O estudo do intemperismo é de suma importância uma vez que a quebra química de minerais instáveis termodinamicamente na superfície da Terra por agentes do intemperismo é uma parte fundamental na ciclagem de elementos global. Esse processo é responsável pela formação dos solos dos quais depende toda a vida terrestre, desempenhando um papel central no controle da fertilidade dos solos através do fornecimento de muitos nutrientes que permitem o crescimento das plantas. Atualmente as análises relacionadas ao intemperismo são realizadas através de índices matemáticos ligados à presença ou ausência de determinados minerais e observação do comportamento dos elementos químicos ao longo do perfil de solo. Surge, portanto, a necessidade de técnicas mais rápidas e eficazes. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram o de caracterizar e avaliar o potencial de vários instrumentos sensores próximos na identificação dos processos de intemperismo em cortes verticais originados de diferentes materiais de origem numa região de São Paulo, Brasil. Cinco perfis de solo com materiais de origem contrastantes (sedimentar e magmático) foram utilizados para a avaliação da espectroscopia como ferramenta capaz de identificar as mudanças ocorridas no perfil durante o intemperismo. Amostras de terra foram coletadas e enviadas para análises química, física, mineralógica e espectroscópica. As análises por sensoriamento próximo em laboratório foram realizadas utilizando três sensores, cada um contemplando uma região do espectro eletromagnético (raio x, visível e infravermelho). No campo, utilizou-se o sensor de raios gama e a câmera multiespectral AISA fênix que realizou a leitura, nas regiões espectrais do visível ao infravermelho de ondas curtas, de todo o perfil de solo desenvolvido sob arenito. Fez-se a descrição elementar, mineralógica e de outros atributos presentes nas amostras de terra coletadas a fim de avaliar a intensidade de intemperismo de cada horizonte dos perfis de solo. Esses dados foram utilizados na descrição do comportamento dos espectros. Os índices de intemperismo e os óxidos maiores foram quantificados a partir de modelos lineares e multivariados utilizando os dados do sensor gama e do visível ao infravermelho (Vis-IR), respectivamente. Os óxidos foram espacializados nas imagens do sensor AISA Fenix para a observação visual do comportamento dos elementos e minerais ao longo dos perfis. Calculou-se a diferença elementar entre horizontes a partir dos dados de fluorescência para comparação com o balanço de massa calculado pelos dados fornecidos pelas análises tradicionais e utilizou-se toda a região espectral, em separado e em conjunto, para a segregação das amostras de acordo com a intensidade de intemperismo. A partir do comportamento das curvas espectrais na região do visível ao infravermelho médio, foi possível identificar a diferença na textura dos horizontes, a presença de água estrutural e no solo, a influência da matéria orgânica e os principais minerais que são reflexos da intensidade de intemperismo de cada horizonte dos perfis analisados. Os dados dos sensores GAMA e FRX apresentaram altos valores de correlação com os óxidos e índices utilizados na quantificação da intensidade de intemperismo, indicando à viabilidade dos sensores para o cálculo dos índices. Os modelos de quantificação dos índices de intemperismo e dos óxidos apresentaram R² acima de 0,5. A aplicação do modelo do Vis-IR às imagens da AISA permitiu quantificar os óxidos pixel a pixel ao longo do perfil e observar a diferenciação dos horizontes, facilitando a interpretação da análise de intemperismo. Devido à especificidade de cada região espectral para analisar um objeto, a utilização de vários sensores que trabalham em diferentes comprimentos de onda pode ser uma alternativa para a mais rápida avaliação da intensidade de intemperismo ocorrendo em perfis provenientes de diferentes materiais de origem. / The study of weathering is of paramount importance since the chemical breakdown of thermodynamically unstable minerals on the surface of the earth by weathering agents is a fundamental part of the cycling of global elements. This process is responsible for the formation of soils on which all terrestrial life depends, playing a central role in soil fertility control by providing many nutrients that enable plant growth. Currently the analyzes related to weathering are performed through mathematical indexes linked to the presence or absence of certain minerals and observation of the behavior of the chemical elements along the soil profile. There is therefore a need for faster and more effective techniques. The objectives of the present work were to characterize and evaluate the potential of several proximal sensing instruments in the identification of weathering processes in vertical cuts originating from different rock parents in a region of São Paulo, Brazil. Five soil profiles with contrasting source materials (sedimentary and magmatic) were used to evaluate the spectroscopy as a tool capable of identifying changes in the profile during weathering. Soil samples were collected and sent for chemical, physical, mineralogical and spectroscopic analyzes. The proximal sensors analyzes in the laboratory were realized using three sensors, each contemplating a region of the electromagnetic spectrum (x-ray, visible and infrared). In the field, the gamma-ray sensor and the multispectral AISA fênix camera were used to read the entire soil profile developed under sandstone in the spectral regions of visible to shortwave infrared. The elemental, mineralogical and other attributes present in the soil samples collected were evaluated in order to evaluate the weathering intensity of each horizon of the soil profiles. These data were used to describe spectra behavior. The indexes of weathering and the major oxides were quantified from linear and multivariate models using gamma and visible infrared (Vis-IR) data, respectively. The oxides were spatialized in the images of the Fenix AISA sensor for the visual observation of the behavior of the elements and minerals along the profiles. The elemental difference between horizons was calculated from the fluorescence data for comparison with the mass balance calculated by the data provided by the traditional analyzes and the entire spectral region was used separately and together for the segregation of the samples according to with the intensity of weathering. From the behavior of the spectral curves in the region of visible to the medium infrared, it was possible to identify the difference in texture of the horizons, the presence of structural and soil water, the influence of the organic matter and the main minerals that are reflections of the intensity of weathering of each horizon of the analyzed profiles. The data of the GAMA and FRX sensors presented high values of correlation with the oxides and indices used in the quantification of the intensity of weathering, indicating the viability of the sensors for the calculation of the indices. The models for the quantification of the indexes of weathering and oxides presented R² above 0.5. The application of the Vis-IR model to the AISA images allowed quantifying the pixel-to-pixel oxides along the profile and observing the differentiation of the horizons, facilitating the interpretation of the weathering analysis. Due to the specificity of each spectral region to analyze an object, the use of several sensors working at different wavelengths may be an alternative for the faster evaluation of the intensity of weathering occurring in profiles from different source materials.

A Formação Piauí registra a deposição de um sistema eólico, fluvial e marinho raso acumulado em uma bacia de sinéclise intracratônica. A caracterização das associações de fácies e do arcabouço estratigráfico foi feito através de uma descrição detalhada das fácies sedimentares e levantamento de perfis de afloramentos. As fácies foram classificadas de acordo com a textura dos grãos (tamanho e seleção) e estruturas sedimentares observadas. Medidas de paleocorrentes foram feitas nas estratificações e laminações cruzadas. Os perfis foram medidos na escala 1:50 em locais com boa exposição vertical. Seis associações de fácies foram reconhecidas, dunas e interdunas eólicas, lençóis de areia eólicos, canais fluviais, canais fluviais influenciados por maré, shoreface superior e shoreface inferior. Através da correlação das superfícies estratigráficas as associações de fácies foram organizadas em tratos de sistema, que formaram oito sequências deposicionais de alta frequência, delimitados por discordâncias subaéreas. Estas sequências são compostas por um trato de sistemas de nível baixo (TSNB), que é dominado por sistemas eólicos ou fluviais, um trato de sistemas transgressivo (TST), que é formado por canais fluviais influenciados por maré e/ou depósitos de shoreface superior e inferior com empilhamento retrogradacional, e um trato de sistemas de nível alto (TSNA), que é formado por depósitos de shoreface superior e inferior com empilhamento progradacional. Duas sequências deposicionais de mais baixa frequência foram determinadas ao observar o empilhamento das sequências de alta frequência. Ambas as sequências são formadas por uma regressão inicial seguida por uma transgressão progressiva. O principal controle das variações no nível relativo do mar durante a acumulação da Formação Piauí foi glacio-eustático. Contudo, mudanças climáticas estavam associadas com as fases glacio-eustáticas e influenciaram a deposição eólica e fluvial. / The Piauí Formation records the deposition of aeolian, fluvial and shallow marine systems accumulated in a cratonic sag basin. Characterization of the facies associations and sequence stratigraphic framework was done by detailed description of sedimentary facies and logging of outcrops. The facies were classified based on grain texture (size and selection) and sedimentary structures observed. Paleocurrent orientations were measured from cross-strata. Stratigraphic sections were measured at a 1:50 scale at outcrops with good vertical exposure. Six facies associations were recognized: aeolian dunes and interdunes, aeolian sandsheets, fluvial channels, tidally-influenced fluvial channels, upper shoreface and lower shoreface. Through correlation of stratigraphic surfaces the facies associations were organized in system tracts, which formed eight high frequency depositional sequences, bounded by subaerial unconformities. These sequences are composed of a lowstand system tract (LST), that is aeolian-dominated or fluvial-dominated, a transgressive system tract (TST) that is formed by tidally-influenced fluvial channels and/or upper and lower shoreface deposits with retrogradational stacking, and a highstand system tract (HST), which is formed by lower and upper shoreface deposits with progradational stacking. Two low frequency cycles were determined by observing the stacking of the high frequency cycles. Both sequences are formed by an initial regression followed by a progressive transgression. The main control on sedimentation in Piauí Formation was glacioeustasy, which was responsible for the changes in relative sea level. Even though, climate changes were associated with glacioeustatic phases and influenced the aeolian and fluvial deposition.

Sets of natural opening-mode fractures in sedimentary rocks may show a variety of types of aperture-size distributions. A frequently documented size distribution type, in the literature and in data presented here, is the power law. The emergence of power-law distributions of fracture aperture and length sizes has been simulated using various quasi-mechanical fracture-growth routines but models based on linear-elastic fracture mechanics rarely produce such patterns. I collected a fracture-size dataset of unprecedented size and resolution using core and field methods and scanning electron microscope-based cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) images. This dataset confirms the prevalence of power laws with a narrow range of power-law exponents among fractures that contain synkinematic cement. Organized microfractures are ubiquitous in sandstones. A fracture-growth simulation I devised reproduces observed size-scaling patterns by distributing fracture-opening increments among actively growing fractures. The simulated opening increments have a uniform size, which can be specified; uniform opening size is consistent with observations of narrow ranges of micron-scale widths of opening increments within crack-seal texture in natural fractures. Thus power-law size scaling of natural fractures can be explained using non-power-law (uniform-sized) opening increments, arranged using rules designed to simulate the effects of cement precipitation during fracture opening. A fundamental shortcoming of previous models of fracture-set evolution is the absence of a test because only natural fracture end states, not growth histories, could be measured. Using a technique to constrain fracture timing based on fluid inclusion microthermometry and thermal history modeling, I tested growth models by reconstructing the opening history of a set of natural fractures in the Triassic El Alamar Formation in northeast Mexico. The natural-fracture data show that, consistent with simulations, new microscopic fractures are continually introduced during natural fracture pattern evolution. As well, larger fractures represent sites of concentrated reactivation, although smaller fractures may be reactivated after long periods of quiescence. The pattern likely arises through feedback between fracture growth and the mechanically adhesive effects of contemporaneous fracture cement deposition. The narrow range in power-law exponents documented among fractures can help improve estimates of meter-scale large-fracture spacing where limited fracture samples are available. / text

This is an analysis of fractures occurring within the Paloezoic sedimentary rocks in a portion of southeastern Indiana. Fifteen hundred seventy-two fractures were used in analysis of distribution, orientation, pervasiveness, persistence, and intensity. The data collected is representative of eight counties and seventeen different collection sites.All fracture data were given an associated numerical value identifying each variable used for analysis and recorded into computer data files. A computer program was used for statistical analysis and construction of equal area nets which graphically displayed the distribution of variables. The compilation of the fracture data allowed for close interpretative analyses of variables and correlation of the orientation and distribution of the fractures within the study area.This study revealed that two orthogonal fracture systems exist in southeastern Indiana. The fracture set containing the largest percentage of those measured is oriented N11W with its compliment oriented N73W. The orientation of the second largest fracture set is N8E with its compliment oriented N82°W.The effects of the tectonic history as well as contemporary stress on the area are discussed relative to their effects on the overall distribution of fracture sets.Evidence is presented to substantiate a reactivation of the Cincinnati Arch as indicated in the Devonian-Mississippian lithologic units from data collected in the southeastern portion of the study area. Fracture data correlating to these units displays a rotation of the major fracture set maxima 90w. This data is supported by radiometric dates from the Belfast member of the Brassfield Limestone in which Laskouski, et.al., correlated a reactivation of the arch.Also within this study are lithologic descriptions of all the Paleozoic formations used for data collection. These descriptions were developed over a three year period from extensive field observation.A map of the study area is presented displaying the distribution and orientation of the fractures recorded at each data collection site. / Department of Geology

Planorbis to Turneri Zone sedimentary rocks were studied at outcrops on Skye, Raasay, Applecross, Ardnamurchan, Morvern and Mull. A proposed lithostratigraphy includes two Groups, four Formations and seventeen Members. Increased faunal diversity in Mull and Skye reflects environmental stability during the Angulata and Semicostatum Zones; low diversity in the Bucklandi and Turneri Zones signifies lower stability. Species abundance in Mull and their decrease in Skye during Angulata-Bucklandi Zone times signifies a northward increase in environmental instability. Smectites are present in the Planorbis-Bucklandi Zone shales. The Semicostatum-Turneri Zones are composed of non expanding clays; the smectite formed by erosion of previously exposed alkaline igneous rocks under warm, alkaline, low rainfall conditions. Progressive transgression covered the source area and a change to more acidic conditions with higher rainfall also promoted the formation of "ironstones" and chlorites. The Angulata and Bucklandi Zones comprise bioclastic, oolitic, carbonate and siliciclastic sediments signifying shallow marginal marine semi-enclosed basins. Thin laterally impersistent beds of coarse,poorly sorted pebbles signify an unstable hinterland; during the Semicostatum and Turneri Zones fully marine conditions were established. Ferruginous beds are oolitic in Skye. They probably formed as "mud balls" and due to acid leaching of feldspars. Phosphatic nodules are calciumhydroxyapatite. The limestone/shale "rhythms" are explained by a combined primary and diagenetic origin. The limestones consist of low-Mg calcite Both ferroan and non ferroan calcite are present. Tectonic stresses and diagenesis deformed crystals and formed veins. Sr⁺² values show a decline as the carbonate fraction increases. Three different ranges are distinguished for three facies and ages. Sr concentration is bimodal and probably inherited from the original sediments. The northern and southern basins evolved separately, sedimentation was controlled by differential tilting, uplift and subsidence. Palaeoslopes were gentle, to the west-northwest and south-southwest. Local topography (e.g. Central Strath High) modified the slopes; no movement occurred along the main faults of the area. Sedimentation relates to the "taphrogenic rifting stage" proposed for the North Sea Mesozoic.

No description available.

The whole Mediterranean was a site of carbonate deposition during Miocene. Unlike other Miocene basins in the Mediteranean, the importance of Mut Basin lies in its tectonically undisturbed nature that provides excellent exposures to study sequence stratigraphic architecture and carbonate sedimentology. Opening of Mut Basin began during Oligocene / carbonate deposition started during Early Miocene. The pre-Miocene rocks are characterized by (from bottom to top), 1. ophiolites and Mesozoic limestones, 2. Eocene lacustrine limestones, 3. Burdigalian fluvial sandstones and conglomerates. The carbonate deposition began in Miocene, settling on the preexisting topography. Carbonates have been deposited in a ramp setting, where several sequences formed. The ramp was partly subaerially exposed during Early Miocene due to relative sea level fall / however, no significant lowstand deposits were developed. The subsequent sea level rise caused transgressive deposits to overlie this ramp sequence. The patch reefs on this ramp exhibit a keep-up type depositional setting. As the transgression continued, the basin topography controlled the type of depositional setting. Hence, a transition from ramp to reefal margin type setting occurred. In landward direction the topographically low areas became back reef lagoonal part of this reefal margin. A mature reefal environment formed during highstand times, which is characterized by a rich coral fauna / algal flora in the basinward side. Some of the patch reefs of the ramp transformed into pinnacle reefs. Diagenetic alterations are mostly related to duration and degree of sea level fall, and therefore related to sequence boundaries. The Miocene carbonates in the study area consist of six sequences which may be used for correlation with other Miocene carbonates of the Mediterranean region.

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-232). Also available in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-24T13:34:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANA LEMOS PORTO – TESE PPGEP 2015.pdf: 5478904 bytes, checksum: 538eff3a93037a4df0264df4891930d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANA LEMOS PORTO – TESE PPGEP 2015.pdf: 5478904 bytes, checksum: 538eff3a93037a4df0264df4891930d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / CNPq / Uma técnica inovadora atualmente em desenvolvimento é a construção de modelos digitais a partir de um conjunto de imagens de tomografia de raios-X de alta resolução adquiridas em amostras de rocha. Essa técnica permite definir a geometria 3D do espaço poroso e dos grãos minerais, bem como o reconhecimento dos minerais presentes na rocha. O objetivo desta pesquisa é estimar as propriedades petrofísicas (distribuição granulométrica, composição mineral, porosidade, permeabilidade e velocidade de propagação da onda P) de rochas sedimentares a partir de imagens de microtomografia de raios-X. Neste trabalho são analisadas cinco amostras de arenito (A4, A7, A9, AM10H e AM14V), uma de folhelho (F9), uma de calcário (carbonato Rosário) e duas de Tufa carbonática (Tufa CR e Tufa FG). Quantificou-se a proporção de finos presentes nas amostras, cuja precisão foi dependente da resolução das imagens analisadas. Neste trabalho propõe-se um novo método para a análise da composição mineral a partir de imagens microtomográficas. Os resultados alcançados para a simulação da composição mineral indicam que as amostras de arenito possuem aproximadamente a mesma composição mineral, a amostra de folhelho apresenta uma composição essencialmente silto-argilosa, e que as amostras carbonáticas são formadas essencialmente por calcita e dolomita. De um modo geral, os resultados de DRX confirmaram a composição mineral indicada pela microtomografia. Verificou-se uma relação aproximadamente linear entre os valores de porosidade medidos nos plugues e aqueles determinados por simulação das imagens microtomográficas. A permeabilidade estimada apresentou valores compatíveis com as permeabilidades medidas em laboratório, exceto para a amostra de folhelho e para a amostra de Tufa CR. Para o caso de amostras que possuem uma composição aproximadamente monominerálica, a simulação da onda acústica apresentou excelentes resultados quando comparados com as velocidades fisicamente medidas. Já para o caso das amostras de rocha que apresentam composição multiminerálica, a geração do modelo não considerou as diferentes fases que compõem a matriz mineral, resultando em velocidades simuladas muito acima das velocidades medidas. / An innovative technique currently under development is the construction of digital templates from a set of X-ray tomography, high-resolution images acquired in rock samples. This technique allows to define the 3D geometry of the pore space and mineral grains, as well as recognition of the minerals present in the rock. The objective of this research is to estimate the petrophysical properties (grain size distribution, mineral composition, porosity, permeability and P wave velocity) of sedimentary rocks from microtomography X-ray images. This work analyzed five samples of sandstone (A4, A7, A9, AM10H and AM14V), one of shale (F9), another of limestone (Carbonato Rosário) and two samples of carbonatic Tufa (Tufa CR and Tufa FG). Regarding the particle size distribution is possible to quantify the proportion of fines present in the samples, but such concentrations may be changed according to the resolution of the images analyzed. In this work we propose a new method for the analysis of mineral composition from microCT images. The results obtained for the simulations indicate that the mineral composition of the sandstone samples have approximately the same mineral composition, with different proportions of quartz and clay. Shale sample has an essentially clay composition and the carbonate samples are essentially formed by calcite and dolomite. DRX analyses have proved the mineral composition indicated by microCT analysis. In general, it is observed an approximately linear relationship between porosity values measured in the plugs and those determined by simulation of microCT images. The numerical simulation resulted in values of permeability compatible with permeabilities measured in the laboratory, except for the shale sample and for the Tufa CR sample. For the case of samples having an approximately monomineralic composition, acoustic velocity simulations showed excellent results compared with the physically measured velocities. But for the case of multimineralic rock samples the model generation not considered the different phases making up the mineral matrix, which resulted in simulated velocities far above the measured velocities.

A Formação Piauí registra a deposição de um sistema eólico, fluvial e marinho raso acumulado em uma bacia de sinéclise intracratônica. A caracterização das associações de fácies e do arcabouço estratigráfico foi feito através de uma descrição detalhada das fácies sedimentares e levantamento de perfis de afloramentos. As fácies foram classificadas de acordo com a textura dos grãos (tamanho e seleção) e estruturas sedimentares observadas. Medidas de paleocorrentes foram feitas nas estratificações e laminações cruzadas. Os perfis foram medidos na escala 1:50 em locais com boa exposição vertical. Seis associações de fácies foram reconhecidas, dunas e interdunas eólicas, lençóis de areia eólicos, canais fluviais, canais fluviais influenciados por maré, shoreface superior e shoreface inferior. Através da correlação das superfícies estratigráficas as associações de fácies foram organizadas em tratos de sistema, que formaram oito sequências deposicionais de alta frequência, delimitados por discordâncias subaéreas. Estas sequências são compostas por um trato de sistemas de nível baixo (TSNB), que é dominado por sistemas eólicos ou fluviais, um trato de sistemas transgressivo (TST), que é formado por canais fluviais influenciados por maré e/ou depósitos de shoreface superior e inferior com empilhamento retrogradacional, e um trato de sistemas de nível alto (TSNA), que é formado por depósitos de shoreface superior e inferior com empilhamento progradacional. Duas sequências deposicionais de mais baixa frequência foram determinadas ao observar o empilhamento das sequências de alta frequência. Ambas as sequências são formadas por uma regressão inicial seguida por uma transgressão progressiva. O principal controle das variações no nível relativo do mar durante a acumulação da Formação Piauí foi glacio-eustático. Contudo, mudanças climáticas estavam associadas com as fases glacio-eustáticas e influenciaram a deposição eólica e fluvial. / The Piauí Formation records the deposition of aeolian, fluvial and shallow marine systems accumulated in a cratonic sag basin. Characterization of the facies associations and sequence stratigraphic framework was done by detailed description of sedimentary facies and logging of outcrops. The facies were classified based on grain texture (size and selection) and sedimentary structures observed. Paleocurrent orientations were measured from cross-strata. Stratigraphic sections were measured at a 1:50 scale at outcrops with good vertical exposure. Six facies associations were recognized: aeolian dunes and interdunes, aeolian sandsheets, fluvial channels, tidally-influenced fluvial channels, upper shoreface and lower shoreface. Through correlation of stratigraphic surfaces the facies associations were organized in system tracts, which formed eight high frequency depositional sequences, bounded by subaerial unconformities. These sequences are composed of a lowstand system tract (LST), that is aeolian-dominated or fluvial-dominated, a transgressive system tract (TST) that is formed by tidally-influenced fluvial channels and/or upper and lower shoreface deposits with retrogradational stacking, and a highstand system tract (HST), which is formed by lower and upper shoreface deposits with progradational stacking. Two low frequency cycles were determined by observing the stacking of the high frequency cycles. Both sequences are formed by an initial regression followed by a progressive transgression. The main control on sedimentation in Piauí Formation was glacioeustasy, which was responsible for the changes in relative sea level. Even though, climate changes were associated with glacioeustatic phases and influenced the aeolian and fluvial deposition.