Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho / Resumo: A partir do final da década de 1990, as regiões produtoras de amendoim do Estado de São Paulo investiram na modernização tecnológica da produção agrícola, principalmente quanto à mecanização. Diante desta situação, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora atuando com biodiesel de amendoim (B5), em operação de semeadura de amendoim em LATOSSOLO Vermelho eutroférrico sob preparo convencional. Foram mensuradas as variáveis de desempenho operacional (força e potência na barra de tração, velocidade, capacidade de campo efetiva, consumo de combustível e de energia e patinagem), a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e indicadores de qualidade da operação (distribuição longitudinal de plântulas, espaçamento entre fileiras de semeadura e número de dias para emergência). O experimento foi conduzido em área de campo na Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Jaboticabal - SP, latitude -21º14' e longitude -48º16' com altitude média de 560 metros e clima Aw. A análise geoestatística foi empregada às variáveis de desempenho operacional e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração e para os indicadores de qualidade utilizaram-se o controle estatístico de processo e a análise de capabilidade. A resistência mecânica do solo à penetração não apresentou correlação com as variáveis de desempenho operacional. A distribuição longitudinal de sementes e o espaçamento entre fileiras demonstraram processo instável e o número de dias para emergência apresentou estabilidade e resultados capazes de atingir os limites especificados. O controle estatístico de qualidade permitiu concluir que o processo de semeadura não atende as especificações previamente determinadas. / Abstract: Since the end of 1990's, the peanut production regions of São Paulo State, invested in technological modernization of agricultural production, especially on the mechanization. Faced with this situation, this study aimed evaluate the tractor-seeder-fertilizer system, working with a peanut biodiesel (B5), in peanut sowing operation in OXISOL under conventional tillage. Was measured the operational performance variables (drawbar force, required power, forward speed, effective field capacity, fuel and energy consumption and slippage), the soil mechanical penetration resistance and operational quality indicators (plants longitudinal distribution, row spacing and number of days to emergency). The experiment was carried out on Universidade Estadual Paulista's area, Campus Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil, latitude -21º14' and longitude -48º16' with 560 meters of average altitude and Aw climate. The geostatistics analysis was used for the operational performance variables and soil mechanical penetration resistance and statistical process control and process capability analysis for the quality indicators. The soil mechanical penetration resistance not demonstrates correlation with the operational performance variables. The longitudinal distribution showed unstable process, like the row spacing and the number of days to emergence demonstrate stability and capable to reach results in specifications. The statistical quality control showed that the sowing operation not meet the previously determined specifications. / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / To evaluate the performance of precision sowing, it is necessary to collect a sample of seed spacing to be classified in accordance with current standards, thus demonstrating the performance of the machine as its quality that is expressed in regularity distribution . Generally, how much higher percentage of acceptable spacing between seeds, will be better the performance of the feeder. Due to the great heterogeneity of sample sizes used in these evaluations, the objective of this study was to estimate the sample size for laboratory experiments with horizontal plate and pneumatic seed meters, under the conditions described in rules, still evaluating the regularity of distribution of seeds of corn and soybeans. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions, according to the international standards ISO, UNE and design of ABNT, with four different seed feeders, two pneumatic and two horizontal plate. In test 1, the treatments comprised the combination of the four metering mechanisms with three seeding rates of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 km h-1. In test 2, were combined the four metering mechanisms and four peripheral speeds of the plate, 0.09, 0.18, 0.28 and 0.38 m s-1, both in a factorial design with three replications. We used three methods for determining the sample size: sampling intensity, bootstrap adapted and practical method. Regarding the distribution of maize seeds, the meter mechanism studied showed no differences in the regularity of seed distribution and response to elevated peripheral speed was negatively linear for the percentage of acceptable spacing. For soybean, the meter mechanism valued tires perform better mechanisms for horizontal plate, no direct correlation with the regularity of the peripheral speed of the plate. About the sample size, it is possible to reduce both cultures, but in a more pronounced for maize, the reduction of which can reach 73% of the value above the standard. For soybean, it is possible to reduce by 27% the sample size for testing in the laboratory with a high level of accuracy. / Para avaliar o desempenho de semeadoras de precisão, torna-se necessária a coleta de uma amostra de espaçamentos entre sementes, para que estes sejam classificados de acordo com as normas vigentes, denotando assim, o desempenho da máquina quanto a sua qualidade, expressa na regularidade de distribuição. De uma maneira geral, quanto maior o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis entre sementes, melhor o desempenho de um dosador. Devido à grande heterogeneidade de tamanhos amostrais empregados nestas avaliações, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o tamanho de amostra para experimentos em laboratório, com dosadores de sementes tipo disco alveolado horizontal e pneumático, nas condições estabelecidas em normas, avaliando ainda na regularidade de distribuição de sementes das culturas de milho e soja. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em condições de laboratório, conforme as normas internacionais ISO, UNE e o projeto de norma da ABNT, com quatro diferentes dosadores de sementes, sendo dois pneumáticos e dois de disco alveolado horizontal. No ensaio 1, os tratamentos compreenderam a combinação dos quatro mecanismos dosadores com três velocidades de semeadura, de 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 km h-1. No ensaio 2, foram combinados os quatro mecanismos dosadores com quatro velocidades periféricas do disco dosador, de 0,09, 0,18, 0,28 e 0,38 m s-1, ambos em esquema fatorial com três repetições. Foram utilizados três métodos de determinação do tamanho de amostra: intensidade de amostragem, bootstrap adaptado e método prático. Quanto à distribuição de sementes de milho, os mecanismos dosadores estudados não apresentaram diferenças na regularidade de distribuição de sementes e a resposta à elevação da velocidade periférica foi negativamente linear para o percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis. Para a cultura da soja, os mecanismos dosadores pneumáticos avaliados apresentam desempenho superior aos mecanismos de disco alveolado, sem correlação direta da regularidade com a velocidade periférica do disco. No que se refere ao tamanho da amostra, é possível reduzir para ambas as culturas, porém de maneira mais acentuada para a cultura do milho, cuja redução pode chegar a 73% do valor referido em norma. Para a cultura da soja, é possível reduzir em 27% o tamanho de amostra para ensaios em laboratório com um nível de precisão elevado.

Dans le contexte du développement d’une agriculture durable, il est nécessaire d’optimiser le coût énergétique des opérations agricoles tout en garantissant des temps de travaux courts ainsi que la qualité des opérations réalisées. Cette question concerne en particulier l’opération du semis qui est déterminante pour la qualité de la future récolte. Les semoirs de grande capacité et à haute productivité conçus aujourd’hui se doivent d’être compatibles avec cet ensemble de contraintes. L’enjeu essentiel de cette thèse est donc d’élaborer une méthodologie innovante et utilisant des outils de modélisation dans le but de réduire la consommation énergétique des matériels de semis. En suivant cette logique, nous avons étudié quatre aspects clef de la conception des semoirs pneumatiques : la manœuvrabilité des semoirs poly-articulés, l’établissement des conditions du transport pneumatique des semences et des engrais, l’optimisation des systèmes de répartition des semences ou des engrais, et enfin les aspects énergétiques du mode d’introduction des semences dans le circuit pneumatique. Chaque modélisation a été précédée par une phase expérimentale de détermination des phénomènes majoritaires influençant le processus étudié. Ensuite une modélisation du processus étudié, basée sur la simulation des effets du phénomène majoritaire identifié a pu être mise en œuvre et des conclusions, appuyées par des essais expérimentaux, proposées quant à la conception des semoirs pneumatiques. L’étude de la manœuvrabilité des ensembles poly articulés a démontré qu’il était possible de proposer et de tester un modèle explicatif de prédiction de trajectoires adapté aux engins agricoles. Cette approche ouvre la voie à l’optimisation et à de nouvelles méthodes d’automatisation de manœuvres complexes, notamment des demi-tours en bout de champ. Il est par ailleurs possible de démontrer qu’une trémie en position arrière permet de réaligner plus rapidement la barre de semis après une manœuvre. L’étude des conditions du transport pneumatique a montré notamment que l’établissement de conditions de transport correctes au niveau des sorties de la tête de distribution conditionne l’ensemble de la conception du circuit de distribution de la matière. L’étude des systèmes de répartition des semences a permis d’expliquer l’origine des principaux défauts de répartition observés et notamment l’importance de l’adéquation entre le coude et la conduite verticale qui précède la tête de répartition des semences. Ces résultats ont ouvert la voie à l’étude de la mise en place de systèmes d’anticipation et de correction de ces défauts. Enfin l’étude comparée de deux systèmes d’introduction de la matière dans un circuit pneumatique a montré que du point de vue énergétique les systèmes pressurisés sont plus intéressants que les systèmes injecteurs. / In the context of sustainable farming, the optimization of the energy costs of agricultural operations allows shorter working times and high quality of the agricultural operations. This question relates particularly to the seeding. This operation one is decisive for the quality of the future harvest. The modern high capacity seed drills must be compatible with all the constraints. The main goal of this PhD thesis is thus to develop an innovative methodology, integrating the modeling tools, in order to reduce the energy consumption of the heavy seeding equipment. Thus, we explored four key aspects concerning air seed drill design: maneuverability of poly-articulated seed drills; establishment of the pneumatic conveying conditions of seeds and fertilizers; seed distribution accuracy optimization, and finally the energy aspects of the air stream loading systems. Each modeling was preceded by a preliminary experimental phase, defying the majority phenomena influencing the studied process. The modeling of the studied process and the conclusions (supported by experimental trials) have been proposed for the design of air seed drills. The study of maneuverability of poly-articulated agricultural machines showed that it was possible to get and test an explanatory model of trajectory prediction adapted for agricultural machines. This approach opens the way for optimization and automation of complex operations, including U-turns on headlands. We showed that a towed behind storage hopper (air-cart) allows faster realignment of the coulter bar after maneuvers. The study of pneumatic conveying conditions showed that the establishment of the correct conveying conditions in the outlets after the dispensing head defines the entire design of the distribution system. The study of seed distribution systems explains that the origin of the low distribution accuracy is caused in particular by the elbow and the vertical pipe before the dispensing head. These results open the way for the development of anticipation systems and correction of these defects. Finally the comparative study of two air-stream loading systems has showed that from the energy point of view the pressurized systems are more interesting than the injectors systems. / В рамках концепции устойчивого развития, необходимо учитывать энергетический аспект, сохраняя при этом эффективность использования рабочего времени и качества выполнения сельскохозяйственных операций. Особенно, это касается операции посева, определяющей в наибольшей степени будущий урожай. Современные широкозахватные зерновые сеялки и посевные комплексы вписываются в рамки устойчивого сельского хозяйства. Главной целью данной диссертации является разработка действенной методики проектирования пневматических сеялок, применяя методы моделирования и оптимизации, с целью уменьшения энергопотребления. Таким образом, мы использовали причинно-следственный подход для энергетической оптимизации четырех определяющих параметров: маневренность многозвеньевых посевных машин, обоснования необходимых условий пневмотранспорта, оптимизация распределения посевного материала, и ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод. В дополнение, снижение энергопотребления не должно сказываться на качестве выполнения технологического процесса посева. Моделирование каждого процесса, является следствием длительной экспериментальной фазы, посвященной определению наиболее значимых факторов, для каждого отдельного явления. В результате моделирований, симуляций и анализа, были составлены практические рекомендации, для конструкторов пневматических сеялок. Изучение маневренных характеристик многозвеньевых агрегатов позволило предложить и испытать физическую модель, позволяющую предопределить траекторию движение каждого звена машинно-тракторного агрегата. Такой подход позволяет автоматизировать выполнение наиболее сложных маневров (например, разворотов в конце гона). Кроме всего было показано, что заднеприцепные бункера позволяют более быстрое выравнивание агрегата после разворота. Изучение условий пневмотранспорта, позволило установить оптимальные, с точки зрения энергосбережения, параметры пневмотранспорта на выходе из распределительной головки, что послужило исходными данными для расчета характеристик пневмотранспорта в целом. Исследование процесса распределения семян в распределительной головке вертикального типа, позволило определить причины неравномерного распределения семян между выходными трубопроводами, в частности влияние отвода и вертикального трубопровода. На основании полученных данных, было предложена система устройств, позволяющих избежать возникновения завалов в системе, при минимальных энергопотерях. Сравнительные исследования двух систем ввода материала в магистральный трубопровод, позволили заключить, что питатели с наддувом являются менее энергоемкими по сравнению с питателями эжекторного типа.