Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Additive Manufacturing (AM) refers to the technologies that use Computer Aided Design (CAD) data to produce plastic, metal, ceramic, paper, wax or composite materials parts. Their ability to join thin layers of liquid, powder or sheet materials together permits the production of parts, which are difficult or even impossible to produce, using any other manufacturing method. Even though these technologies are still developing, they are considered a major breakthrough in industry. One of the main problems that is facing the improvement and the spread of AM technologies, and its benefits worldwide, is the lack of knowledge about them. Still a lot of countries, educational and industrial organizations do not even know about AM technologies. This lack of knowledge of such technologies is keeping their cost artificially high, which is limiting the access to more AM advanced technologies and materials. It also makes it difficult to market the technologies and those who do not use AM technologies yet become unable to compete against those who do. The numbers of AM systems are continually growing, their capabilities and applications are improving and their cost is decreasing. Today there are more than 40 companies that produce over 100 different systems in Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Sweden and the United States. These systems vary in their strengths, defects, applications, functions and limitations. This growth has led to an increase in current and potential users of AM from both the manufacturing and educational sectors. These users are however facing increasing complex problems when it comes to selecting the most appropriate commercial system(s) to suit their needs. The aim of this study is to develop an AM system selection program. The program will serve both as an educational tool and a decision making support tool to assist any potential purchasers in both the educational and industrial sectors. The AM system selection program is divided into two sections: the learning section and the selecting section. The learning section introduces the AM technologies by imparting knowledge to the new users; moreover, it inspires them to start using these technologies to get their benefits. Having a background in AM technologies enables the new users to make educated decisions and to discuss technical issues about the systems with the providers. The selecting section offers a decision making support tool to help the users to decide which system best suits their needs. This study can contribute to the promotion of AM technologies and their benefits worldwide, especially for the countries and organizations that have not yet used such technologies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toevoegende vervaardiging verwys na al die tegnologie wat rekenaargesteunde ontwerp data gebruik om plastiek, metaal, keramiek, papier, saamgestelde materiale en waks parte te vervaardig. Die vermoë van die tegnologie om dun lae vloeistof, poeier of plaatmateriaal op mekaar te verbind laat die vervaardiging van parte wat moeilik of selfs onmoontlik is, deur die gebruik van ander vervaardigingsmetodes. Alhoewel hierdie tegnologieë nog in ‘n ontwikkelingsfase is, word dit as ‘n reuse deurbraak vir die bedryf beskou. Die verbetering, verspreiding en voordele van die tegnologie word hoofsaaklik belemmer deur ‘n tekort aan inligting daaroor. Baie lande, akademiese en industrieële organisasies is nog nie eens bewus dat sulke tegnologieë bestaan nie. Die tekort aan inligting veroorsaak dat kostes hoog bly en verhoed die vinnige uitbreiding van nog meer gevorderde tegnologieë en materiale. Verder bemoeilik dit ook die bemarking van die tegnologieë. Die aantal toevoegende vervaardigingsmasjiene groei jaarliks met beter vermoëns, laer kostes en ‘n groter verskeidenheid van toepassings. Tans is daar meer as 40 vervaardigers wat meer as 100 verskillende masjiene vervaardig in Kanada, China, Frankryk, Duitsland, Israel, Italië, Japan, Suid-Korea, Swede en Amerika. Al die masjiene verskil ten opsigte van hul funksies, beperkings en ook ten opsigte van sterkte, materiale en toepassings van parte. Die groei het gelei tot ‘n toename in gebruik van die tegnologie deur huidige en potensiële nuwe gebruikers van beide die vervaardigings en akademiese sektore. Die keuse van ‘n geskikte sisteem wat aan al ‘n gebruiker se vereistes voldoen, raak elke dag meer kompleks. Die doel van hierdie studie is die ontwikkeling van ‘n seleksie program vir toevoegende vervaardigingmasjiene. Die program sal dien as ‘n opleidingshulpmiddel en as ‘n basis vir masjienseleksie deur potensiële kopers. Die program bestaan uit twee dele: die opleidingsgedeelte en die selekteringsgedeelte. Die opleidingsgedeelte beskryf die verskeie toevoegende prosesse en motiveer gebruikers om die tegnologie aan te skaf weens die voordele. ‘n Agtergrond oor die verskeie tegnologieë stel die gebruiker in staat om ingeligte besluite te neem en tegniese vrae te kan stel aan verskaffers. Die selekteringsdeel het ‘n besluitnemingstruktuur wat help om die regte masjien te kies ten opsigte van verlangde vereistes. Hierdie studie kan help met die bevordering van toevoegende tegnologieë en hul voordele, veral vir lande en organisasies wat nog nooit voorheen sulke tegnologieë gebruik het nie.

本研究採用問卷調查法，以探討我國中小學校長遴選制度實施成效和意見。研究對象為教育行政人員代表、中小學校長、教師、中小學家長會代表及專家學者，共寄發600份問卷，有效問卷428份，進行次數分配、χ2考驗和兩個百分比差異顯著性z考驗。調查研究結果如下： 一、關於國民中小學校長遴選制度實施成效 國民中小學校長遴選實施成效依序為「每四年一次的校長遴選方式，可以淘汰不適任校長」、「可以增進校長辦學績效，改善學校教育品質」、「依學校辦學需求，為學校遴選到適才適所的校長」、「增進家長參與學校事務的意願」、「校長遴選方式，有助於提升校園民主」、「增進教師參與學校事務的意願」、「增進社會公正人士參與學校事務的意願」。 二、關於中小學校長遴選制度面臨的問題 國中小學校長遴選制度面臨的問題面臨的問題依同意度的高低排序如下：「地方政治勢力干涉校長遴選的意見」、「遴選委員的代表性不足的意見」、「遴選委員組成比例規定不合理的意見」、「遴選委員的專業性不足的意見」、「直轄市及各縣市中小學校長間無法相互遷調，造成居住外縣市具有校長候用資格者無法參與其它縣市政府的校長遴選的意見」、「校長回任教師或轉任他職的安排的意見」、「採用遴選的方式，造成彼此在遴選上競爭激烈，恐怕在校園上會形成惡質的選舉文化的意見」、「不納入年資、經歷計分的校長遴選方式，未能顧及教育行政倫理的意見」、「採用遴選的方式，造成特殊偏遠地區的中小學校長流動率偏高的意見」、「教育行政人員喪失轉任校長管道的意見」、「縣市政府培訓的候用校長名額過多，恐怕會造成候用校長長年不能正式錄用，造成資源浪費的意見」、「採用遴選的方式，承受各方對校長的要求，使得校長難以發揮應有作為的意見」、「無法保障弱勢族群（如原住民教師、女性）出任校長的意見」。 三、關於改善校長遴選制度的配套措施 改善校長遴選制度的配套措施的優先順序為「建立客觀公正及專業的校長評鑑」、「建立完善的校務評鑑」、「中小學校長應具有同級學校教師資格」、「依學校辦學需求，為學校遴選到適才適所的校長」、「建立良善的校長職前培育制度」、「校長回任教師或轉任他職的安排」、「建立校長遴選申訴制度」、「建立客觀公正及專業的教師評鑑（教學視導）」。 四、關於校長回任教師或轉任他職的安排 大部份填答人員都一致認為未獲遴聘的校長應在國教法規定的範圍內，自行決定未來的出路。 最後，本研究將針對上述的研究發現加以討論，並提出具體性建議供直轄市和縣(市)政府辦理中小學校長遴選和參與校長遴選候選人之參考及未來後續研究之建議。 / The purpose of the present study is to discuss the effects of Principal Selection Program(PSP) in Compulsory Education on Taiwan and subjects' opinions about the principal selection. By purposive sampling, 428 valid samples from 600 copies are acquired, inclusive of principals, teachers, parents, administrators, and professors in Taiwan Province, Taipei City, and Kaohsiung City. These data gathered from questionnaire are analyzed by frequencies, chi-square test and Z test through statistical package software "SPSS for Windows 9.0". Important findings are the following: 1.For the effects of implementing PSP, the major important factors are prompting competition and accountability, recruiting competent principals, and urging parents to participate in schooling affairs. 2.For the difficulties of implementing the PSP, the major difficulties are political intervention, representation of commissioners, composition of Principal Selection Committee, the lacking of profession in the process of principal selection, and decending position from principals to be teachers or other jobs. 3.For the questions of how to improve PSP, the major effective strategies are establishing principal and schooling affairs evaluation system, and making principals to be qualified for teachers in the same level. 4.For transition of principal's career, most of the subjects, if they were principals, will choose to go back for teaching after leaving principal position. Finally, the study discussed the findings, and offered some practical suggestions concerning the principal selection in compulsory schooling at local governments in the further research.