Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on Mar. 18, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Acadia University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-180). Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

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Η εργασία αυτή μελετά την ιζηματολογική ανάλυση και την παλαιογραφική εξέλιξη του σχηματισμού Αμπελούζου στην λεκάνη της Μεσσαρά Κρήτης. Εξετάζει τις δελταϊκές αποθέσεις με φτωχά σε οργανικό και πλούσια σε ανθρακικό ασβέστιο ιζήματα. / -

La chaîne himalayenne est influencée par le climat global et régional et joue un rôle de barrière orographique pour les circulations atmosphériques. Son évolution tectonique et la mousson asiatique qui l’affecte en font un laboratoire idéal pour les études du lien entre la tectonique, le climat et l’érosion et leurs implications pour l’altération. Des variations latérales de taux d’exhumation ont été documentées et des études paléoclimatiques ont été réalisées dans les parties centrale et occidentale de la chaîne, mais l’initiation, l’évolution et les caractéristiques de la mousson sont encore débattues. Les intensités et les taux d’altération engendrés ont été peu étudiés, surtout dans la partie orientale de l’Himalaya.Cette thèse se focalise sur les variations latérales d’Ouest en Est de l’altération, de la végétation (évolution C3/C4) et du climat, le long de l’Himalaya depuis le Miocène à partir de l’enregistrement sédimentaire du bassin d‘avant-pays. Les données apportent des nouvelles avancées pour la compréhension de l’évolution de la mousson asiatique. Pour ce travail, j’ai étudié trois coupes pré-Siwalik et Siwalik dans l’ouest de la chaîne (les coupes Joginder Nagar, Jawalamukhi et Haripur Kolar à Himachal Pradesh, Inde), qui documentent un enregistrement sédimentaire de 20 Ma, et une coupe dans l’est (la coupe de la Kameng à Arunachal Pradesh), qui quant à elle documente 13 Ma.Les isotopes stable du carbone de la matière organique ont été utilisés pour reconstruire des changements de la végétation C3 à C4 et montrent des variations importantes entre l’ouest et l’est de la chaîne, avec une augmentation brutale des valeurs dans l’ouest à ~7 Ma, ce qui indique un changement de végétation des plantes C3 à C4. Au contraire, aucune variation n’est notée dans l’est, ce qui indique que la partie orientale caractérisée par une végétation C3 ne subit pas de changement majeur de végétation. Les variations indiquent un « asséchement » du climat et notamment une plus grande saisonnalité dans la partie occidentale de la paléoplaine. La partie orientale reste trop humide pour une évolution vers une végétation en C4, sans doute à cause de la proximité de source d’humidité du Golfe du Bengale.Le long de la coupe orientale de la Kameng, il a été nécessaire d’étudier les changements de provenance et la diagenèse, pour les éliminer, avant de reconstruire les paléo-régimes d’altération. L’analyse des minéraux lourds a permis de repérer les changements de source et de montrer que seule la partie basse de la coupe a été influencée par la diagenèse. L’évolution de la minéralogie des argiles et des éléments majeurs montre que l’altération augmente avec le temps avec une période remarquable à ~8 Ma.La compilation des trois coupes occidentales représente l’enregistrement le plus long du bassin d’avant-pays himalayen avec une durée de 20 Ma. L’évolution des argiles montre une tendance similaire entre les parties occidentale et l’orientale du bassin d’avant-pays, impliquant l’évolution vers un climat plus saisonnier à partir de ~8 Ma. Les éléments majeurs indiquent une augmentation du taux d’altération avec le temps, la partie occidentale étant généralement plus altérée que la partie orientale. Les résultats des éléments majeurs et des argiles sont cohérents avec les interprétations des isotopes stables du carbone, qui indiquent un climat plus saisonnier dans l’ouest.Enfin, une nouvelle approche permettant de reconstruire les taux d’altération à partir de la composition isotopique du lithium a été testée pour la première fois dans les sédiments miocènes du bassin d’avant-pays. Les résultats montrent à nouveau un changement dans l’ouest de la chaîne, où les valeurs isotopiques deviennent plus positives avec le temps, alors que les valeurs dans l’est restent stables. Dans l’ouest, le facteur limitant du système limitant devient l’altération, alors que dans l’est le facteur limitant est l’apport. / The Himalaya orogen has major impact on global and regional climate and acts as an orographic barrier for atmospheric circulations. The interplay of the Asian monsoon system and the tectonic evolution of the mountain belt make it an ideal laboratory to study interactions between tectonics, climate and erosion, and its implications on weathering and atmospheric CO2 drawdown. Lateral variations in exhumation rates have been observed and studies on paleoclimate have been conducted in the central and western Himalaya, but the onset, the evolution and the characteristics of the monsoonal climate are still debated. Paleo weathering rates and intensities are challenging to reconstruct and remain poorly studied, especially in the eastern part of the orogen.This thesis focuses on lateral variations in climate, weathering and vegetation along the Himalayan mountain range, on weathering regimes in the eastern Himalaya since Miocene times, and on the implications for the evolution of the Asian monsoon. The foreland basin sediments of the pre-Siwalik and Siwalik Groups contain a record of tectonics and paleoclimate. The approach focuses on a direct west-east comparison; we therefore sampled three previously dated sedimentary sections in the western Himalaya, namely the Joginder Nagar, Jawalamukhi and Haripur Kolar, which combine into a timespan of 20 Ma, and the Kameng river section in the east, which spans over the last 13 Ma.Stable carbon isotopes on organic matter are used to reconstruct changes in vegetation. Stable carbon isotopes show important lateral variations, with a change toward more positive values in the west at ~7 Ma and in contrast no change in the east, indicating a change in vegetation from C3 to C4 plant in the west but not in the east. These variations implicate a change towards a dryer and more seasonal climate in the western Himalaya, whereas the climate in the eastern part remained too humid for C4 plants to evolve, due to its proximity to moisture source (Bay of Bengal).In order to reconstruct paleo weathering regimes by analyzing foreland basin sediments, it is important to take into account changes in provenance and possible influences of burial diagenesis. Results of heavy-mineral and petrographic analyses of the Kameng section provide better insight into diagenesis and provenance, showing that the older part of the Kameng section is influenced by diagenesis. Changes in provenance do not correlate with changes in clay mineralogy and major elements, which are therefore indicating an overall increase in weathering over time, with a remarkable change at ~8 Ma.The compilation of the three sections in the west represent one of the longest sedimentary records in the Himalayas, spanning over 20 Ma. Clay minerals show similar trends in the west and the east, indicating the development of a more seasonal climate starting at ~8 Ma. Major elements show a trend toward stronger weathering over time in the west and the east, but the western Himalaya are generally more weathered than in the east, which is consistent with the interpretation of the stable carbon isotope data, suggesting the climate to be more humid in the east. More runoff and erosion inhibit extensive weathering of the sediments, whereas dry sea sons with little runoff allow sediments to weather.Lithium isotopic compositions were measured on bulk sediments as a new approach to reconstruct chemical weathering rates, applied for the first time on Siwalik sediments. Results show a change in weathering intensity in the west, where lithium isotopic values become more positive over time, whereas, they stay relatively constant in the east. More positive values in the west, suggest that the system becomes more weathering-limited and more incongruent.

This thesis reviews heavy mineral separation techniques for red-bed heavy mineral provenance studies. It demonstrates the effectiveness of automated mineralogy for mineral comparisons and targeted mineral analysis, resulting in new provenance history conclusions for the Permo-Triassic of SW England. The methodology was developed to remove iron-oxide coatings from grains and provide optimal separation of heavy mineral concentrates in comparison to hydroseparation and panning. Step-wise methodology iterations were validated at each stage using the QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANing electron microscopy). The QEMSCAN works in a similar way to the SEM (scanning electron microscope) and electron-microprobe. Four EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) detectors measured X-rays, secondary electrons and back-scattered electrons from the sample. The software allocated these to defined geochemical SIP (species identification protocol) categories. The SIP was back-validated using the electron-microprobe, XRD (X-ray diffraction), microscopy and SEM. QEMSCAN was the primary analysis technique. The results included false colour mineral maps and semi-quantitative statistics for the SIP categories. This enabled targeted mineral analysis with supporting techniques. The methodology was applied to the Permo-Triassic of SW England. The QEMSCAN was able to pick up small scale and large scale heavy mineral provenance trends. Case study 1 showed regional heavy mineral trends and allowed lithological correlation of outliers. Case study 2 used heavy minerals to confirm contemporaneous structural evolution and the base of the Upper Permian in South Devon. Case study 3 allowed a re-evaluation of the base Triassic. Case study 4 targeted biotite minerals at Corbyn's Head. Case study 5 reviewed local vertical and horizontal trends in comparison to regional trends. This has significant oil and gas exploration implications as it gives confidence in correlating deposits over 10s km and can be applied to North Sea barren red-beds. Finally, some mineral firsts, including rammelsbergite and a topaz rhyolite were identified.

A geodiversidade, aliada à geoconservação, é um tema relativamente novo e ainda pouco explorado pela comunidade acadêmica no Brasil. Porém, nos últimos anos percebeu-se a necessidade de estratégias de preservação da geodiversidade entendida como o meio abiótico, constituído por composições rochosas e de relevo resultantes de fenômenos geológicos e geomorfológicos que diferenciam a litologia e os minerais, gerando distintas paisagens e a grande diversidade de ambientes que propiciam o desenvolvimento das diferentes formas de vida na Terra. Com o objetivo de preservar ambientes de grande relevância ecológica como os insulares, desenvolveu-se um levantamento da geodiversidade das ilhas das Pombas e da Ponta Escura, no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, quantificando o seu valor intrínseco, seu uso potencial e a necessidade de proteção para geoconservação. Os procedimentos metodológicos compreenderam um estudo prévio da área a partir de imagens satelitais, saída a campo para coleta de amostras, análises laboratoriais, produção de material cartográfico e análise dos resultados. As ilhas apresentam gênese distinta, uma sedimentar (Ponta Escura) e outra rochosa (Pombas). As características granulométricas e morfométricas dos seus sedimentos também diferem uma da outra, onde a das Pombas apresenta maiores granulometrias variando nos tamanhos de areia muito grossa a grânulo, e grãos imaturos, enquanto na ilha da Ponta Escura observa-se maior arredondamento dos grãos e granulometria com alto percentual de areia média. Quanto à mineralogia, a ilha Ponta Escura se destaca pela alta quantidade de minerais pesados, principalmente turmalina. Os Neossolos predominam em ambas as ilhas, com subordens distintas, de Litólico e Flúvico na ilha das Pombas a Quartzarênico Órtico na Ponta Escura. A vegetação, cuja florística carece descrição científica, apresenta uma fitofisionomia caracterizada por estratos diversificados – entremeados por cactáceas de porte alto – desde um inferior herbáceo ao dossel, por vezes destacando-se árvores mais altas. A presença de indivíduos de algumas espécies exóticas da flora testemunha a interferência antrópica pretérita na cobertura vegetal original de ambas as ilhas, mais destacadamente a da Ponta Escura. Por fim, adotando-se a metodologia desenvolvida por Brilha (2005), procedeu-se com a quantificação para fins de geoconservação, onde demonstrou-se valor relativamente alto, proporcionalmente ao tamanho das ilhas e por elas pertencerem a uma área de proteção integral. Propõem-se uma ampliação da área de estudo, incluindo outras ilhas que integram o lago Guaíba, relacionando o conhecimento da geodiversidade e biodiversidade como estratégias para a geoconservação e gerenciamento da presença humana, pois a ação antrópica desregrada pode impactar diretamente ambientes que podem ser sensíveis e muito dinâmicos como nas ilhas deste estudo. / The geodiversity, combined with geoconservation, is a relatively new issue that is rarely explored by the academic community in Brazil. But in recent years, there was the need for preservation strategies of geodiversity understood as the abiotic environment, consisting of rock compositions and relief resulting from geological and geomorphological phenomena that differentiate lithology and minerals lead to the genesis of diverse landscapes and great diversity of environments that favour the development of different forms of life on Earth. In order to preserve the great ecological relevance environments like the island, a survey of the geodiversity of the Pombas and Ponta Escura islands, in southern Brazil, was developed to quantify their intrinsic value, their potential use and need for protection for geoconservation. The methodological procedures included a preliminary study of the area from satellite images, a field work for sample collecting, laboratory testing, production of cartographic material and analysis of the results. The islands have different genesis, one of them sedimentary (Ponta Escura) and the other rocky (Pombas). Particle size and morphometric characteristics of its sediments also differ one from another, where the Pombas features larger particle sizes ranging in very thick sand granule sizes, and immature grains, while on the island of Ponta Escura there was a greater rounding of grains and grain size with a high percentage of medium sand. The mineralogy, the Ponta Escura island stands out for its high amount of heavy minerals, especially tourmaline. Entisols predominate in both islands, with distinct suborders of Lithic (Leptosols/WRB-FAO) and Fluvents (Fluvisols/WRB-FAO) on the island of Pombas to Quartzipsamments (Arenosols/WRB-FAO) in Ponta Escura. The vegetation, whose floristic lacks scientific description, has a vegetation type characterized by diverse strata – interspersed with high size cacti – from a lower herbaceous to the canopy, sometimes highlighting tallest trees. The presence of individuals of some exotic species of flora witness to past anthropogenic interference with the original vegetation in both islands, most notably in Ponta Escura. Finally, adopting the methodology developed by Brilha (2005), we proceeded with the quantification to geoconservation purposes, which showed relatively high value in proportion to the islands size and to their belonging to an integral protection area. It is proposed an extension of the study area, including other islands that make up the lake Guaiba, relating the knowledge of geodiversity and biodiversity as strategies for geoconservation and management of human presence, because the unregulated human action can directly impact environments that may be sensitive and dynamic as on the islands of this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tognoli_fmw_dr_rcla.pdf: 2467393 bytes, checksum: 266c2198d33d01d70f88787843e67770 (MD5) / Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) / O Grupo Guatá foi alvo de um estudo detalhado ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. Por meio da análise e descrição seqüencial de testemunhos e integração com dados de perfis, aproximadamente 100 poços foram analisados desde o norte do Estado do Paraná até a região centro-sul de Santa Catarina. As fácies foram agrupadas em sucessões de fácies, a partir das quais foram definidos os padrões de empilhamento do tipo progradante, retrogradante e agradante, que em conjunto definem os tratos de sistemas e conseqüentemente as seqüências deposicionais. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo de integração entre sedimentologia, icnologia e geoquímica, que definiu critérios para a identificação e interpretação de superfícies com significado estratigráfico regional. Isso possibilitou correlacionar com segurança poços ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná e mapear a distribuição das seqüências deposicionais de 3ª.e 4ª ordens. O arcabouço estratigráfico revelou que as seqüências são formadas pelos tratos de sistemas transgressivo e de mar alto ou apenas pelo trato de sistemas transgressivo. Notou-se também que as seqüências estão diretamente vinculadas aos principais lineamentos estruturais da bacia. Interpreta-se que as seqüências 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 foram soerguidas ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, com sua expressão máxima na região do Arco de Ponta Grossa. Esse soerguimento gerou uma discordância angular com expressão regional sobre a qual foram depositadas as seqüências 6, 7 e 8. A seqüência 8 é marcada por subsidência entre os Alinhamentos do Rio Piquiri e São Jerônimo-Curiúva, contemporânea à deposição dos tratos de sistemas transgressivo e de trato de mar alto. / The Guatá Group was target of a detailed study along the eastern border of the Paraná Basin. Using integration of core description and well logs, approximately 100 wells were analyzed in Paraná and Santa Catarina states. Facies were grouped in facies successions, which allowed the recognition of the progradational, retrogradational and aggradational stacking patterns and, consequently, system tracts and depositional sequences. Moreover, it was performed an integration among sedimentology, ichnology and geochemistry as a way to obtain criteria for identifying and interpreting regional stratigraphic surfaces. This allowed a detailed correlation along the eastern border of Paraná Basin and the mapping of third and fourth order sequences. The stratigraphic framework has revealed sequences formed either by the transgressive and highstand system tracts or just by the transgressive one. The sequences are directly linked to the main structural linements of the basin. It is interpreted that sequences 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were uplifted along the eastern border of the basin, with the maximum expression in the region of the Ponta Grossa Arch. An angular unconformity was generated and sequences 6, 7 and 8 were deposited later in time. Sequence 8 was affected by subsidence between the Rio Piquiri and São Jerônimo-Curiúva linements, contemporaneous to deposition of the transgressive and highstand system tracts.

Orientador: Joel Carneiro de Castro / Banca: Ricardo da Cunha Lopes / Banca: Jorge Hachiro / Banca: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: José alexandre de Jesus Perinotto / Resumo: O Grupo Guatá foi alvo de um estudo detalhado ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná. Por meio da análise e descrição seqüencial de testemunhos e integração com dados de perfis, aproximadamente 100 poços foram analisados desde o norte do Estado do Paraná até a região centro-sul de Santa Catarina. As fácies foram agrupadas em sucessões de fácies, a partir das quais foram definidos os padrões de empilhamento do tipo progradante, retrogradante e agradante, que em conjunto definem os tratos de sistemas e conseqüentemente as seqüências deposicionais. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo de integração entre sedimentologia, icnologia e geoquímica, que definiu critérios para a identificação e interpretação de superfícies com significado estratigráfico regional. Isso possibilitou correlacionar com segurança poços ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná e mapear a distribuição das seqüências deposicionais de 3ª.e 4ª ordens. O arcabouço estratigráfico revelou que as seqüências são formadas pelos tratos de sistemas transgressivo e de mar alto ou apenas pelo trato de sistemas transgressivo. Notou-se também que as seqüências estão diretamente vinculadas aos principais lineamentos estruturais da bacia. Interpreta-se que as seqüências 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 foram soerguidas ao longo de toda a borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, com sua expressão máxima na região do Arco de Ponta Grossa. Esse soerguimento gerou uma discordância angular com expressão regional sobre a qual foram depositadas as seqüências 6, 7 e 8. A seqüência 8 é marcada por subsidência entre os Alinhamentos do Rio Piquiri e São Jerônimo-Curiúva, contemporânea à deposição dos tratos de sistemas transgressivo e de trato de mar alto. / Abstract: The Guatá Group was target of a detailed study along the eastern border of the Paraná Basin. Using integration of core description and well logs, approximately 100 wells were analyzed in Paraná and Santa Catarina states. Facies were grouped in facies successions, which allowed the recognition of the progradational, retrogradational and aggradational stacking patterns and, consequently, system tracts and depositional sequences. Moreover, it was performed an integration among sedimentology, ichnology and geochemistry as a way to obtain criteria for identifying and interpreting regional stratigraphic surfaces. This allowed a detailed correlation along the eastern border of Paraná Basin and the mapping of third and fourth order sequences. The stratigraphic framework has revealed sequences formed either by the transgressive and highstand system tracts or just by the transgressive one. The sequences are directly linked to the main structural linements of the basin. It is interpreted that sequences 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were uplifted along the eastern border of the basin, with the maximum expression in the region of the Ponta Grossa Arch. An angular unconformity was generated and sequences 6, 7 and 8 were deposited later in time. Sequence 8 was affected by subsidence between the Rio Piquiri and São Jerônimo-Curiúva linements, contemporaneous to deposition of the transgressive and highstand system tracts. / Doutor