Magister Pharmaceuticae - Mpharm / The epidemiology of drugs is 'defined as the manner in which drugs are used by doctors, nurses, pharmacists and patients. As such epidemiology of antimicrobial drugs is the manner in which this class of drugs is used by healthcare professional, patients or caregivers. Antimicrobial drugs have a pivotal role worldwide in preventing infections and treating infectious diseases. The challenge that lies in the health sector is to maintain antimicrobials' effectiveness by using them appropriately to avoid toxicity, adverse reactions and resistance among other problems. The world faces a future in which ten million people could die annually due to infections that are resistant to available antibiotics. Despite people already dying of drug-resistant infections in private and public hospitals, doctors are still prescribing antibiotics for viral infections, for which they have no effect. The aim of this research is to study the epidemiology of antimicrobial drugs and factors that lead to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials, which is resulting in a steep rise of antimicrobial resistance in the private sector from a community pharmacy perspective.

As rápidas e abrangentes mudanças nos mercados mundiais e regionais de vinhos, com significativos impactos sobre algumas vinícolas, estimularam a realização deste estudo. O objetivo central é analisar as exportações de vinhos brasileiros pós-plano real, a atuação das empresas vinícolas no mercado internacional de vinhos bem como as estratégias e perspectivas do setor. A globalização e a formação de novos mercados como o Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul), União Européia e ALCA, afetaram, de forma direta ou indireta, as estratégias do setor. As ações estratégicas também foram moldadas e seus retornos influenciados pelo ambiente e cultura do país. Com relação ao conteúdo das estratégias, cabe ressaltar que as estratégias de produtos e produção tiveram comportamento semelhante em todas as vinícolas participantes da pesquisa; quanto às alianças estratégicas, constata-se que oito delas realizaram algum tipo de aliança. Também foi possível detectar que todas as estratégias estão inter-relacionadas, tendo em vista os objetivos do setor de vinhos. Pôde-se concluir que, o setor está em processo de implementação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Estratégico “Visão 2025”. / The fast and wide-ranging changes in wine local and world market as well as its significant impact on some wineries, have encouraged this study. The main objective is the analysis on exports of Brazilian wines after the so called ‘Plano Real’, the government’s economical-financial plan, the analysis of performances on international wine markets, strategies and perspectives for the sector. Globalization and formation of new markets as the Mercosul - Southern Common Market, EU - European Union and, FTTS, Free Trade Area of Americas have directly or indirectly affected strategies on the sector. Strategical actions have also been adapted and its incomes influenced by the environment and culture of the country. About the contents of strategies it is worth mentioning that strategies for products and production were similar in all wineries. As for strategical alliances, eight of the wineries have taken part on any. It was also possible to detect that all the strategies are inter-related, given the objectives of the wine sector. We could conclude that the sector is implementing the Strategical Development Plan ‘Visão 2025’ which is being elaborated by the winery sector.

As rápidas e abrangentes mudanças nos mercados mundiais e regionais de vinhos, com significativos impactos sobre algumas vinícolas, estimularam a realização deste estudo. O objetivo central é analisar as exportações de vinhos brasileiros pós-plano real, a atuação das empresas vinícolas no mercado internacional de vinhos bem como as estratégias e perspectivas do setor. A globalização e a formação de novos mercados como o Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul), União Européia e ALCA, afetaram, de forma direta ou indireta, as estratégias do setor. As ações estratégicas também foram moldadas e seus retornos influenciados pelo ambiente e cultura do país. Com relação ao conteúdo das estratégias, cabe ressaltar que as estratégias de produtos e produção tiveram comportamento semelhante em todas as vinícolas participantes da pesquisa; quanto às alianças estratégicas, constata-se que oito delas realizaram algum tipo de aliança. Também foi possível detectar que todas as estratégias estão inter-relacionadas, tendo em vista os objetivos do setor de vinhos. Pôde-se concluir que, o setor está em processo de implementação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Estratégico “Visão 2025”. / The fast and wide-ranging changes in wine local and world market as well as its significant impact on some wineries, have encouraged this study. The main objective is the analysis on exports of Brazilian wines after the so called ‘Plano Real’, the government’s economical-financial plan, the analysis of performances on international wine markets, strategies and perspectives for the sector. Globalization and formation of new markets as the Mercosul - Southern Common Market, EU - European Union and, FTTS, Free Trade Area of Americas have directly or indirectly affected strategies on the sector. Strategical actions have also been adapted and its incomes influenced by the environment and culture of the country. About the contents of strategies it is worth mentioning that strategies for products and production were similar in all wineries. As for strategical alliances, eight of the wineries have taken part on any. It was also possible to detect that all the strategies are inter-related, given the objectives of the wine sector. We could conclude that the sector is implementing the Strategical Development Plan ‘Visão 2025’ which is being elaborated by the winery sector.

M.Cur. / The study on ‘Sustainability of midwifery practice within the South African healthcare system’ is stimulated by the lack of research that influences policy to support midwifery practice in South Africa. The poor database and health information systems for midwives result in the poor performance of maternal healthcare in the public sector (Parkhurst, Penn- Kekana, Blaauw, Balabanova, Danishevski, Rahman, Onama, & Ssengooba 2005) in spite of meeting the Safe Motherhood Initiative of the World Health Organisation’s criteria for skilled attendance and facilities (Penn-Kekana & Blaauw 2004). Generally, midwives remain the main provider of maternal healthcare, including South Africa, where only 3 in 10 women in the public sector see a medical doctor once in pregnancy (South African Demographic Health Survey 1998). The norms and standards recommended by the Saving Mothers Reports 1998 – 2006 for staffing and resources to improve outcomes of maternal deaths have not realised. The public sector needs help from the private sector for improved care. The Nursing Strategy for South Africa 2008 endorses Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to support nursing and midwifery. There is no Public- Private Partnership in South Africa to support or sustain midwifery practice. The purpose of the study is to develop a model for a Public-Private Partnership for midwifery practice sustainability in the South African healthcare system. This study follows adapted explorative, descriptive, model generating research guidelines of Chinn and Jacobs (1983 & 1987), Chinn and Kramer (1991 to 2008) and Walker and Avant (1995). Analysis of the South African maternal healthcare context uses the open-system theory for sustainability of Olsen and a team of researchers (1998) and several frameworks for healthcare human resources. The main concepts of the model are identified and analysed. The main concepts are Public-Private Partnership, midwifery practice, sustainability and the related concepts are governance, task environment and quality service. The model for a Public-Private Partnership is synthesised through the relation of concepts. The 45 statements of the context empirically ground the study. The model depicts the South African healthcare context and all the factors that impact on midwifery and its context. The model and its functions are explained within a constituted framework. The Global standards for practice of the International Council for Nursing and Midwifery, the definition and core competencies of midwives of the Confederation of Midwives, the Millennium Development Goals for Sub-Sahara Africa 2020 and the newly formed World Health Organisation Partnership for Africa for maternal, newborn and child care 2008 are factors of the global (macro) context that influence the model. The South African healthcare system (meso context) factors include economics, legal-ethical, professional, service delivery and civil society dimensions that impact on policy for service delivery on micro level, where the PPP formally exists. The PPP for maternal healthcare is developed within this framework. The stakeholders of the formal PPP are the public sector, the private sector, the midwifery profession and civil society. The PPP governs the task environment for midwifery through the risk assessment strategies that include financial risk based on clinical risk and the development of norms and standards for staff and resources as expressed in service level agreements for quality service delivery. Governance implies policy standards and the accountability of the PPP to the consumer for service delivery quality and performance. The stakeholders of the PPP ensure sustainability in this model through collaboration and shared responsibility, risk and decision-making between the institution, midwifery profession and practice and civil society for a balance of interest.

Information systems, by nature, are open to interpretation from a number of viewpoints. This thesis emphasizes that information systems are not 'technical' systems that have behavioural and social consequences, they are 'social systems' that rely to an increasing extent on information technology for their functions. Hence any systems development methodologies used cannot deal simply with the problem of how one designs technically reliable and cost effective information systems. Instead it regards systems development as an example of multidimensional social change, the application of technology may not be a desirable solution to the situation. The choice of a development methodology should therefore take into account its sensitivity to the cultural, social, and political aspects of systems design. The aims of the thesis are three-fold. The first aim is to transform an idea or perception of needs into actionable drivers for change in a public sector organisation in Brunei Darussalam. The second aim is to identify and diagnose the problems associated with the management of information. Finally, the study aims to identify a suitable methodology that can be used to investigate a number of organisational issues. This work incorporates a practical case study of a problem situation at the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the sole government agency responsible for perpetuating and disseminating Islamic teaching in Brunei Darussalam. The methodology used to investigate the problem situation is Checkland's Soft System Methodology (SSM). This is well chosen as the case study deals with human activity systems that are not well defined. Systems intervention via a semi-structured and informal discussion interviews were used to identify the unstructured problem situation (stage 1) of the SSM. The SSM progressed through to the recommendation of actions that constitute culturally feasible and desirable change. In fact, although manual systems are less efficient and effective than their computer-based counterparts, they are preferred in the first instance. Only when the manual system has reached maturity should a computer-based replacement be considered.

El sistema de abastecimiento público de medicamentos juega un rol importante en la provisión de servicios de salud de calidad, por ello requiere que su gestión sea eficaz y eficiente. El artículo analiza la situación actual del abastecimiento público de medicamentos en el Perú y los principales problemas que enfrenta y sus oportunidades. En concordancia con las políticas de modernización de la gestión pública y la reforma del sector salud, se propone implementar el modelo de demanda continua en la gestión de inventarios, nuevas estrategias de compra y la integración de la gestión almacenamiento y distribución de medicamentos entre las entidades públicas que proveen servicios de salud.

A mi-chemin entre le droit et la pratique, le droit de grève demeure principalement le produit d’une jurisprudence ouverte aux influences extérieures. Loin d’être enfermé dans une morale théorique et immobile, le droit de grève rayonne donc par son dynamisme et sa facilité à répondre aux défis conjoncturels et structurels auxquels doit faire face l’entreprise. Dans ces conditions, comment est juridiquement façonné l’exercice du droit de grève ? Quelles sont les interactions réciproques et permanentes entre la jurisprudence et la pratique, qui confèrent à ce droit toute son effectivité ? Quelles sont les influences, juridiques et a-juridiques, qui viennent guider son exercice au quotidien ? / Half way between the law and common practice , the right to strike is the result of a case law open to external influences. Far from being stuck in a theoritical and fixed ideology, the right to strike lies on dynamic grounds and on its ability to challenge the temporary and structural contexts that a company must cope with. In these conditions, how can the right to strike be legally shaped? What are the mutual permanent interactions between a case law and common practice which confers to this right its total effectiveness ? What are the legal and contextual influences that guides its daily practice ?

This thesis discusses an action-research (AR) project which investigated the problem of information management for housing maintenance. The research commenced with the intention of developing an expert system for housing maintenance management. The first step in this process is to understand the environment and user requirements, and it was this quest for understanding which subsequently became the focus for the research. A systemic approach was adopted to re-examine the problem situation holistically, as opposed to the more traditional reductionist view. Checkland's softsystems methodology (SSM) provided the framework for systematic enquiry. SSM offers an approach which can be used for accurate problem recognition and definition in messy, ill-structured and often complex human activity systems. The necessity for accurate and appropriate problem identification techniques when attempting to manage information was crucial in the shaping of this project. Upon reflection, the project consisted of five clearly defined phases which emerged in response to events and opportunities faced by the researcher. These phases can be categorised as either 'diagnostic' or 'therapeutic' and each consisted of a cyclical process of enquiry. This thesis comprises four parts which mirror this cyclical learning process in each phase of the AR. Part 1, Problem Recognition, deals with the subject matter and introduces the conceptual framework used for Information System (IS) analysis. Part 2, Action Planning, details the research approach and methodology; and the development of the research strategy, design and choice of data collection techniques. Part 3, Action Taking, presents the fieldwork and describes the AR data collection and analysis process. Part 4, Evaluation, provides a critical review of the research approach, details the research contribution and a methodological reevaluation. The research contribution is considered in three areas, (a) specific substantive contribution to an understanding of housing management information systems, (b) theoretical contribution to an understanding of a soft-systems approach to participative IS analysis and evaluation, and, remembering the origins of the study (c) the utility and immediate benefits to housing maintenance practice. These combine in the creation of a participative methodology and integrated framework to identify information requirements for housing maintenance management. The re-evaluation and research review identifies how AR and SSM could be developed by utilizing aspects of action learning.

Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / A través de su historia, el rol y alcance de la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (CORFO), se ha ido adecuando a las nuevas necesidades y nuevos tiempos, manteniendo su tarea esencial como motor del desarrollo de Chile. En el actual gobierno, CORFO ha abordado un nuevo desafío país: pasar de una economía basada en recursos naturales a una economía basada en conocimiento, que permita mejorar las tasas de crecimiento del país. Para abordar este nuevo desafío, CORFO diseña e implementa a nivel Corporativo, su mapa estratégico y Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI). Sin embargo, a pesar de que se realizan esfuerzos por hacer este mismo ejercicio a nivel gerencial, se privilegia la participación de los equipos profesionales en el desarrollo de los proyectos asociados a los ejes estratégicos definidos. El presente trabajo plantea retomar la iniciativa de desarrollar el CMI a nivel de la Gerencia de Desarrollo Competitivo, para permitir concentrar los esfuerzos de los equipos de trabajo en la estrategia corporativa definida y alinear a esta gerencia y sus unidades de trabajo con ella, teniendo elementos que permitan de manera formal evaluar como la GDC aporta con la estrategia corporativa, revisar el avance de sus propios proyectos, detectar puntos críticos y hacer las modificaciones requeridas oportunamente. Para contextualizar el alcance de este estudio, se revisa tanto los antecedentes de la Corporación como de la gerencia. Luego se realiza un análisis del marco conceptual en relación a qué es un CMI, bajo el modelo de Norton y Kaplan, cómo esta herramienta se aplica a las organizaciones del sector público y cómo puede ser adaptada a las distintas realidades en análisis. Posteriormente, a través de entrevistas, reuniones y focus group con el personal de la gerencia, se analiza la situación actual de la gerencia a nivel estratégico, utilizando entre otros, estudios y trabajos desarrollados, tanto a nivel corporativo como gerencial. Se continua con el establecimiento de la misión, visión y lineamientos estratégicos, para finalmente definir el cuadro de mando integral y el mapa estratégico, incorporando los objetivos estratégicos, indicadores e iniciativas asociadas. La planificación estratégica, es una tarea compleja, tanto por el nivel de participación, como del conocimiento del entorno y de la organización que requiere. A pesar de su complejidad el CMI es una herramienta que permite presentar una estrategia complicada y confusa, en forma sencilla, ya que hace visible los resultados que se quieren alcanzar y considera las herramientas necesarias para supervisar y medir el desempeño. El mapa desarrollado, da cuenta de ello. Finalmente, para una implementación exitosa de la estrategia, es fundamental, entre otros: la continua comunicación de la estrategia a todos los niveles de la organización; que cada miembro entienda cual es el rol que juega en el logro de dicha estrategia; un seguimiento sistemático de los indicadores definidos en el cuadro de mando integral, con la flexibilidad requerida en un entorno dinámico; la revisión periódica de las iniciativas asociadas a la estrategia, con personal dedicado al seguimiento; y un profundo compromiso de la alta dirección.

El crecimiento económico en Perú ha conllevado al incremento de la informalidad así como el empleo independiente o autoempleo como en la ciudad de Chiclayo donde actualmente se encuentra congestionado por un gran porcentaje de comercio informal o ambulatorio (tomando veredas, plazas, etc.) El objetivo general es implementar una infraestructura comercial en el ex coliseo cerrado con la propuesta de una Nueva plaza mercado para el ordenamiento del comercio informal, con este se pretende brindarle a los ciudadanos las condiciones físicas de confort y seguridad permitiendo el desarrollo económico y la mejorando el impacto visual del centro urbano de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Los objetivos específicos son: Analizar la imagen física del sector urbano en el comercio informal de la ciudad de Chiclayo, Analizar los factores que originan el comercio ambulatorio, Describir los tipos de rubros pertenecientes al comercio informal en la Av. Balta entre la calle Arica y Juan Fanning, analizar el entorno y la infraestructura actual de coliseo cerrado y Evaluar alternativas que contribuyan con la mejora de la imagen física del centro urbano de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Para llegar a estos objetivos se pretende hacer una recopilación previa y estadística sobre la situación actual del comercio informal, se conseguirá los planos de diseño y construcción verificando así los sistemas que emplearon para su realización a través de la municipalidad provincial de Chiclayo y el Instituto Peruano del Deporte (IPD) donde se procederá a levantamientos de la infraestructura actual del coliseo. / Tesis