This study analyses the composition of outmigration flows regarding migrants’ characteristics such as family situation, educational attainment and labour market situation. To expand our research, out-migrants are separated into return and onward migrants. Results indicate that the labour market situation of immigrants (unemployment and uptake of social benefits) in the destination country is an important determinant in the decision to out-migrate. However, the effect varies among countries due to the political situation in the source country, the migration costs and the extensive welfare benefits in Sweden. Labour immigrants are more likely to return to their country of origin whereas refugee immigrants are more likely to move to another country. Other findings demonstrate that emigrants are negatively selected regarding educational attainment. High-educated individuals have a higher probability of returning home than moving to a third country. The likelihood of emigration also depends on other characteristics such as the family situation of immigrants and the duration of residence in the destination country. All in all, labour market outcomes are the most important factors in the decision of out-migration.

This study investigates the relocation behaviours of out-movers of deprived areas in the region of Stockholm, Sweden. The research is motivated by the concerns raised by deprived and segregated neighbourhoods in relation to a social fragmentation and an unsuccessful socio-economic inclusion of all citizens. Some researches affirm that the out-movers of deprived neighbourhoods tend to be more integrated than the stayers or the individual moving in such neighbourhoods. And if some studies are concerned about their prospective, they have been restricted to their destinations’ socio-economic features and dismissed any spatial approach.This study aims to analyse flows’ direction and features as well as the areas of destination such as to identify processes of selective migration and how socio-spatial disparities are (re)produced. A specific attention is given to counter-urban movements and their possible correlation to “preservation” objectives: The possible migration of lower classes toward peripheries in order to access a better living environment and avoid a forced economic selective migration toward the urban most deprived neighbourhoods.Descriptive and inferential statistics with binary logistic regressions enabled to put into exergue the selective migration among movers, between the counter-urban and the others but also among counter-urban. If most movers remain in the urban core and in an almost deprived area, a substantial proportion seeks to combine to a move “up” the social ladder (a better suited neighbourhood), a “downward” migration on the urban hierarchy (a move toward the peripheries). And the regression confirms that among this population, a segment is statically significantly disadvantaged and remains in rental after the move.Scholars should consider such evidences by including a spatial dimension to their studies on segregation, neighbourhood sorting processes and selective migration. And most importantly, the results of this study invite them to reassess the traditional life-style and life-cycle explanations of counter-urbanisation in favour of an economic driven migration.

<p>In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000.</p><p>Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas.</p><p>Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. </p><p>Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically <i>and</i> ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person.</p><p>Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.</p>

In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000. Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas. Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically and ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person. Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5612.pdf: 2158490 bytes, checksum: 1cafc42a999e2f47e82a9609a77794e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The focus of this work is Brazilians who migrated to the city of Toronto, Canada, through government programs to attract skilled labor from the Canadian government. This dissertation examines the relationship between skilled migration and social networks from fieldwork conducted in the city of Toronto between December 2011 and June 2012. Sought to understand how the migration process occurs, as potential migrants are actual migrants, from analyzing the decision to migrate and move to Toronto to adaptation processes in the destination society. From ethnography, participant observation and semistructured interviews with these Brazilian immigrants, we see how the internet and communications technologies are important mediators of this process, the creation of social networks and integration in existing networks. The profile of skilled labor bounded by the Canadian government was also analyzed in comparison to the profile of Brazilians who actually migrate, generating different modes of insertion in Canadian society. These paths and trajectories were analyzed from the theory of social networks and understood as adaptation strategies of immigrants. Different social groups and networks are formed in this process, including connecting individuals who intend to migrate, even in Brazil. Finally, gender differences were important in this process, they produced deferent types of networks and marked paths of women and men in the adaptation process in the city, having booked a chapter to this discussion. / O foco deste trabalho são os brasileiros que migraram para a cidade de Toronto, no Canadá, através dos programas governamentais de atração de mão de obra qualificada do governo canadense. Esta dissertação analisa a relação entre migração qualificada e redes sociais a partir do trabalho de campo realizado na cidade de Toronto entre dezembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. Buscou compreender como o processo de migração ocorre, como possíveis sujeitos migrantes tornam-se migrantes reais, analisando desde a decisão de migrar e a mudança para Toronto até os processos de adaptação na sociedade de destino. A partir da etnografia, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com esses imigrantes brasileiros, pudemos perceber como a internet e as tecnologias de comunicações são importantes mediadores desse processo, de criação de redes sociais e inserção em redes já existentes. O perfil de mão de obra qualificada delimitado pelo governo canadense também foi analisado em comparação ao perfil dos brasileiros que realmente migram, gerando diferentes modos de inserção na sociedade torontiana. Esses percursos e trajetórias foram analisadas a partir da teoria das redes sociais e compreendidas como estratégias de adaptação do imigrante. Diferentes grupos e redes sociais se formam nesse processo, conectando inclusive sujeitos que pretendem migrar, ainda no Brasil. Por fim, as diferenciações de gênero se mostraram importantes nesse processo, pois produziam deferentes tipos de redes e marcavam as trajetórias de mulheres e homens no processo de adaptação na cidade, tendo reservado um capítulo específico para essa discussão.