help to set new approaches to prevent and control the disease

La symbiose ectomycorhizienne associe les racines d’un arbre aux hyphes d’un champignon, conduisant à un échange réciproque de nutriments entre les deux partenaires. La colonisation fongique massive du cortex racinaire est caractérisée par la formation d’une interface symbiotique, le réseau de Hartig. L’acquisition du génome du symbionte ectomycorhizien Laccaria bicolor a permis d’identifier des petites protéines prédites sécrétées, les MiSSPs (Mycorrhiza-induced Small Secreted Proteins). Mon projet de thèse avait pour objectifs la comparaison des sécrétomes, notamment les petites protéines sécrétées (SSPs), de champignons ectomycorhiziens et saprotrophes, la localisation subcellulaire in planta et l’analyse fonctionnelle de MiSSPs de L. bicolor. L’analyse bioinformatique a notamment permis de révéler des clusters de SSPs conservées entre champignons ectomycorhiziens et saprotrophes ou spécifiques de champignons ectomycorhiziens, mettant en lumière que les champignons ectomycorhiziens partagent des SSPs avec leurs ancêtres saprotrophes mais possèdent aussi d’autres SSPs spécifiques à leur mode de vie. Un jeu de MiSSPs de L. bicolor ont été localisées in planta. Trois d’entre eux ciblent spécifiquement des compartiments subcellulaires de la cellule végétale. Le motif répété DWRR présent dans la séquence de MiSSP8 est partagé par une famille de protéine fongique de champignons majoritairement saprotrophes. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’utilisation de SSPs comme moyen de communication est générique chez les champignons et démontrent aussi qu’au moins une petite protéine sécrétée requise pour la symbiose de L. bicolor a évoluée à partir de protéines de champignons saprotrophes / Roots of most trees form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis with mutualistic soil-borne fungi, relying on a bi-directional exchange of nutrients between the two partners. Fungal colonization of cortical root cells form the Hartig net, a symbiotic interface. Functioning of this symbiotic interface is not well known. However, Laccaria bicolor genome sequencing sheds the light on upregulated small-secreted proteins, so-called MiSSPs (Mycorrhiza-Small Secreted Proteins). Several L. bicolor MiSSPs were demonstrated as symbiosis effectors. My PhD project aims to compare secretomes, in particular SSPs, of fungal with different lifestyles and pursue functional analysis of MiSSPs of L. bicolor. Based on the clustering analysis, we identified clusters of SSPs shared between saprotrophic and ECM fungi and clusters of SSPs specific to ECM-fungi. This study highlights that ECM fungi share SSPs with their saprotrophic ancestors but also possess lifestyle specific SSPs. In planta subcellular localization of a set of MiSSPs belonging to a core-regulon showed that three of them are able to target different plant subcellular compartments. Functional analysis of the symbiosis effector MiSSP8 does not lead to the identification of a putative interactor but the repetitive motif DWRR of MiSSP8 protein sequence is unique to fungi and is shared with SSPs from saprotrophic ancestors. Our results suggest the use of SSPs as mean of communication is common and generic and show at least one SSPs required for ectomycorhizal symbiosis of L. bicolor has evolved from SSPs found in saprotrophic fungi

No description available.

Carrapatos são parasitas hematófagos transmissores de doenças para humanos e animais, e responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos de bilhões de dólares para os sistemas pecuários mundiais. A emergência de carrapatos multirresistentes a acaricidas torna urgente o desenvolvimento de vacinas efetivas contra este parasita. Neste trabalho, nós utilizamos dados de sialotranscriptomas de carrapatos R. microplus para selecionar antígenos secretados pelo parasita para serem testados como uma vacina multicomponente. Os antígenos produzidos de forma recombinante em E. coli foram utilizados como imunógenos em animais suscetíveis à carrapatos para testes de proteção vacinal contra infestações por R. microplus em bovinos e por R. sanguineus em cães. No primeiro ensaio, bovinos imunizados com oito antígenos recombinantes adjuvantados com um polímero sintético apresentaram indução de IgG sérica específica para cinco antígenos, e redução de 22% na infestação por carrapatos R. microplus. No segundo ensaio, a imunização de bovinos com nove antígenos adjuvantados com sais de alumínio gerou IgG específica para todos os antígenos inoculados, e proteção vacinal crescente de 70% e 75% em duas infestações sucessivas com carrapatos R. microplus, sem revacinação, indicando boost natural pela infestação. No terceiro ensaio, a imunização de cães com nove antígenos recombinantes associados à hidróxido de alumínio induziu a soroconversão de IgG dos animais para todos os antígenos, e proteção vacinal de 36% contra a infestação por carrapatos R. sanguineus. Todas as formulações afetaram principalmente o número de fêmeas ingurgitadas após a infestação. O efeito protetor de antígenos derivados de carrapatos R. microplus sobre carrapatos R. sanguineus (proteção cruzada) indica ser possível o desenvolvimento de uma vacina multicomponente efetiva contra os dois parasitas. / Ticks are hematophagous parasites which transmit diseases to humans and animals, and are responsible for billions of dollars of damage to the world\'s livestock systems. The emergence of ticks resistant to multiple acaricides makes urgent the development of effective vaccines against this parasite. In this work, we used data from the R. microplus tick sialotranscriptome to select antigens secreted by the parasite to be tested as a multicomponent vaccine. Recombinant antigens expressed in E. coli were used as antigens in tick\'s susceptible hosts to evaluate it efficacy in protect animals against R. microplus and R. sanguineus infestations. In the first assay, bovines immunized with eight recombinant antigens adjuvanted with a synthetic polymer presented the induction of serum IgG reactive for five antigens, and reduction of R. microplus infestation in 22%. In the second trial, immunization of cattle with nine antigens adjuvanted with aluminum salts generated serum IgG against all antigens, and vaccine protection against R. microplus parasitism was calculated in 70% and 75% for each infestation. In the third trial, the immunization of dogs with recombinant antigens adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced IgG seroconversion against all antigens, and a 36% of protection against infestation by R. sanguineus ticks in immunized animals. All formulations reduced mainly the number of engorged females recovered from infestation. The cross reactive protection induced by R. microplus derived antigens R. sanguineus tick infestation indicate that it is possible to develop a unique multicomponent vaccine against the two parasites.