No / Closed-form expressions for the small axial deflection and stress distribution of axially loaded rubber blocks of elliptical cross-section, whose ends are bonded to rigid plates, are derived using a superposition approach. The governing equations and conditions are satisfied exactly, based upon the classical theory of elasticity. Easily calculable expressions are derived for the corresponding apparent Young¿s modulus and the modified apparent Young¿s modulus in forms analogous to those previously given for blocks of circular cross-section.

Section 504 "prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities by school districts receiving federal financial assistance" (First & Curcio, 1993, p.33). In public schools, eligible students receive an Individualized Accommodation Plan (IAP), guaranteeing a free appropriate public education (FAPE) and equitable access to educational opportunities (Bateman, 1996). Interest in Section 504 has grown among school personnel, especially in the use of this mandate for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, the number of students with IAPs has increased nationally, in Virginia, and in the school district studied (Elementary and Secondary Schools Compliance Reports, 1994 & 1997). It has been hypothesized that these increases are attributable to ADHD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore who these adolescents are and how they are served under Section 504 policy in two middle schools in southeastern Virginia. A comparative case study design was used to explore Section 504 policy implementation through within and cross-case comparisons of data from documents and interviews with administrators and teachers about the number and content of IAPs, and decision-making pertaining to the Section 504 process. Grounded theory was used to generate propositions relative to how demographic profiles and IAP content are affected by the implementation process. Results identified relevant themes and factors as awareness of procedures, time, costs, and school profiles. The findings of this study are intended to raise stakeholder awareness about Section 504 decision-making practices and their influence on services for students, and to inform Section 504 staff developers of training needs. / Ed. D.

In this thesis I document the biostratigraphy of two Cretaceous sections in Pakistan, the Chichali Nala Section and the Moghal Kot Section. Furthermore, I document the stratigraphy of the so-called Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) in the Moghal Kot Section. In addition, I establish potential links between the planktonic foraminiferal evolution and these OAEs in the Moghal Kot Section. Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) are established for the Valanginian time by using the TEX86 and δ18O proxies in the Chichali Nala Section. The new biostratigraphy of the Chichali Nala Section shows that the ages of the sediments are mainly Valanginian. The biostratigraphy of the Moghal Kot Section show ranges in age from the Early Aptian to Early Maastrichtian. Seven OAEs were recorded in the Moghal Kot Section based on the combined study of biostratigraphy, microfacies, and δ13C analysis. These OAEs correlate well with previously documented OAEs elsewhere, therefore the new record of the OAEs in the Moghal Kot Section confirms the widespread occurrence of these events, possibly all global in nature. A quantitative review of the planktonic foraminiferal evolution in the Moghal Kot Section indicates that the environmental changes along the OAE2 have strongly forced the evolution of the planktonic foraminifera. Conversely, no clear relationship is observed between other OAEs and planktonic foraminiferal evolution in the same section. The SST results based on the TEX86 in the Chichali Nala Section show that the surface ocean was consistently much warmer (10-12 oC) than today at the paleolatitude of ~-35o during the Valanginian time. Such warm conditions are also supported by the spore and pollen assemblages of the Chichali Nala Section. Collectively the two datasets indicate strongly that the Valanginian world was overall extremely warm. Such warming during the Valanginian is incompatible with previously suggested cooler conditions during this time period.

Les agrégats multi-échelles (sulfure de zinc: ZnS, ...) ont des propriétés physiques et physicochimiques présentant un grand intérêt industriel (industrie pharmaceutique, matériau, environnement...). L'objectif général de cette thèse est de caractériser ces agrégats multi-échelles par une méthode optique d'une part, et par une étude géométrique d'autre part. Le but est de trouver des relations simples entre propriétés optiques et géométriques. Les résultats présentés sont valables pour tout matériau à haut indice de réfraction.Ce travail comporte une première étape de modélisation en étudiant tout d'abord des modèles simples d'agrégats multi-échelles (agencement ordonné de particules élémentaires sphériques). Différents agrégats sont alors géométriquement modélisés suivant des paramètres de construction prédéfinis (volume global des agrégats, rayon des particules primaires...). Une analyse préliminaire optique puis une analyse géométrique sont alors effectuées afin de déterminer les paramètres respectifs à étudier: la section efficace moyenne de diffusion (...), calculée au moyen d'une extension de la théorie de Mie (GMM pour Generalized Multiparticle Mie) d'Y-L Xu, et des caractéristiques géométriques spécifiques (volume de matière, compacité...).Une seconde étape consiste à étudier les variations de la valeur de ... en fonction de celles des paramètres géométriques des agrégats. Des relations caractérisant ces variations sont établies. Enfin, une expression approchées pour la valeur de ... est recherchée sous la forme d'une loi de puissance, reposant sur des méthodes optiques approchées existantes et sur la sélection de caractéristiques géométriques pertinentes. Le modèle mis en place est robuste et présente un compromis entre précision et complexité. Le travail réalisé ouvre diverses perspectives comme la confrontation du modèle mathématique théorique obtenu, avec l'expérience. / Multiscale aggregates (zinc sulfide: ZnS, ...) havephysical and physicochemical properties of great industrial interest (e.g. pharmaceutical industriy, material, environment). The overall objective of this thesis is to characterize these multiscale aggregates by an optical method on the one hand, and a geometric study of the other. The goal is to find simple relations between optical and geometrical properties. The results presented are valid for any material with high refractive index.The first step of this work is to build in a simple way the multiscale aggregate (like ordered arrangement of spherical elementary particles). Different aggregates are then geometrically modeled thanks to predefined design parameters (e.g. particles radius, aggregates overall volume). A preleminary analysis of optical and geometrical analysis is then performed to determine the relevant parameters: the average scattering cross section (...), calculed using a generalization of the Mie theory (GMM for Generalized Multiparticle Mie) developped by Y.L. Xu, and specific geometric values features. An analysis of the behavior of the optical parameter and the geometrical characteristic (e.g. compactness, volume of matter...), with respect to the construction parameters of the aggregates, is then performed.A second step is to study variations of ... value versus the variation of the geometrical parameter of aggregates. Mathematical relations characterizing these variations are established. Finally, a study on the approximation of the ... value is carried out. A power law is proposed which is basedon previous optical approximate methods and on the selection of geometrical characteristics of the aggregates. The optical properties and geometrical characteristics of the clusters are fairly extensive and contrasted to give a general groundwork to this study. The work done opens various perspectives such as the confrontation of the theorical mathematical model obtained, with experiment.

The top quark has been extensively studied since the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began operating in 2010. The excellent performance of both the LHC and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector has enabled complex analyses of many properties of the top quark. In this thesis inclusive and differential top pair (tt) production cross sections have been measured. Inclusive tt cross sections of 145.6 ± 8.2 (stat.) +38.1/28.3 (syst.) pb and 237.4 ± 1.9 (stat.) +20.4/-16.9 (syst.) pb were measured at 7 TeV and 8 TeV center-of-mass collision energies using luminosities of 1 fb⁻¹ and 19.7 fb⁻¹, respectively. These measurements were performed in the semi-leptonic channel by means of a maximum likelihood t of the lepton's pseudorapidity. The work in this thesis focuses specifically on the muon-plus-jets channel. The methods used for measuring the inclusive cross sections were built upon to measure differential cross sections with respect to event level observables. These observables include the missing transverse energy (Emiss T ) as well as some other kinematic distributions involving the jets, lepton and Emiss T in the decay. These results are unfolded to remove detector and selection effects and have uncertainties in the range of 3% to 15%. A low uncertainty is achieved by normalising the differential cross section using the total cross section. This leads to cancellations of some uncertainties. The results were compared with different Monte Carlo generators and with different input parameters. No significant deviations from predictions of the Standard Model were observed. This thesis also contains test beam results on CMS ECAL Endcap Lead Tungstate (PbWO4) crystals. These crystals had been damaged using various doses of proton irradiation. The damage for some crystals is expected to be roughly equivalent to 300 fb-1 of integrated luminosity at √s = 14 TeV. The energy resolution for these crystals was seen to reduce by close to a factor of 20.

Sonder la production du quark top et du boson de Higgs dans les évènements multi-jet avec expérience Atlas auprès du LHC.Le détecteur Atlas est une expérience généraliste placé auprès du collisionneur proton-proton circulaire de 27 km de circonférence, LHC. Le LHC est conçu pour produire des collisions avec une énergie nominale au centre de masse de l'ordre de racine carré8 = 14 Tev et une luminosité instantané de 10-34cm-2s-1. / Probing top quark and Higgs boson production in multi-jet avents at the LHC with the Atlas detector.The Atlas detector is a general purpose detector located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It aims at the discovery af new physics phenomena and improving our knowledge of the standart Model (SM).

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa, among others, has adopted, and is bound by, the so-called 'rule in Hollington‘ that originated in England in 1943 in Hollington v Hewthorn (hereinafter the 'Hollington case‘). The issue, among others, that the English Appeal Court had to determine in this case was whether a judgement of a criminal court could be used in subsequent civil proceedings to prove the liability of either of the litigants. The Court reached the conclusion that a judgement of a criminal court is just an irrelevant and inadmissible opinion in later civil proceedings. The court adopted the view that had a criminal conviction been admissible evidence in civil proceedings, it would lead to a situation where the defendant would end up challenging the propriety of those convictions. In the light of that, the courts would be faced with a duty to retry the criminal case in the midst of the civil proceedings. Section 17 of the Civil Proceedings Evidence Act (CPEA) provides that a conviction or an acquittal can be proved by the production of a document dully certified by the relevant court that acquitted or convicted the person in question. Furthermore, section 18 of the Supreme Court Act (SuCA) now section 34 of the Superior Courts Act (SupCA) provides that whenever a judgement, among other things, of a court needs to be proved or referred to in any manner a duly certified copy thereof will serve as prima facie evidence thereof. These sections militate against the rule in Hollington in that they allow, or at least should be interpreted in a manner that accords with the allowance of, the admissibility of conviction evidence in later civil law suits.

Ce travail présente les mesures de section efficace de production de photons isoles dans les collisions proton-proton avec l’expérience ATLAS au LHC, a une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse. Les résultats sont d’abord obtenus pour une luminosité intégrée de 880 nb−1, puis dans un deuxième temps pour une luminosité de 36 pb−1. Les mesures faites avec 880 nb−1 et 36 pb−1 couvrent, respectivement, les intervalles en énergie transverse 15 ≤ E < 100 GeV et 45 ≤ E < 400 GeV. Les résultats sont compares aux prédictions de la chromodynamique quantique perturbative à l’ordre NLO. Les premières études pour la recherche du Higgs dans le canal de désintégration en deux photons sont également présentées pour 38 pb−1 de données collectées par l’expérience ATLAS en 2010 (et plus récemment pour 210 pb−1 accumules en 2011). Les limites d’exclusion observées sont citées en fonction d’une masse de Higgs se situant dans l’intervalle 110-140 GeV. / This work presents the measurements with the ATLAS experiment of the cross section for inclusive production of isolated prompt photons in proton-proton collisions at a centre-ofmass energy √s = 7 TeV. The first results are based on an integrated luminosity of 880 nb−1 and the later results are based on 36 pb−1, collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements performed with 880 nb−1 and 36 pb−1 cover the transverse energy range 15 ≤ E < 100 GeV and 45 ≤ E < 400 GeV, respectively.The results are compared to predictions from next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations. In addition, are also presented the first studies for the search for the Higgs boson in the decay channel into two photons with 38 pb−1 data collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2010 (and more recently with 210 pb−1 collected in 2011). Observed exclusion limits are quoted as a function of the Higgs mass in the range 110-140 GeV.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) antogs i USA som ett svar på deredovisningsskandaler som uppdagades under 2000-talets början. Lagengäller även exteritorriellt och därför har flera svenska bolag varit tvungna attfölja lagstiftningen, vilket även påverkat de svenska revisorernas arbete.SOX:s främsta syfte är att se till att VD:n och ledningen tar ett större ansvarför bolagets finansiella rapporter och att se till att de upprätthåller en godintern kontroll. Det är Section 404 i SOX som behandlar den internakontrollen och ställer dessa krav på ledningen.Uppsatsen syfte är att beskriva samt att öka förståelsen för hur revisornsgranskning av de berörda bolagens interna kontroll, utifrån de svenskarevisorernas perspektiv, har påverkats i och med införandet av Section 404.Syftet är vidare att ta reda på om revisorns oberoende enligt Section 201påverkats och i sådana fall i vilken bemärkelse det har påverkats. Vi har valtatt tillämpa en kvalitativ metod med aktörssynsätt. För att få en ökadförståelse för problemet genomförde vi intervjuer med revisorer som harbetydande kunskaper och arbetar aktivt inom området.I studien har det framkommit att revisorer idag måste granska den internakontrollen mer på detaljnivå än vad de gjort tidigare, för att ta reda på vilkakontroller som är väsentliga för bolagets interna kontroll. Studiensrespondenter anser att SOX bidrar till att öka revisionens kvalitet då bolagenidag har mer kontroller samt dokumentation. Detta ger revisorn en bättreöverblick av bolagets verksamhet och därmed ett bättre underlag för eneffektivare och grundligare revision.Section 201 förbjuder revisorer att utföra icke-revisionstjänster för sinabefintliga revisionsklienter. Men bolagen har idag sällan någon annan änrevisorn att vända sig till för eventuella råd avseende SOX. Revisorn fårdock aldrig vara en del av sin klients interna kontrollstruktur. Detta dårevisorn måste vara noga med att bibehålla sin roll som en skeptisk ochobjektiv granskare för att inte oberoendet skall ifrågasättas av intressenterna.Det har i uppsatsen framkommit att revisorernas oberoende påverkats i enpositiv bemärkelse men inte enbart på grund av SOX, utan även från ökadekrav från marknaden. Investerarna har blivit mer kritiska och kräver mer avrevisorer för att de skall kunna lita på bolagens finansiella information. Föratt revisorernas granskning skall ses som legitim måste intressenterna serevisorn som oberoende. Om revisorn inte uppfattas som oberoende avintressenterna förlorar revisionen sitt värde. / Uppsatsnivå: D

L’étude des réaction (a,g) d’intérêt astrophysique est vaste. Ces réactions ont un rôle important dans la phase de fusion d’hélium des étoiles, dans la nucléosynthèse au moment du big bang ainsi que dans une grande partie des scénarios d'explosions stellaires. L’étude des réactions (a,g) impliquant des faisceaux stables peut être réalisée de diverse façon. Je me suis concentrée sur deux d'entre elles. La première est l’étude en cinématique directe en détectant les rayons gamma produits. C'est ce que j'ai fait durant ma thèse pour mesurer la section efficace de 7Li(a,g)11B. Cette réaction a été étudiée au cours des années pour différentes raisons en astrophysique nucléaire. Par exemple, il a été postule que cette réaction pourrait résoudre, au moment de la nucléosynthèse du big bang, le problème du Lithium. Il est clair, aujourd'hui, que ce n'est pas la solution, cependant, elle a un rôle dans la production de boron lors des supernovae de type Ic. Une autre façon d’étudier les réactions (a,g) est d'utiliser la cinématique inverse. L’idée est d'envoyer un faisceau d'ions lourd sur une cible d’hélium. Ce type de cinématique permet de détecter, avec une bonne efficacité, le noyau lourd de recul produit si le faisceau qui n'a pas interagit avec la cible, en est correctement séparé. Les séparateurs de masses, comme St. George, sont construit dans ce but. St. George sera impliquer dans la mesure de sections efficaces de réaction d’importance pour le processus s comme 16O(a,g)20Ne. / The study of (a,g) reactions of astrophysical interest is quite vast. These reactions play an important role in the quiescent Helium burning phase of stars, in big bang nucleosynthesis and in most explosive stellar scenarios. The studies of (a,g) reactions involving stable beams are performed in various ways. I have been concentrating on two of them. The first one is studying these reactions in direct kinematics by detecting the produced gamma rays. This is what I did during my thesis to measure the cross section of 7Li(a,g)11B. It has been studied throughout the years for several purposes in nuclear astrophysics. For example, it was postulated it could solve the big bang nucleosynthesis Lithium problem. Nowadays, it is clear it does not.However, this reaction plays a role in the production of Boron during type Ic Supernovae. Another way to study (a,g) reactions is to use inverse kinematics. The idea is to send a heavy element beam on a Helium target. This kind of kinematics allows for the detection, with good efficiency, of the heavy recoil product if the beam that did not interact in the target is properly separated. Recoil mass separators, like St. George, are built for this purpose. St. George will be involved in measuring cross sections of reaction important for the s-process like 16O(a,g)20Ne.