More than ever before, two imperatives, ‘the right to know’ and ‘the need to keep secret’, find themselves in a contest for a position of primacy in the contemporary legal system. The need to keep secret is antipathetic to the right to know. The Canadian Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms has entrenched a person’s right to disclosure of both exculpatory and inculpatory material in possession of the prosecution. Moreover, the common law has placed the additional responsibility on the prosecution to inquire of third parties as to the existence and production of material relevant to the defence. Despite the entrenchment of the right to disclosure the demands by the state have steadily grown for more evidence to be withheld from defendants, parties to proceedings and the public in general. The applications for in camera or ex parte hearings are common place and frequently acceded to. This thesis seeks to examine the clash of the two imperatives from the Canadian perspective. By using a comparative analysis of other jurisdictions throughout the thesis, it examines the various legislative instruments and common law employed in the Canadian Courts in respect of ‘ordinary’ criminal trials as well as trials of suspected terrorists, specifically, in respect of disclosure and the ability to withhold material from other parties and refrain from the obligation to disclose. The thesis includes a full analysis of disclosure options, public interest immunity, informer privilege, special advocates and other regimes, and claims of privilege in the interests of national security. The thesis provides a number of detailed recommendations as to how Canada can better balance rights of accused against the public interest and the needs of those who enforce the law.. The recommendations call for legal reforms, some new institutions for better accountability and new internal standards for those engaged in the investigation of crimes and national security matters. / Thesis (Ph.D, Law) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-25 15:01:59.292

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--School of Advanced Airpower Studies, 1995. / Subject: Cheap access to space. Cover page date: [1995]. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Loss of data integrity in a safety-critical cyber-physical system (CPS), such as healthcare or intelligent transport, has a severe impact on its operation that can potentially lead to life-threatening consequences. This work investigates the vulnerability of CPS to physical-layer data integrity attacks and proposes countermeasures to enhance system resilience. Software-based cybersecurity approaches may not be efficient in mitigating threats aimed at the physical layer, leaving CPS particularly susceptible to manipulation through methods that exploit hardware vectors such as electromagnetic interference and data transmission medium. This work begins with a focus on using intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) to manipulate data and further explores other physical layer characteristics that can be exploited to conduct physical-layer attacks across various CPS environments. In the first phase of the research, the use of IEMI to induce controlled bit flips in widely used serial digital communication protocols is examined. In contrast to state-of-the-art IEMI attacks that use a narrow-band sinusoid as an attack signal, a complex, wideband, rectangular waveform is designed to improve the attack success rate from less than 50% to 75%. Further, the vulnerabilities of printed circuit board (PCB) traces to IEMI in highly safety-critical applications, such as electric vehicle (EV) charging, is addressed. On PCBs, IEMI attacks exploit the signal-carrying traces, that act as unintentional antennas under an adversarial electromagnetic field. Experiments demonstrated that such attacks are more challenging due to the PCB's structure but are still feasible with sufficient attacker power. A suite of passive countermeasures is evaluated, including differential signaling, via-fencing, and optical fiber interconnects, along with a novel multiplexer-based defense that dynamically modifies signal paths to evade detection. Each countermeasure is extensively evaluated and ranked based on its effectiveness, and adaptive attack strategies are analyzed to address potential future threats. In the IoT domain, this work presented a preliminary investigation on a novel "wireless spiking" technique on smart locks, that enables attackers to bypass standard security measures and unlock/lock with no physical contact. Using IEMI, the control circuitry is manipulated to unlock devices remotely. The methodology, involving hardware reverse engineering and attack point identification, is presented, which applies to other IoT devices in smart home environments. In the field of automotive cybersecurity, bit manipulation attacks targeting the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus are investigated. By exploiting its transmission line nature, these attacks challenge the fundamental assumptions of the CAN's physical layer and are capable of inducing bidirectional bit flips, from recessive to dominant (R→D) and significantly difficult dominant to recessive (D→R). The flips are further made undetectable to CAN's standard error-checking mechanisms. These attacks are simulated and validated in both lab and real-world vehicle environments. Finally, a defense mechanism for vehicle identification security in intelligent transportation systems using device fingerprinting is proposed. This approach utilizes inductive loop detectors (ILD) to capture unique electromagnetic signatures of vehicles, achieving up to 93% accuracy in identifying their make, model, and year. The ILD-based technique secures access control in automated systems and provides a cost-effective, drop-in solution for existing infrastructure, mitigating risks such as unauthorized vehicle impersonation and charging station exploitation. This work establishes a systematic framework for understanding, detecting, and defending against physical-layer data integrity attacks in CPS. Through the development of novel attack vectors and robust countermeasures, this research enhances the field of CPS security, emphasizing the need for comprehensive defenses that extend beyond conventional software-based approaches. / Doctor of Philosophy / In our increasingly connected world, cyber-physical systems (CPS)—technologies that combine digital and physical processes—are essential to modern life. These systems, from smart homes to intelligent vehicles, integrate sensors, actuators, and controllers to manage everything from personal security to automated transportation. While they bring convenience and efficiency, these systems are also vulnerable to attacks that can alter their data and disrupt operations, specifically at the hardware level, posing serious risks to safety and security. The adversary can attack the communication channels between sensors/actuators and the controller seeking to manipulate the signals and falsify data. Incorrect decision-making based on manipulated data leads to safety risks or system failure. Unlike typical cyberattacks, which often exploit software vulnerabilities, these threats target the hardware layer directly, bypassing conventional cybersecurity defenses designed only to protect software. This work investigates attacks against data integrity, where attackers use intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) to corrupt data exchanged between CPS components. For instance, it is demonstrated that attackers can, without physical access, interfere with communication channels in industrial and automotive systems, altering data exchanged between sensors and controllers. By sending precisely crafted electromagnetic signals, an attacker can inject or modify data in real-time, allowing them to influence system behavior wirelessly. In addition to IEMI, this work also highlights how vulnerabilities in hardware could compromise critical systems in modern automobiles. For example, we demonstrate how attackers could subtly alter messages on a vehicle's communication network (the controller area network), interfering with safety-critical functions. These attacks evade standard error-checking systems, further underscoring the need for hardware-level defenses that software cannot address. Additionally, we tackle the growing challenge of vehicle identification security in intelligent transportation systems. Unauthorized access to restricted areas or privileges, such as electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, could be exploited if attackers impersonate legitimate vehicles. To counter this, we propose a new method that "fingerprints" each vehicle based on its unique physical characteristics, helping ensure only authorized vehicles gain access. Through extensive testing, we validate our proposed countermeasures across different CPS environments, offering practical defenses against these physical-layer attacks. By providing solutions that secure both communication and identification in CPS, this work lays the groundwork for a safer and more resilient future where these critical systems are better protected from physical-layer attacks.

<div> <p>This dissertation examines long-run food security in Niger in an era of climate change and comprises three interlinked essays. The first essay investigates the socio-economic projections for Niger in the current climate change literature in a growth accounting framework and provides a critical assessment to evaluate global projections in the context of a low-income developing country. The second essay quantifies the combined and individual impacts of income, population growth, agricultural productivity, and climate change on food security outcomes by mid-century in rural and urban Niger. Finally, the third essay assesses three policy scenarios considering accelerated investments in agricultural research and dissemination (R&D), reductions in fertility rates, and regional market integration.</p> </div> <br>

The thesis analyzes security perception of Britain within the framework of European security integration. The time that is covered in the thesis is between 1945 and 2003. The thesis exam,ines the assumptions constructing British position and intends to reveal that each of the country in Europe has possessed its own perception of security and defense within this significant process, and that -one of whose position made a profound impact on further development of European security and defense policies. That is the position of Britain. This study, therefore, will try to reveal the position of Britain and her policies in terms of European efforts for having a common identity on security and defense.

Sans exécuter une application, est-il possible de prévoir quelle est la méthode cible d’un site d’appel ? Est-il possible de savoir quels sont les types et les valeurs qu’une expression peut contenir ? Est-il possible de déterminer de manière exhaustive l’ensemble de comportements qu’une application peut effectuer ? Dans les trois cas, la réponse est oui, à condition d’accepter une certaine approximation. Il existe une classe d’algorithmes − peu connus à l’extérieur du cercle académique − qui analysent et simulent un programme pour calculer de manière conservatrice l’ensemble des informations qui peuvent être véhiculées dans une expression.Dans cette thèse, nous présentons ces algorithmes appelés CFAs (acronyme de Control Flow Analysis), plus précisément l’algorithme multivariant k-l-CFA. Nous combinons l’algorithme k-l-CFA avec l’analyse de taches (taint analysis),qui consiste à suivre une donnée sensible dans le flot de contrôle, afin de déterminer si elle atteint un puits (un flot sortant du programme). Cet algorithme, en combinaison avec l’interprétation abstraite pour les valeurs, a pour objectif de calculer de manière aussi exhaustive que possible l’ensemble des comportements d’une application. L’un des problèmes de cette approche est le nombre élevé de faux-positifs, qui impose un post-traitement humain. Il est donc essentiel de pouvoir augmenter la précision de l’analyse en augmentant k.k-l-CFA est notoirement connu comme étant très combinatoire, sa complexité étant exponentielle dans la valeur de k. La première contribution de cette thèse est de concevoir un modèle et une implémentation la plus efficace possible, en séparant soigneusement les parties statiques et dynamiques de l’analyse, pour permettre le passage à l’échelle. La seconde contribution de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle variante de CFA basée sur k-l-CFA, et appelée *-CFA, qui consiste à faire du paramètre k une propriété de chaque variante, de façon à ne l’augmenter que dans les contextes qui le justifient.Afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de notre implémentation de k-l-CFA, nous avons effectué une comparaison avec le framework Wala. Ensuite, nous validons l’analyse de taches et la détection de comportements avec le Benchmark DroidBench. Enfin, nous présentons les apports de l’algorithme *-CFA par rapport aux algorithmes standards de CFA dans le contexte d’analyse de taches et de détection de comportements. / Without executing an application, is it possible to predict the target method of a call site? Is it possible to know the types and values that an expression can contain? Is it possible to determine exhaustively the set of behaviors that an application can perform? In all three cases, the answer is yes, as long as a certain approximation is accepted.There is a class of algorithms - little known outside of academia - that can simulate and analyze a program to compute conservatively all information that can be conveyed in an expression. In this thesis, we present these algorithms called CFAs (Control flow analysis), and more specifically the multivariant k-l-CFA algorithm.We combine k-l-CFA algorithm with taint analysis, which consists in following tainted sensitive data inthe control flow to determine if it reaches a sink (an outgoing flow of the program).This combination with the integration of abstract interpretation for the values, aims to identify asexhaustively as possible all behaviors performed by an application.The problem with this approach is the high number of false positives, which requiresa human post-processing treatment.It is therefore essential to increase the accuracy of the analysis by increasing k.k-l-CFA is notoriously known as having a high combinatorial complexity, which is exponential commensurately with the value of k.The first contribution of this thesis is to design a model and most efficient implementationpossible, carefully separating the static and dynamic parts of the analysis, to allow scalability.The second contribution of this thesis is to propose a new CFA variant based on k-l-CFA algorithm -called *-CFA - , which consists in keeping locally for each variant the parameter k, and increasing this parameter in the contexts which justifies it.To evaluate the effectiveness of our implementation of k-l-CFA, we make a comparison with the Wala framework.Then, we do the same with the DroidBench benchmark to validate out taint analysis and behavior detection. Finally , we present the contributions of *-CFA algorithm compared to standard CFA algorithms in the context of taint analysis and behavior detection.

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