Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Makola M. Abdullah, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 15, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xl, 414 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Previously published as first author's thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering--University of California, Berkeley, 2004). / "June 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Also available as an electronic document from the Earthquake Engineering Online Archive Earthquake: http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary.

Inverse problems arise in numerous fields of science and engineering where one tries to find out the desired information of an unknown object or the cause of an observed effect. They are of fundamental importance in many areas including radar and sonar applications, nondestructive testing, image processing, medical imaging, remote sensing, geophysics and astronomy among others. This study is concerned with three issues in scattering theory, fractional operators, as well as some of their inverse problems. The first topic is scattering problems for electromagnetic waves governed by Maxwell equations. It will be proved in the current study that an inhomogeneous EM medium with a corner on its support always scatters by assuming certain regularity and admissible conditions. This result implies that one cannot achieve invisibility for such materials. In order to verify the result, an integral of solutions to certain interior transmission problem is to be analyzed, and complex geometry optics solutions to corresponding Maxwell equations with higher order estimate for the residual will be constructed. The second problem involves the linearized elastic or seismic wave scattering described by the Lamei system. We will consider the elastic or seismic body wave which is composed of two different type of sub-waves, that is, the compressional or primary (P-) and the shear or secondary (S-) waves. We shall prove that the P- and the S-components of the total wave can be completely decoupled under certain geometric and boundary conditions. This is a surprising finding since it is known that the P- and the S-components of the elastic or seismic body wave are coupled in general. Results for decoupling around local boundary pieces, for boundary value problems, and for scattering problems are to be established. This decoupling property will be further applied to derive uniqueness and stability for the associated inverse problem of identifying polyhedral elastic obstacles by an optimal number of scattering measurements. Lastly, we consider a type of fractional (and nonlocal) elliptic operators and the associated Calderoin problem. The well-posedness for a kind of forward problems concerning the fractional operator will be established. As a consequence, the corresponding Dirichlet to Neumann map with certain mapping property is to be defined. As for the inverse problem, it will be shown that a potential can be uniquely identified by local Cauchy data of the associated nonlocal operator, in dimensions larger than or equal to two.

The problem of fitting a material property of the earth to a certain model by analysing a returned seismic signal is investigated here. Analysis proceeds with methods taken from the theory of inverse problems. Seismic wave inversion is tack- led by minimisation of the objective function with respect to the model parameters. Absorbing boundary conditions are implemented using an exponentially decaying ansatz. / Physics / Ph. D. (Physics)

Orientador: Lucio Tunes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Davolio_Alessandra_M.pdf: 806001 bytes, checksum: 7d7f68058bc8b1bef1d6939e7aacb0d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O estudo dos coeficientes de reflexão, de suas aproximações e consequentemente da análise de AVO (do inglês, Amplitude Variation with Offset) desenvolve um papel bastante importante na indústria do petróleo, por auxiliar na descrição litológica da região de interesse. Neste trabalho, inicialmente abordamos as principais idéias envolvidas na dedução das equações dos coeficientes de reflexão PP (ondas P incidente e P refletida) e PS (ondas P incidente e S refletida). Na sequência, são apresentadas diferentes aproximações para estas equações, seguidas de uma análise do comportamento das mesmas quando comparadas entre si e entre suas respectivas expressões exatas. Introduzimos uma nova aproximação para o coeficiente de reflexão PS similar à impedância de reflexão do coeficiente PP proposta recentemente. Finalizamos o trabalho discutindo o conceito de inversão de dados, avaliando a precisão dos indicadores apresentados, e fazendo um breve sumário da tradicional análise de AVO / Abstract: The study of the reflection coefficients, their approximations and the AVO (Amplitude Variation with Offset) analysis plays an important role in the oil industry as they can help to describe the interest region lithology. The first part of this work deals with the main ideas of the deduction of the reflection coefficients PP (P incident and P reflected waves) and PS (P incident and S reflected waves). Then, different approximations for these equations are presented, followed by a discussion of their behavior when compared among them and with their exact expressions. We introduce a new approximation for the reflection coefficient PS similar to the reflection impedance of PP coefficient proposed recently. To conclude, some indicators and their accuracy are discussed and a brief summary about the traditional AVO analysis is presented. / Mestrado / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Orientador: Ricardo Caetano Azevedo Biloti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T17:36:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_AntonioJoseOrtolan_M.pdf: 8216164 bytes, checksum: 4d5f0b8002b7501bdb1134a354a50405 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O foco deste trabalho é a análise da viabilidade da aplicação da interferometria sísmica na interpolação de traços. Tais traços foram usados no preenchimento de falhas na cobertura sísmica devido à presença de obstruções durante campanhas de aquisição sísmica marítima. O tema proposto é particularmente relevante pois a falta de cobertura sísmica degrada consideravelmente a qualidade das seções e cubos sísmicos, com um impacto negativo para a sísmica como insumo para a atividade de exploração de petróleo. Para o estudo do significado físico dos fenômenos interferométricos foi aplicado o método da fase estacionária em um refletor plano e inclinado, que pode ser tomado como um análogo do fundo do mar na região da quebra do talude continental. Posteriormente utilizamos a interferometria sísmica para interpolação de traços sísmicos em um conjunto de dados sintéticos. Os resultados mostraram que a interpolação interferométrica tem um bom potencial para criação dos traços virtuais com um baixo custo computacional / Abstract: The scope of this work was the analysis of feasibility of the Seismic Interferometry application in trace interpolation. These traces can be used to fill coverage gaps in seismic surveys. In general these gaps are created by the obstruction of seismic vessel tracks, due to the presence of platforms, vessels and other facilities in offshore oil fields. The trace interpolation is a particularly important step in seismic processing in order to avoid losses of quality in seismic sections, which impacts negatively the value of Seismic information in Exploration. One of the most promising use of this technique is the ability to create new positions of sources and receivers by cross correlating the seismic wavefield recorded. To understand the physical meaning of Seismic Interferometry we studied one of its fundamental equations by means of the Stationary Phase method, in a very simple geometry: a flat dip reflector. After this we applied the interferometric equation of correlation type to create new virtual traces (interferometric traces) using a synthetic dataset. The results showed the good potential of interferometric interpolation / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Seismic wave testing has become increasingly popular in site investigation. This is due to the fact that the principles involved are becoming more accepted and that the equipment are becoming more available and reliable. This dissertation presents the required theory behind one seismic test in particular, the Continuous Surface Wave (CSW) method of seismic testing. The attributes of seismic testing are presented along with a summary of various testing methods. The dissertation also demonstrates that the author developed his own system for completing this test and demonstrated that he successfully used it to measure the stiffness of two soil profiles. The author compared the stiffness as measured using the CSW method with the strength as measured using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for two soil profiles, and the in situ profile was compared to a compacted profile. The author demonstrated that the in situ profile had a higher stiffness than the same soil after it was thoroughly compacted and that the DCP results concur. This was caused by the in situ profile being structured and the compacted profile not. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Civil Engineering / MSc / Unrestricted

In this thesis, I analyze seismic signals collected during two passive-source broadband seismic deployments that instrumented tectonic boundaries with opposing plate motion—the heavily sedimented forearc of the obliquely convergent Indo-Burman subduction zone and the Malawi rift of the divergent East African rift system—as part of the BIMA and SEGMeNT experiments. These two settings provide unprecedented opportunities to broaden the extent of our understanding of tectonic processes and linkages between atmosphere-to-solid earth seismic coupling, respectively. The Indo-Burman forearc represents an extreme endmember system for sedimentary accretion underneath Earth’s largest delta, while the Malawi rift contains one of the widest and deepest freshwater bodies and one of the first to be instrumented by a seismic array from lake bottom to lake shore. Collectively, this work represents a diverse set of seismic observations that improve our understanding of environmental and tectonic systems across a range of scales, from oblique convergence under heavy sedimentation to energy transfer between the atmosphere and the solid earth. Using the BIMA dataset, we investigate the seismic shear-velocity structure across the extensive sediment blanket, crust, and uppermost mantle of the Indo-Burman forearc margin to robustly constrain subsurface structure and lithology. We construct a comprehensive three- dimensional survey of seismic shear velocity across the region using a joint-inversion of surface- and scattered-wave constraints that explicitly parameterizes key boundary layers. We extract measurements of Rayleigh-wave phase velocities from (1) interstation Rayleigh wavefields produced from the cross-correlation and spectral waveform fitting of ambient seismic noise between 12-25 s period and (2) intra-array Rayleigh-wave phase variations form regional and teleseismic earthquakes propagating across the array between 20-80 s period, in order to constrain absolute shear velocities throughout the model. To constrain the depths to and amplitudes of significant velocity interfaces, we also develop a generalized-Radon-transform migration image across the array and incorporate the resulting scattered-wave measurements into the joint inversion. Together, these measurements complement each other’s individual limitations and allow for a comprehensive modeling analysis. Overall, the Bengal basin appears markedly slower than other heavily sedimented basins observed globally. East-west dispersion variations highlight a deepening slow structure to the east, which suggests a basin geometry primarily controlled by a down-dipping slab interface as opposed to central basin loading. Scattered-wave imaging captures three important interfaces in the velocity architecture underlying the region. Within the joint-inversion modeling, we observe two model classes that emblemize the evolution of consolidation and stress state within the uppermost sediments and metasediments along a predominantly northeast-southwest trend. We interpret variations in deeper seismic structure under two proposed scenarios: (1) a Moho at ~21-26 km underlying a package of metasediments and a thin oceanic crust, with a slow mantle lithosphere that may contain retained melt from the onset of India-Antarctica seafloor spreading; or (2) a Moho at ~50-59 km underlying a package of metasediments and a thick slug of mafic material, which may correspond to significant underplating from the Kerguelen hotspot at the time of creation of the subducting crust. These findings improve our understanding of sediment evolution and tectonic architecture across the Indo-Burman forearc margin. Using the amphibious SEGMeNT data at Lake Malawi, we explore variations in the spectral character of lake-generated microseisms to investigate the dominant parameters controlling seismic coupling between water and the solid earth. We document clear evidence for two spectral peaks in the lake microseism band, and relate variations in spectral behavior as a function of recording depth and proximity to steep lake-floor slopes and shorelines to suggest that these spectral bands may correspond to single- and double-frequency generation processes, akin to primary and secondary ocean microseisms. Some observations are otherwise complex and inconsistent with traditional microseism theory, indicating that signals may alternatively reflect interactions between differing source regions within separate basins of the lake under exclusively double-frequency generation processes, an ambiguity that might have been resolved with the availability of colocated wind and wave-state data sets. This dissertation work highlights the value of array-based seismic deployments and the incorporation of complementary data types for exploring the detailed structure and evolution of systems, especially in high-noise settings.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 40-43. / by James Raymond Wingo. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1982. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 32-33. / by Jean M. Baranowski. / M.S.