O Ecodesign, mais que um conceito, é uma forma de projetar novos produtos ou de re-projetar o existente integrando parâmetros ambientais. Forma, função, materiais, produção, consumo, reciclagem, reaproveitamento ou descarte no fim de sua vida útil - tudo é concebido de forma integrada com o meio ambiente. Promover a reutilização dos resíduos industriais, colocando em prática um dos vértices dos 3 R’s, é um dos modos de se aplicar a ideologia do Ecodesign, de maneira a se minimizar os impactos negativos no meio ambiente dos ciclos de produção – os resíduos, enquanto não são eliminados por completo. A indústria Coureiro-Calçadista do Rio Grande do Sul detém o título de setor maior produtor de resíduos industriais. Estes resíduos, quando não armazenados corretamente, são muitas vezes dispostos de maneira irregular, sendo responsáveis por contaminação de águas e solos, afetando o meio ambiente e a saúde humana. No entanto, muitos destes resíduos são matérias-primas desperdiçadas - este material pode ser reintroduzido na cadeia produtiva ao ser transformado em um novo produto, onde o designer será responsável pelo visual, formas, seleção de cores, texturas, complementos, entre outros, tendo em vista certo tipo de mercado e de público alvo. Neste sentido esta pesquisa propõe o estudo de caso de um calçado produzido basicamente com resíduos sólidos industriais do setor Coureiro-Calçadista, especificamente aparas de couro e insumos, sendo direcionado ao público infantil, e que iniciou em 1998 – o Projeto “Ecobum”. Esta iniciativa, apesar de ser tecnicamente viável, econômica e ambientalmente positiva, não obteve o êxito imaginado, tendo sido descartado em 2004. / Ecodesign, more than a concept, is a way of designing new products or re-designing the existing integrating environmental parameters. Form, function, materials, production, consumption, recycling, reuse or disposal at the end of its useful life - everything is designed in an integrated manner with the environment. Promote the reuse of industrial waste, putting into practice one of the vertices of the 3 R's, is one of the ways to implement the ideology of Ecodesign, so as to minimize negative impacts on the environment of the production - waste, while not are eliminated completely. The leather and shoe industry of Rio Grande do Sul holds the title of industry's largest producer of industrial waste. These wastes, if not stored properly, are often disposed of improperly, are responsible for contamination of water and soil, affecting the environment and human health. However, many of these waste materials are wasted, but this material can be reintroduced into the production chain to be transformed into a new product, where the designer will be responsible for visual forms, selection of colors, textures, accessories, and more with a view to some kind of market and target audience. In this sense, this research proposes a case study of a footwear made primarily with industrial solid wastes of leather and shoe industry, especially leather trimmings and supplies, being directed at children, which began in 1998 - Project "Ecobum. This initiative, although it is technically feasible, economically and environmentally positive, did not achieve the success envisioned, and was scrapped in 2004.

O Ecodesign, mais que um conceito, é uma forma de projetar novos produtos ou de re-projetar o existente integrando parâmetros ambientais. Forma, função, materiais, produção, consumo, reciclagem, reaproveitamento ou descarte no fim de sua vida útil - tudo é concebido de forma integrada com o meio ambiente. Promover a reutilização dos resíduos industriais, colocando em prática um dos vértices dos 3 R’s, é um dos modos de se aplicar a ideologia do Ecodesign, de maneira a se minimizar os impactos negativos no meio ambiente dos ciclos de produção – os resíduos, enquanto não são eliminados por completo. A indústria Coureiro-Calçadista do Rio Grande do Sul detém o título de setor maior produtor de resíduos industriais. Estes resíduos, quando não armazenados corretamente, são muitas vezes dispostos de maneira irregular, sendo responsáveis por contaminação de águas e solos, afetando o meio ambiente e a saúde humana. No entanto, muitos destes resíduos são matérias-primas desperdiçadas - este material pode ser reintroduzido na cadeia produtiva ao ser transformado em um novo produto, onde o designer será responsável pelo visual, formas, seleção de cores, texturas, complementos, entre outros, tendo em vista certo tipo de mercado e de público alvo. Neste sentido esta pesquisa propõe o estudo de caso de um calçado produzido basicamente com resíduos sólidos industriais do setor Coureiro-Calçadista, especificamente aparas de couro e insumos, sendo direcionado ao público infantil, e que iniciou em 1998 – o Projeto “Ecobum”. Esta iniciativa, apesar de ser tecnicamente viável, econômica e ambientalmente positiva, não obteve o êxito imaginado, tendo sido descartado em 2004. / Ecodesign, more than a concept, is a way of designing new products or re-designing the existing integrating environmental parameters. Form, function, materials, production, consumption, recycling, reuse or disposal at the end of its useful life - everything is designed in an integrated manner with the environment. Promote the reuse of industrial waste, putting into practice one of the vertices of the 3 R's, is one of the ways to implement the ideology of Ecodesign, so as to minimize negative impacts on the environment of the production - waste, while not are eliminated completely. The leather and shoe industry of Rio Grande do Sul holds the title of industry's largest producer of industrial waste. These wastes, if not stored properly, are often disposed of improperly, are responsible for contamination of water and soil, affecting the environment and human health. However, many of these waste materials are wasted, but this material can be reintroduced into the production chain to be transformed into a new product, where the designer will be responsible for visual forms, selection of colors, textures, accessories, and more with a view to some kind of market and target audience. In this sense, this research proposes a case study of a footwear made primarily with industrial solid wastes of leather and shoe industry, especially leather trimmings and supplies, being directed at children, which began in 1998 - Project "Ecobum. This initiative, although it is technically feasible, economically and environmentally positive, did not achieve the success envisioned, and was scrapped in 2004.

O Ecodesign, mais que um conceito, é uma forma de projetar novos produtos ou de re-projetar o existente integrando parâmetros ambientais. Forma, função, materiais, produção, consumo, reciclagem, reaproveitamento ou descarte no fim de sua vida útil - tudo é concebido de forma integrada com o meio ambiente. Promover a reutilização dos resíduos industriais, colocando em prática um dos vértices dos 3 R’s, é um dos modos de se aplicar a ideologia do Ecodesign, de maneira a se minimizar os impactos negativos no meio ambiente dos ciclos de produção – os resíduos, enquanto não são eliminados por completo. A indústria Coureiro-Calçadista do Rio Grande do Sul detém o título de setor maior produtor de resíduos industriais. Estes resíduos, quando não armazenados corretamente, são muitas vezes dispostos de maneira irregular, sendo responsáveis por contaminação de águas e solos, afetando o meio ambiente e a saúde humana. No entanto, muitos destes resíduos são matérias-primas desperdiçadas - este material pode ser reintroduzido na cadeia produtiva ao ser transformado em um novo produto, onde o designer será responsável pelo visual, formas, seleção de cores, texturas, complementos, entre outros, tendo em vista certo tipo de mercado e de público alvo. Neste sentido esta pesquisa propõe o estudo de caso de um calçado produzido basicamente com resíduos sólidos industriais do setor Coureiro-Calçadista, especificamente aparas de couro e insumos, sendo direcionado ao público infantil, e que iniciou em 1998 – o Projeto “Ecobum”. Esta iniciativa, apesar de ser tecnicamente viável, econômica e ambientalmente positiva, não obteve o êxito imaginado, tendo sido descartado em 2004. / Ecodesign, more than a concept, is a way of designing new products or re-designing the existing integrating environmental parameters. Form, function, materials, production, consumption, recycling, reuse or disposal at the end of its useful life - everything is designed in an integrated manner with the environment. Promote the reuse of industrial waste, putting into practice one of the vertices of the 3 R's, is one of the ways to implement the ideology of Ecodesign, so as to minimize negative impacts on the environment of the production - waste, while not are eliminated completely. The leather and shoe industry of Rio Grande do Sul holds the title of industry's largest producer of industrial waste. These wastes, if not stored properly, are often disposed of improperly, are responsible for contamination of water and soil, affecting the environment and human health. However, many of these waste materials are wasted, but this material can be reintroduced into the production chain to be transformed into a new product, where the designer will be responsible for visual forms, selection of colors, textures, accessories, and more with a view to some kind of market and target audience. In this sense, this research proposes a case study of a footwear made primarily with industrial solid wastes of leather and shoe industry, especially leather trimmings and supplies, being directed at children, which began in 1998 - Project "Ecobum. This initiative, although it is technically feasible, economically and environmentally positive, did not achieve the success envisioned, and was scrapped in 2004.

A preocupação com o meio ambiente tem gerado discussões em torno da sustentabilidade ambiental. Neste ponto, o design pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento de produtos voltados para a redução de impactos ambientais. Visando a colaboração do design com a preservação do meio ambiente, uma possível alternativa encontra- se na aplicação de materiais biodegradáveis em soluções de design. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar a viabilidade de aplicação dos compósitos biodegradáveis à base de biopolímero poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato e poli(ácido lático) com fibras de curauá no design de produto. Para isso, inicialmente foi realizado um mapeamento em torno de artigos que visam o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de compósitos biodegradáveis que utilizam fibras vegetais brasileiras como reforço. Este levantamento resultou em um panorama de pesquisas da área, os tipos de materiais que compõe os compósitos biodegradáveis, os tratamentos utilizados nas fibras e os aditivos na matriz, as formas de processamento e as propriedades mecânicas. A partir destas propriedades foi possível verificar os materiais que possuem propriedades semelhantes, e assim, averiguar em que tipo de produtos são empregados estes materiais, para posteriormente, examinar o emprego de compósitos biodegradáveis nestas aplicações. Desse modo, foi possível realizar o prognóstico de aplicações para os compósitos biodegradáveis. Na sequência do trabalho, realizou-se um estudo de caso em torno dos compósitos biodegradáveis, a fim de verificar a viabilidade de aplicação destes materiais. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevistas semi estruturadas com designers de produto, que resultou na relação de atributos tangíveis, intangíveis com possíveis aplicações para os referidos compósitos. / Concern for the environment has generated discussions on environmental sustainability. At this poin, the design can contribute to the development of products designed to reduce environmental impacts. Aiming at the design collaboration with the preservation of the environment, a possible alternative is the use of biodegradable materials in design solutions. Thus, this research aims at investigating the feasibility of application of composite biopolymer based biodegradable poly (butylene adipate -co- terephthalate and poly (lactic acid) fiber curauá in product design. Initially we conducted a mapping around articles aimed at the development and characterization of biodegradable composites using Brazilian vegetable fibers as reinforcement. This survey resulted in an overview of research in the area, the types of materials that make up the biodegradable composites, the treatments used in the fibers and additives in matrix, forms processing and mechanical properties. based on these properties was possible to verify that the materials have similar properties, and thus determine what kind of products are used these materials to further examine the use of biodegradable composites in these applications. Thus, it was possible to perform the prediction of applications for biodegradable composites, following the study, there was a case study around biodegradable composites in order to verify the feasibility of these materials. to do this, we used the technique of semi-structured interviews with product designers, which resulted in the ratio of tangible attributes, intangible assets with potential applications for these composites.

A preocupação com o meio ambiente tem gerado discussões em torno da sustentabilidade ambiental. Neste ponto, o design pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento de produtos voltados para a redução de impactos ambientais. Visando a colaboração do design com a preservação do meio ambiente, uma possível alternativa encontra- se na aplicação de materiais biodegradáveis em soluções de design. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar a viabilidade de aplicação dos compósitos biodegradáveis à base de biopolímero poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato e poli(ácido lático) com fibras de curauá no design de produto. Para isso, inicialmente foi realizado um mapeamento em torno de artigos que visam o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de compósitos biodegradáveis que utilizam fibras vegetais brasileiras como reforço. Este levantamento resultou em um panorama de pesquisas da área, os tipos de materiais que compõe os compósitos biodegradáveis, os tratamentos utilizados nas fibras e os aditivos na matriz, as formas de processamento e as propriedades mecânicas. A partir destas propriedades foi possível verificar os materiais que possuem propriedades semelhantes, e assim, averiguar em que tipo de produtos são empregados estes materiais, para posteriormente, examinar o emprego de compósitos biodegradáveis nestas aplicações. Desse modo, foi possível realizar o prognóstico de aplicações para os compósitos biodegradáveis. Na sequência do trabalho, realizou-se um estudo de caso em torno dos compósitos biodegradáveis, a fim de verificar a viabilidade de aplicação destes materiais. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevistas semi estruturadas com designers de produto, que resultou na relação de atributos tangíveis, intangíveis com possíveis aplicações para os referidos compósitos. / Concern for the environment has generated discussions on environmental sustainability. At this poin, the design can contribute to the development of products designed to reduce environmental impacts. Aiming at the design collaboration with the preservation of the environment, a possible alternative is the use of biodegradable materials in design solutions. Thus, this research aims at investigating the feasibility of application of composite biopolymer based biodegradable poly (butylene adipate -co- terephthalate and poly (lactic acid) fiber curauá in product design. Initially we conducted a mapping around articles aimed at the development and characterization of biodegradable composites using Brazilian vegetable fibers as reinforcement. This survey resulted in an overview of research in the area, the types of materials that make up the biodegradable composites, the treatments used in the fibers and additives in matrix, forms processing and mechanical properties. based on these properties was possible to verify that the materials have similar properties, and thus determine what kind of products are used these materials to further examine the use of biodegradable composites in these applications. Thus, it was possible to perform the prediction of applications for biodegradable composites, following the study, there was a case study around biodegradable composites in order to verify the feasibility of these materials. to do this, we used the technique of semi-structured interviews with product designers, which resulted in the ratio of tangible attributes, intangible assets with potential applications for these composites.

A preocupação com o meio ambiente tem gerado discussões em torno da sustentabilidade ambiental. Neste ponto, o design pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento de produtos voltados para a redução de impactos ambientais. Visando a colaboração do design com a preservação do meio ambiente, uma possível alternativa encontra- se na aplicação de materiais biodegradáveis em soluções de design. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar a viabilidade de aplicação dos compósitos biodegradáveis à base de biopolímero poli(butileno adipato-co-tereftalato e poli(ácido lático) com fibras de curauá no design de produto. Para isso, inicialmente foi realizado um mapeamento em torno de artigos que visam o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de compósitos biodegradáveis que utilizam fibras vegetais brasileiras como reforço. Este levantamento resultou em um panorama de pesquisas da área, os tipos de materiais que compõe os compósitos biodegradáveis, os tratamentos utilizados nas fibras e os aditivos na matriz, as formas de processamento e as propriedades mecânicas. A partir destas propriedades foi possível verificar os materiais que possuem propriedades semelhantes, e assim, averiguar em que tipo de produtos são empregados estes materiais, para posteriormente, examinar o emprego de compósitos biodegradáveis nestas aplicações. Desse modo, foi possível realizar o prognóstico de aplicações para os compósitos biodegradáveis. Na sequência do trabalho, realizou-se um estudo de caso em torno dos compósitos biodegradáveis, a fim de verificar a viabilidade de aplicação destes materiais. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevistas semi estruturadas com designers de produto, que resultou na relação de atributos tangíveis, intangíveis com possíveis aplicações para os referidos compósitos. / Concern for the environment has generated discussions on environmental sustainability. At this poin, the design can contribute to the development of products designed to reduce environmental impacts. Aiming at the design collaboration with the preservation of the environment, a possible alternative is the use of biodegradable materials in design solutions. Thus, this research aims at investigating the feasibility of application of composite biopolymer based biodegradable poly (butylene adipate -co- terephthalate and poly (lactic acid) fiber curauá in product design. Initially we conducted a mapping around articles aimed at the development and characterization of biodegradable composites using Brazilian vegetable fibers as reinforcement. This survey resulted in an overview of research in the area, the types of materials that make up the biodegradable composites, the treatments used in the fibers and additives in matrix, forms processing and mechanical properties. based on these properties was possible to verify that the materials have similar properties, and thus determine what kind of products are used these materials to further examine the use of biodegradable composites in these applications. Thus, it was possible to perform the prediction of applications for biodegradable composites, following the study, there was a case study around biodegradable composites in order to verify the feasibility of these materials. to do this, we used the technique of semi-structured interviews with product designers, which resulted in the ratio of tangible attributes, intangible assets with potential applications for these composites.

Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif général de proposer un modèle de mise en relation du design émotionnel avec la macrotexture et les matériaux pour aider les concepteurs à la sélection de finitions pour les produits industriels. Cette modélisation vise à valoriser le produit à travers l’exploration des mécanismes sensoriels, sémantiques et émotionnels, qui interviennent lors de la perception du produit par le consommateur. Le processus perceptif est ainsi pris en compte à travers différents modalités sensorielles de manière à enrichir le processus de conception. Le secteur d’application de notre recherche a été le secteur automobile, avec le produit « volant ». Ce produit a été analysé dans la catégorie Grand Public. Dans cette catégorie, les matériaux ont été analysés sur un ensemble de 7 différents modèles de volants avec une population française et brésilienne. Par ailleurs, différents paramètres techniques tels que, la dureté, la rugosité et la dissipation thermique, ont été pris en compte dans la mise en relation pour renforcer la communication entre les domaines du Design et l’Ingénierie. / This research has the overall goal to propose a model linking emotional design with macrotexture and materials to help designers in the selection of finishes for industrial products. This model aims to promote the product through the exploration of sensory, semantic and emotional mechanisms, involved in the perception of the product by the consumer. The perceptive process is thus considered through different sensory modalities to enrich the design process. The application sector of our research was the automotive sector, with the product "steering wheel". This product was analyzed in the General Public category. In this category, the materials were analyzed within a set of 7 different steering wheels models by a population of French and Brazilian users. Moreover, different technical parameters such as, hardness, roughness and heat dissipation have been taken into account in the linking to strengthen communication between the fields of Design and Engineering.

Sélectionner des traitements de surface pour l’industrie nécessite de prendre en compte : les propriétés à conférer au substrat, la nature et la géométrie de celui-ci et les caractéristiques du milieu extérieur. Certaines combinaisons de ces paramètres rendent difficile la sélection d’un traitement unique, d’où le recours à des multitraitements de surface. Dès lors, se posent les questions suivantes : - Utiliser des multitraitements de surface peut se faire en scindant les différentes requêtes en sous-ensembles, de manière à ce que chaque traitement réponde à l’un d’eux. Dans quel ordre ces requêtes doivent-elles être introduites par rapport au substrat ? - Comment sélectionner les traitements de surface répondant à chaque requête individuelle ? - Comment classer des multitraitements en termes d’adéquation au problème posé ? Dans ce travail, les première et troisième questions sont abordées, en explorant les requêtes concernant habituellement les dispositifs de moulage de l’aluminium : - Résistance aux contraintes d’origine thermique. - Résistance à la corrosion par les métaux fondus. - Résistance au frottement. L’analyse de la bibliographie relative aux traitements de surface utilisés dans ces systèmes a été analysée et des « architectures »-types ont été identifiées (chapitre 3). On prévoit, par exemple, un traitement conférant la résistance à la fatigue superficielle, ainsi qu’un revêtement étanche et résistant à l’aluminium fondu. Une barrière thermique est parfois préconisée. Pour chacune des architectures, des traitements de surface individuels peuvent être sélectionnés. Un « facteur de performance » permettant de classer les solutions par rapport au problème de la fatigue thermique a été construit (chapitre 4) et discuté dans deux situations : - Lorsqu’un revêtement est présent, et que les contraintes d’origine thermique (différence de dilatation thermique couche-substrat) menacent de le rompre lors de l’immersion dans un milieu corrosif à haute température. Des essais de corrosion dans de l’aluminium fondu ont été réalisés sur un acier revêtu par du nitrure de chrome dopé à l’aluminium, synthétisé par déposition physique en phase vapeur (chapitre 5 – collaboration : Inasmet). - Lorsque des variations thermiques rapides menacent de rompre le substrat et la (les) couches. Des essais de fatigue thermique ont été réalisés sur de l’acier à outils pour travail à chaud non traité, boruré ou recouvert d’un multitraitements (zircone yttriée / NiCrAlY / boruration / acier). Le revêtement en zircone yttriée a été obtenu par projection par plasma. L’essai de fatigue thermique a été modélisé et le facteur de performance, discuté (chapitre 6). Au chapitre 7, les architectures-types ont été introduites dans une méthodologie de sélection des multi-traitements de surface, qui a été appliquée dans deux cas : - Celui des moules de fonderie, devant résister à la fatigue thermique et à la corrosion par l’aluminium fondu. Le facteur de performance a été extrapolé à d’autres situations qu’aux chapitres 5 et 6. Les solutions habituellement proposées pour résoudre ce problème sont retrouvées. - Celui de deux pièces en acier frottant l’une contre l’autre en présence d’aluminium fondu. To select surface treatments, one must account for the required functional properties, the substrate features and the solicitations the substrate must endure. Certain combinations of these parameters make it difficult to select a single surface treatment, a reason why several successive treatments are preferred. To select them, one needs to determine: - How to divide the several requests into groups and how to stack up these groups from the substrate to the outer surface, so that each treatment deals with one specific group of requests/properties. - How to select individual layers for each group of properties. - How to rank the multi-treatments in terms of relevance for a given application. In this work, one tries to answer the first and the third questions, by studying the case of aluminium foundry, in which the industrial devices frequently face the following solicitations: - Thermal stress (thermal fatigue, thermal expansion mismatch). - Presence of corrosive molten metal. - Sliding wear. In the literature, several “standard” architectures are proposed (chapter 3), like a diffusion layer reducing superficial fatigue plus a corrosion barrier layer. A thermal barrier coating is also sometimes proposed. For each of these architectures, one can select individual treatments. To rank them, one devised a “performance index” for thermal stress (chap.4), which is discussed for two cases: - For large differences between layer and substrate thermal expansion coefficients, when both are put into contact with a high temperature corrosive medium, the layer may be damaged. One discusses this case by examining the corrosion caused by molten aluminium for a steel substrate coated by anticorrosive chromium nitride doped with aluminium. The layer is produced by physical vapour deposition (chap. 5 – cooperation: Inasmet). - Repeated fast surface temperature transients can also damage the substrate and/or the layer by thermal fatigue. One conducted thermal fatigue tests with samples of hot work tool steel, respectively untreated, simply borided and protected by a multilayer. In the last case, top coat is yttria stabilised zirconia, followed by a nickel superalloy and then a borided layer (undercoat). One synthesized the zirconia coating by plasma spray and one modelled the thermal fatigue (chap. 6). In chap. 7, architectures from chap. 2 are introduced in a multi-treatment selection routine, which is applied in two cases: - Foundry moulds for molten aluminium, withstanding both thermal fatigue and corrosion. The devised performance index is extrapolated beyond the tests of chap. 5 and 6 to treatments for this industrial application, thereby quantifying their respective merits. - A foundry device exposed to molten metal and sliding wear.

Sélectionner des traitements de surface pour l’industrie nécessite de prendre en compte :les propriétés à conférer au substrat, la nature et la géométrie de celui-ci et les caractéristiques du milieu extérieur. Certaines combinaisons de ces paramètres rendent difficile la sélection d’un traitement unique, d’où le recours à des multitraitements de surface. Dès lors, se posent les questions suivantes :<p>- Utiliser des multitraitements de surface peut se faire en scindant les différentes requêtes en sous-ensembles, de manière à ce que chaque traitement réponde à l’un d’eux. Dans quel ordre ces requêtes doivent-elles être introduites par rapport au substrat ?<p>- Comment sélectionner les traitements de surface répondant à chaque requête individuelle ?<p>- Comment classer des multitraitements en termes d’adéquation au problème posé ?<p>Dans ce travail, les première et troisième questions sont abordées, en explorant les requêtes concernant habituellement les dispositifs de moulage de l’aluminium :<p>- Résistance aux contraintes d’origine thermique.<p>- Résistance à la corrosion par les métaux fondus.<p>- Résistance au frottement.<p>L’analyse de la bibliographie relative aux traitements de surface utilisés dans ces systèmes a été analysée et des « architectures »-types ont été identifiées (chapitre 3). On prévoit, par exemple, un traitement conférant la résistance à la fatigue superficielle, ainsi qu’un revêtement étanche et résistant à l’aluminium fondu. Une barrière thermique est parfois préconisée.<p>Pour chacune des architectures, des traitements de surface individuels peuvent être sélectionnés. Un « facteur de performance » permettant de classer les solutions par rapport au problème de la fatigue thermique a été construit (chapitre 4) et discuté dans deux situations :<p>- Lorsqu’un revêtement est présent, et que les contraintes d’origine thermique (différence de dilatation thermique couche-substrat) menacent de le rompre lors de l’immersion dans un milieu corrosif à haute température. Des essais de corrosion dans de l’aluminium fondu ont été réalisés sur un acier revêtu par du nitrure de chrome dopé à l’aluminium, synthétisé par déposition physique en phase vapeur (chapitre 5 – collaboration :Inasmet).<p>- Lorsque des variations thermiques rapides menacent de rompre le substrat et la (les) couches. Des essais de fatigue thermique ont été réalisés sur de l’acier à outils pour travail à chaud non traité, boruré ou recouvert d’un multitraitements (zircone yttriée / NiCrAlY / boruration / acier). Le revêtement en zircone yttriée a été obtenu par projection par plasma. L’essai de fatigue thermique a été modélisé et le facteur de performance, discuté (chapitre 6).<p>Au chapitre 7, les architectures-types ont été introduites dans une méthodologie de sélection des multi-traitements de surface, qui a été appliquée dans deux cas :<p>- Celui des moules de fonderie, devant résister à la fatigue thermique et à la corrosion par l’aluminium fondu. Le facteur de performance a été extrapolé à d’autres situations qu’aux chapitres 5 et 6. Les solutions habituellement proposées pour résoudre ce problème sont retrouvées.<p>- Celui de deux pièces en acier frottant l’une contre l’autre en présence d’aluminium fondu.<p><p>To select surface treatments, one must account for the required functional properties, the substrate features and the solicitations the substrate must endure. Certain combinations of these parameters make it difficult to select a single surface treatment, a reason why several successive treatments are preferred. To select them, one needs to determine:<p>- How to divide the several requests into groups and how to stack up these groups from the substrate to the outer surface, so that each treatment deals with one specific group of requests/properties.<p>- How to select individual layers for each group of properties.<p>- How to rank the multi-treatments in terms of relevance for a given application.<p>In this work, one tries to answer the first and the third questions, by studying the case of aluminium foundry, in which the industrial devices frequently face the following solicitations:<p>- Thermal stress (thermal fatigue, thermal expansion mismatch).<p>- Presence of corrosive molten metal.<p>- Sliding wear.<p>In the literature, several “standard” architectures are proposed (chapter 3), like a diffusion layer reducing superficial fatigue plus a corrosion barrier layer. A thermal barrier coating is also sometimes proposed.<p>For each of these architectures, one can select individual treatments. To rank them, one devised a “performance index” for thermal stress (chap.4), which is discussed for two cases:<p>- For large differences between layer and substrate thermal expansion coefficients, when both are put into contact with a high temperature corrosive medium, the layer may be damaged. One discusses this case by examining the corrosion caused by molten aluminium for a steel substrate coated by anticorrosive chromium nitride doped with aluminium. The layer is produced by physical vapour deposition (chap. 5 – cooperation: Inasmet).<p>- Repeated fast surface temperature transients can also damage the substrate and/or the layer by thermal fatigue. One conducted thermal fatigue tests with samples of hot work tool steel, respectively untreated, simply borided and protected by a multilayer. In the last case, top coat is yttria stabilised zirconia, followed by a nickel superalloy and then a borided layer (undercoat). One synthesized the zirconia coating by plasma spray and one modelled the thermal fatigue (chap. 6).<p>In chap. 7, architectures from chap. 2 are introduced in a multi-treatment selection routine, which is applied in two cases:<p>- Foundry moulds for molten aluminium, withstanding both thermal fatigue and corrosion. The devised performance index is extrapolated beyond the tests of chap. 5 and 6 to treatments for this industrial application, thereby quantifying their respective merits.<p>- A foundry device exposed to molten metal and sliding wear.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished