Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element exerting its biological functions mainly through selenoproteins. Our lab has recently shown a paradoxical role of dietary Se at nutritional levels of intake in the delay of age-related degeneration while reducing longevity in mice carrying humanized telomeres. The first aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the effects of long-term dietary Se deficiency, aging, and sex on selenotranscriptome hierarchy in tissues. Four unique patterns in selenotranscriptomic changes were summarized. First, the responses of selenotranscriptomes to dietary Se deprivation and aging were sexually dimorphic. Second, a few selenoproteins responded to dietary Se deficiency and aging in parallel. Third, there were selenoproteins up-regulated by aging or dietary Se deprivation. Forth, some selenoproteins, especially those in testis, were upregulated by aging in mice on a Se-deficient diet. Selenoprotein H (SELH) is ranked low in selenoprotein hierarchy and its expression is tissue-specific and abundant during embryogenesis. SELH is a nucleolar DNA-binding protein with thioredoxin (Txn)-like fold and glutathione peroxidase activity. The known biological functions of SELH include redox regulation and suppression of cellular senescence and tumorigenesis. The second aim of this dissertation was to study the functional interactions of SELH with other selenoproteins and its protective effects against oxidative stress. A FLAG-tagged plasmid expressing wild-type SELH was constructed. Compared to standard cell culture conditions, additional sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) increased SELH expression at protein but not mRNA level when FLAG-SELH was overexpressed. In the absence of supplemental Na2SeO3, FLAG-SELH overexpression suppressed the expression of other selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) at protein but not mRNA level. FLAG-SELH overexpression protected the cells against oxidative stress only when additional Na2SeO3 was added. Identification of FLAG-SELH-associated proteins confirmed its nucleolar location. Altogether, a distinctive set of selenoproteins is maintained under dietary Se deficiency in a tissue- and sex-specific manner during the aging process. While SELH is ranked low in selenoprotein hierarchy implying that it is dispensable, this nucleolar selenoprotein competes with other selenoproteins for Se and protects the cells against oxidative stress.

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Selenoprotein H (SELENOH) is a nucleolar oxidoreductase with DNA binding properties whose function is not well understood. To determine the functional and physiological roles of SELENOH, a knockout of SELENOH was generated in cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion and in mice by targeted disruption. Based on the sequenced genome, the results of deduced protein sequences indicated various forms of mutants in the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, including a frame-shift by aberrant splicing and truncated SELENOH by early termination of the translation process. Loss of SELENOH in HeLa cells induced slow cell proliferation, the formation of giant multinucleated cells, accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage and oxidative stress, and cellular senescence. SELENOH cells were enlarged and possessed a single large nucleolus. Atomic force microscope showed increased stiffness in the nucleoli of SELENOH knockout cells, which suggests that SELENOH maintains the flexible structure of the nucleolus. Furthermore, the knockout of SELENOH led to a large-scale reorganization of the nucleolar architecture with the movement of nucleolar protein into nucleolar cap regions in response to oxidative stress. The nucleolar reorganization is dependent on ATM signaling. Altogether, results suggest that SELENOH appears to be a sensor of oxidative stress that plays critical roles in redox regulation and genome maintenance within the nucleolus. To determine the physiological role of SELENOH in vivo, Selenoh knockout mice were generated by targeted deletion through homologous recombination. Selenoh+/− mice were fertile and phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. Results from matings of Selenoh+/− mice showed a significantly reduced fraction of Selenoh−/− offspring on the basis of Mendelian segregation. Since some Selenoh−/− were born, it is likely that Selenoh is a partially essential gene in mice. Live-born Selenoh−/− mice were viable and born without apparent phenotypes. Selenoh−/− mice at 2-month of age showed increased GPX activity in the lung but not in the brain and liver. Furthermore, loss of Selenoh resulted in the aggravated formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of Selenoh+/− mice that were injected with azoxymethane. Altogether, SELENOH has critical roles in embryogenesis and colorectal carcinogenesis.

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, sowohl die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Selenversorgung über die Nahrung als auch die Rolle des zentralen Transport- und Speicherproteins für Selen (Selenoprotein P, SepP) auf die intestinale Tumorigenese tierexperimentell zu untersuchen. Eine gestörte SepP-Expression, führte zur Ausbildung größerer Tumore. Durch eine Steigerung der Selenversorgung über die Nahrung eine signifikante Reduktion von Tumoranzahl und Gesamttumorfläche erzielt werden. Hierzu wurde den Tieren ab Tag 21 das Vierfache der empfohlenen Tagesdosis (RDA) für Selen verabreicht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zudem, dass die Auswirkungen einer verminderten SepP-Expression durch eine nutritive Se-Supplementation kompensiert werden können. Der Verlust eines SepP-Allels war mit einer gesteigerten Infiltration von Mastzellen ins Tumorgewebe und höheren Il6-Spiegeln im Serum assoziiert. Auch waren die Tumore dieser Versuchsgruppen schlechter differenziert. Diese Resultate weisen auf eine modulatorische Wirkung von SepP auf die krebsbedingte Immunantwort hin und unterstreichen eine zentrale Rolle dieses Selenoproteins in Bezug auf anti-kanzerogene Wirkmechanismen von Selen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen somit erstmals die Abhängigkeit protektiver Selen-vermittelter Effekte von einer optimalen SepP-Expression und die präventiven Fähigkeiten einer gesteigerten Selenzufuhr zur Kompensation eines nachteiligen Genotyps. Somit können gerade Menschen, die z.B. aufgrund ihrer genetischen Prädisposition ein erhöhtes Darmkrebsrisiko aufweisen von einer gesteigerten präventiven Supplementation profitieren. Dennoch zeigen Vorarbeiten und die Ergebnisse zu den transgenen Versuchstieren, dass es gerade in Bezug auf eine therapeutische Anwendung unabdingbar ist, ein wachstumsförderndes Potential einer solchen Intervention nach erfolgter Tumorinitiation auszuschließen. Hierzu muss in weitergehenden Studien noch eine geeignete Strategie entwickelt und getestet werden. / The aim of this work was to evaluate to which extend the gene expression of the central transport and storage protein for selenium (Selenoprotein P, SepP) is required to mediate health promoting effects and if these effects can be modulated by selenium supplementation. SepP+/--mice were crossed with Apcmin/+-mice to elucidate the potential disadvantage of a decreased SepP-expression. A third mouse strain, expressing human SEPP in liver, was used to study the beneficial effects of additional circulating human SEPP. Two diets with different selenium content were used to obtain better insights into how SepP-expression influences intestinal tumorigenesis. The loss of one SepP-allele resulted in the development of larger tumors. Overall tumor-count and -area could be reduced by increasing nutritional selenium concentrations. Increased tumorigenesis could thus be compensated for raising nutritional Se concentrations. Interestingly, the additional expression of human SEPP did not elicit any cancer-preventive action. An increased number of mast cells was found in tumorous tissue of SepP+/--mice. This was accompanied by a lower differentiation state and higher Il6 concentrations in serum of heterozygous mice. The results indicate that the SepP genotype is modulating the immune response and highlight the central role of SepP in mediating the anti-cancerogenic effects of Se. We are the first to show that protective effects of Se are related to the expression of SepP and that the negative outcome of a reduced expression can be alleviated by raising nutritional Se supply. Individuals with a higher risk for colorectal cancer may thus benefit from supplementation strategies. Nevertheless the data obtained from transgenic mice and the results of previous studies indicate that therapeutic administration of Se should be handled with care. Especially the potential danger of supplemental Se promoting tumor growth in advanced stages should be addressed in further investigations.

The first goal of the current research was to determine whether gene expression profiles differed between whole pituitaries of growing beef steers grazing pastures containing high (HE) or low (LE) amounts of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. The global (microarray analysis) and selected targeted (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns of pituitaries collected from beef steers (BW = 266 ± 15.5 kg) that had been randomly assigned to undergo summer-long grazing (89 to 105 d) of either HE (0.52 ppm ergot alkaloids) or LE (< 0.03 ppm ergot alkaloids) pastures were compared. Gene expression data were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The pituitaries of HE steers had 542 differentially expressed genes, and the pattern of altered gene expression was dependent on treatment. Targeted RT-PCR analysis corroborated these findings, including decreased expression of DRD2, PRL, POU1F1, GAL, and VIP and that of POMC and PCSK1, respectively. Canonical pathway analysis (Integrated Pathway Analysis, IPA) identified HE-dependent alteration in signaling of additional pituitary-derived hormones, including growth hormone and GnRH. In conclusion, consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue alters the pituitary transcriptome profiles of steers in a manner consistent with their negatively affected physiological parameters. The second goal of this project was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter pituitary transcriptome profiles in growing beef steers (BW = 183 ± 34 kg) commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture. Steers were randomly selected from herds of fall-calving cows grazing HE pasture and consuming VM mixes that contained 35 ppm Se as either ISe, OSe, or MIX forms. Steers were weaned, depleted of Se for 98 d, and subjected to summer-long common grazing of a 10.1 ha HE pasture containing 0.51 ppm ergot alkaloids. Steers were assigned (n = 8) to the same Se-form treatments on which they were raised. Selenium treatments were administered by daily top-dressing 85 g of VM mix onto 0.23 kg soyhulls, using in-pasture Calan gates. Pituitaries were collected at slaughter and changes in global (microarray) and selected (RT-PCR) mRNA expression patterns determined. The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The form of Se affected the expression of 542 annotated genes. Integrated Pathway Analysis found a canonical pathway network between prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins, and that mitochondrial dysfunction was a top-affected canonical pathway. Targeted RT-PCR analysis found that the relative abundance of mRNA encoding prolactin and POMC/ACTH/ α-MSH synthesis-related proteins was affected by the form of Se, as were mitochondrial dysfunction-related proteins OSe steers appeared to have a greater prolactin synthesis capacity vs. ISe steers through decreased dopamine receptor D2 signaling, whereas MIX steers had a greater prolactin synthesis capacity and release potential by increasing TRH concentrations than ISe steers. OSe steers also had a greater ACTH and α-MSH synthesis potential than ISe steers. We conclude that form of Se in VM mixes affected genes responsible for prolactin and POMC/ACTH/α-MSH synthesis, and mitochondrial function in pituitaries of growing beef steers commonly grazing an HE pasture. The third goal was to test the hypothesis that sodium selenite (ISe), SEL-PLEX (OSe), vs. a 1:1 blend (MIX) of ISe and OSe in a basal vitamin-mineral (VM) mix would differentially alter selenoprotein profiles in pituitaries and livers of growing beef steers commonly grazing an endophyte-infected tall fescue (HE) pasture (i.e., the same steers used in Goal 2). The effects of Se treatment on relative gene expression were subjected to one-way ANOVA. The mRNA content of 6 selenoproteins in the pituitary was affected by Se treatments, along with two selenoprotein P receptors, whereas the expression of two selenoproteins was altered in the liver. We conclude that the change in selenoprotein gene expression in pituitaries indicates that OSe steers have a greater potential capacity to manage against oxidative damage, maintain cellular redox balance, and have a better quality control of protein-folding in their pituitaries than ISe steers. The change in selenoprotein gene expression by the liver indicates that MIX steers have a greater redox signaling capacity and capacity to manage oxidative damage than ISe steers.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that are known to elicit adverse health effects including skin toxicity and cancer to animals and humans. 4-Monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3), a low-chlorinated airborne PCB conger is present in human blood and the environment. 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-benzo-2,5-quinone (4-ClBQ), a quinone metabolite of PCB3, has been shown to induce oxidative stress and toxicity in human mammary and prostate epithelial cells. These studies were designed to investigate and characterize the cellular responses to 4-ClBQ in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes. We found that 4-ClBQ treatment increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced toxicity in HaCaT cells. Results from a Human Antioxidant Mechanism PCR array and quantitative RT-PCR assay showed that the mRNA levels of antioxidant gene selenoprotein P (sepp1) and catalase were significantly downregulated by the treatment, which correlated with evident decreases in their protein levels and catalase enzymatic activity. Pharmacological (sodium selenite supplementation) and molecular (sepp1overexpression) manipulation of SEPP1 expression significantly suppressed 4-ClBQ induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Additional results demonstrated that decreased catalase expression was associated with an inhibition in transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator activated receptor Γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) expression. Overexpression of pgc-1α restored catalase expression and activity and consequently protected HaCaT cells from 4-ClBQ induced oxidative stress and toxicity. Furthermore, results from metabolic flux analysis using Seahorse XF96 Analyzer showed that 4-ClBQ treatment increased extracellular acidification rate, proton production rate, and oxygen consumption rate, which were associated with increases in glucose uptake and in the expression of glucose metabolism regulatory gene hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PD is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. The enhanced expression of G6PD correlated with an increase in cellular glutathione content; and inhibition of G6PD activity sensitized HaCaT cells to 4-ClBQ induced toxicity, suggesting that the protective function of the pentose phosphate pathway is active in 4-ClBQ treated cells. Interestingly, we also found that 4-ClBQ selectively and significantly decreased mitochondrial complex II subunits C (sdhc) and D (sdhd) mRNA expression and subsequently reduced complex II activity leading to metabolic oxidative stress and toxicity, which were significantly suppressed by overexpressing sdhc and sdhd in HaCaT cells. Taken together, findings from this project demonstrate that 4-ClBQ treatment increases ROS production through perturbing cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function and decreases antioxidant capacity by inhibiting SEPP1 and catalase expression in HaCaT cells. This imbalance due to increased mitochondrial prooxidant production and decreased antioxidant capacity leads to oxidative stress and toxicity. Importantly, antioxidant supplementation could abrogate 4-ClBQ induced toxicity, suggesting that antioxidants, especially nutrient-based manipulation of selenoproteins could be promising countermeasures for PCB induced adverse health effects in humans.

Les Selenoprotéines sont des protéines contenant un résidu sélénocystéine (U) dans leur séquence en acide amines. Vingt-cinq sélénoprotéines constituent le sélénoprotéome humain. Parmi elles, la sélénoprotéine N ou SelenoN ; des mutations dans le gène SELENON donnent lieu à un groupe de dystrophies musculaires congénitales appelées myopathies liées à SELENON. SelenoN est une protéine membranaire glycosylée de 72 kDa localisée dans le réticulum endoplasmique. Sa séquence en acide aminés contient le motif redox SCUG, similaire à celui des thioredoxines réductases. Elle contient de même un domaine EF-hand qui est un domaine de liaison au calcium. Des études ont récemment démontré l’implication de cette protéine dans l’établissement et la maintenance du muscle squelettique. D’autres études ont montré qu’elle joue un rôle dans la protection contre le stress oxydatif et l’homéostasie du calcium. Cependant, le mécanisme catalytique de SelenoN reste inconnu à ce jour. Le projet décrit dans cette thèse s’intéresse à la caractérisation, la cristallisation et la comparaison des SelenoNs d’une bactérie, Candidatus poribacteriae, et du poisson zèbre. Les études bio-informatiques ont démontré que SelenoN bactérienne et du poisson zèbre partagent 37% d’identité et un domaine commun correspondant à un repliement de type thioredoxine de fonction inconnue, contenant le motif redox. Les caractérisations biophysiques ont démontré que les deux protéines sont naturellement bien repliées et riche en hélices α. La protéine bactérienne comportant en C-terminal de sa séquence en acide aminé un domaine thioredoxine additionnel, présente une forme étendue et est sous forme monomérique tandis que la protéine du poisson zèbre est un dimère compact. Des caractérisations biochimiques ont montré que le Ca2+ influence l’oligomérisation ou la conformation de SelenoN du poisson zèbre. Des cristaux initiaux de la protéine eucaryote sous sa forme déglycosylée ont pu être obtenus. La cristallisation de la protéine bactérienne a permis d’obtenir des cristaux appartenant à deux groupes d’espaces, avec des paramètres de cellule différents. Néanmoins, un modèle partiel à 2.3 Å couvrant le domaine C-terminal thioredoxine additionnel de SelenoN bactérienne a été obtenu. L’ensemble de ces résultats permettent de poser les bases de l’étude structure-fonction de SelenoN. L’expression, la purification et la cristallisation ont été optimisées et une stratégie pour résoudre la structure 3D de la protéine est proposée. / Selenoproteins are proteins containing a selenocysteine residue (U) in their amino acid sequence. Twenty-five proteins constitute the human selenoproteome. Among them is Selenoprotein N or SelenoN; mutations in the SELENON gene can lead to a group of congenital dystrophies now designated as SELENON-related myopathies. SelenoN is a 72 kDa membrane and glycosylated protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. It handles in its amino acid sequence a redox motif SCUG like the one of thioredoxin reductases, and an EF-hand domain which is a calcium binding site. Recent studies showed the implication of SelenoN in muscle development and maintenance, and position its function at the crossroad between oxidative stress control and calcium homeostasis. However, its catalytic function remains elusive. The research project presented in this thesis concerns the crystallization, characterization and comparison of one bacterial and the zebrafish SelenoNs. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the two proteins share 37% degree of identity and a common domain which corresponds to a thioredoxin fold of unknown function which includes the redox motif SCUG. From the biophysical characterization, both recombinant proteins are found to be naturally well-folded and enriched in α-helical domains. The bacterial SelenoN which handles an additional C-terminal thioredoxin domain is an extended monomer whereas zebrafish SelenoN is a compact dimer. Biochemical characterization indicated that Ca2+ binding mediates zSelenoN oligomerization. Initial crystals of the zSelenoN in its deglycosylated form were obtained. Bacterial SelenoN crystallization yielded crystals belonging to two different space groups with different cell parameters. An initial partial model covering the C-terminal thioredoxin domain of the bacterial SelenoN was obtained at 2.3Å. Together, these results lay a foundation for the structure-function studies of SelenoN. Conditions for recombinant bacterial and zebrafish SelenoNs expression, purification and crystallization were optimized and strategies for solving the structure are being proposed.

La synthèse des sélénoprotéines fait appel à un mécanisme de recodage traductionnel d’un codon UGASec. Chez les mammifères, ce processus est conditionné par le recrutement de facteurs spécialisés dans la région 3’UTR des ARNm de sélénoprotéines, au niveau d’une tige-boucle appelée SECIS. Lors de ma thèse, nous avons montré que certains ARNm de sélénoprotéines possèdent une coiffe hyperméthylée m32,2,7G à leur extrémité 5’, à la manière d’ARN non-codants, et ne sont pas reconnus efficacement par le facteur canonique d’initiation de la traduction eIF4E. Nous avons déterminé le mécanisme de biogenèse de cette coiffe qui fait appel à la Triméthyl-guanosine synthase, et avons montré que les ARNm de sélénoprotéines coiffés m32,2,7G sont traduits in vivo. Par ailleurs, nos résultats indiquent que l’initiation de la traduction des ARNm de sélénoprotéines suit un mécanisme atypique qui ferait intervenir des éléments structuraux de l’ARNm, la région 3’UTR et une GTPase encore inconnue. / Selenoprotein synthesis requires co-translational recoding of in-frame UGA codons. In mammals, this process is governed by the recruitment of dedicated factors on a hairpin structure, called SECIS, in the 3’UTR of selenoprotein mRNAs. During my PhD, we showed that several selenoprotein mRNAs bear a hypermethylated m32,2,7G cap and undergo a similar 5’ end maturation pathway than non-coding RNAs. This cap biogenesis mechanism involves the enzyme Trimethyl-guanosine synthase, m32,2,7G capped selenoprotein mRNAs are not efficiently recognized by the canonical translation initiation factor eIF4E but are translated in vivo. Furthermore, our results suggest the existence of an atypical mechanism of translation initiation for selenoprotein mRNAs. This process involves structural RNA determinants, the 3’UTR region and a GTPase that remains to be identified.

Radiation is a common mode of cancer therapy that is well known to generate reactive oxygen species leading to cell damage and death. However, there are many limitations to radiation therapy including normal tissue toxicity and the presence of quiescent cancer cells that are radio-resistant. There are many factors that regulate normal and cancer cell radiation response including the cellular redox environment which includes a complex network of antioxidants. In this study, two specific objectives will be explored: (A) SEPP1 regulation of normal cell toxicity; and (B) FoxM1 regulation of quiescence-associated radiation resistance in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Results from DHE-oxidation analysis show that in irradiated proliferating normal cells there is a late ROS accumulation that occurs independent of cell cycle checkpoint activation and precedes cell death. Additionally, Q-RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis show an increase in Selenoprotein P (SEPP1) expression following radiation. SEPP1 is an extracellular glycoprotein with proposed selenium transport and antioxidant functions. However, pretreatment of normal cells with sodium selenite or overexpression of sepp1 is able to mitigate radiation-induced normal cell toxicity. It is well-accepted that quiescent populations exist in most solid tumors and are often the reason for tumor recurrence. In this study, we see that quiescent head and neck cancer cells that are resistant to radiation have low basal expression of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) compared to proliferating cancer cells. FoxM1 is a transcription factor that has recently been implicated in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Results indicate that although basal expression is low in quiescent cells, following irradiation FoxM1 is increased in quiescent cancer cells but not in proliferating cancer cells. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic knockdown of FoxM1 led to sensitization of quiescent cancer cells indicating that FoxM1 inhibitors could be useful radiation sensitizers. Together, these objectives will help to identify possible treatment options to use in addition to radiation therapy to better target quiescence-associated resistant tumors and induce less normal cell toxicity.

La sélénoprotéine T (SelT) est une protéine thiorédoxine-like abondamment exprimée au cours du développement embryonnaire chez le rat, mais son expression tend à disparaître après la naissance, notamment dans le coeur, suggérant un rôle limité de la SelT à l’âge adulte. Néanmoins, nous avons pu montrer que la SelT est réexprimée au niveau cardiaque suite à une ligature de l’artère coronaire (LC), suggérant le rôle potentiellement protecteur de cette protéine au cours des pathologies cardiovasculaires. Le but de notre projet fut donc d’évaluer les effets cardiaques d’une thérapie par la SelT au cours de l’insuffisance cardiaque, moyennant soit une thérapie protéique, soit une thérapie génique visant à surexprimer la SelT au niveau cardiaque ou au niveau systémique. La supplémentation en SelT (15μg/kg/jour, minipompes ip) a permis d’améliorer significativement le débit cardiaque et la fraction de raccourcissement du VG, mais également d’améliorer les pressions télé-systoliques et télé-diastoliques du ventricule gauche ainsi que la perfusion coronaire. Ces changements sont associés à une diminution du stress oxydant cardiaque ainsi qu’à une répression des mécanismes inflammatoires cardiaques. L’ensemble de ces améliorations a été observé sans modification de la taille d’infarctus. En parallèle, nous avons pu montrer qu’une injection intraveineuse d’un rAAV9-SelT (1.1011vg) une semaine après la LC permettait de diminuer significativement la dilatation ventriculaire gauche 3 mois après la LC. De manière concomitante, la thérapie génique par la SelT améliore le débit cardiaque ainsi que la perfusion cardiaque. Ces changements sont associés à une amélioration de la compliance et de l’élastance cardiaque. Par ailleurs, l’injection intramusculaire d’un rAAV8-SelT suivant le même protocole que précédemment. Nous avons pu montrer que le traitement par cet AAV permettait de diminuer significativement la dilatation du VG et d’améliorer la fraction de raccourcissement. De plus, la thérapie génique a permis d’améliorer la perfusion cardiaque ainsi que la relaxation coronaire endothélium-dépendante. Nous avons également pu montrer que l’ensemble des effets de la SelT sont médiés par le résidu Sec, dès lors que la modification de ce résidu par une alanine, annihile totalement l’ensemble des effets positifs observés au cours de notre étude. Ainsi, nos résultats ont permis de montrer clairement que le rôle bénéfique d’un traitement par la SelT au cours de l’ICC, et ce, grâce à un mécanisme sélénocystéine-dépendant. La SelT semble donc être une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour le traitement de cette pathologie. / Selenoprotein T (SelT) is a thioredoxin-like protein, which is abundantly but transiently expressed in the heart during the embryonic development, suggesting that SelT plays a limited role during adulthood. However, data from our laboratory show that cardiac SelT expression increases after myocardial infarction. This suggests that SelT may play a yet unrevealed role in cardiovascular diseases but SelT’s potential protective role is unknown. Thus, we sought to investigate the cardiac effects of a SelT-mediated therapy in chronic heart failure (CHF) using either a protein or gene therapy through either a protein supplementation, or rAAV encoding for different forms of SelT. SelT supplementation (15μg/kg/day, IP, administered for 1 month starting 7 days after MI) resulted in a restoration of cardiac output and LV fractional shortening (sham: 178,1±14,8; MI: 161,1±7,7; MI+SelT; 177,6 ±8,0 and sham: 44,5±5,1; MI: 17,1±0,8; MI+SelT: 25,6±2,4, respectively), in association with an improvement of LV end-diastolic and end-systolic pressures as well as LV tissue perfusion. These changes were associated with a lower oxidative status and with a decrease in inflammation pathways (-32,7% vs MI for oxidative stress and - 27,2% and - 31,4% for inflammation, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and western blotting analyses of IL1ß and IL6 expressions, respectively). All these effects were observed at identical infarct sizes. In parallel, a single intravenous injection of rAAV9-SelT (1.1011 virus - genome copies) one week after MI resulted in an increased cardiac SelT expression 3 weeks after injection (+150%, p<0.05). This SelT - overexpression reduced HF-induced increase in left ventricular diameters in both systole and diastole (at 1 and 3 months post-MI). Simultaneously, SelT improved stroke volume and cardiac output, without change in heart rate or body weight. Moreover, cardiac perfusion was improved by rAAV9-SelT in both interventricular septum and in the border zone of the infarct. These changes were associated with an improvement in cardiac compliance and elastance parameters assessed by invasive pressure/volume curves (compliance: sham: 18.2 ±1.5; HF: 11.0±1.0; HF+rAAV9-SelT: 15.3±0.5 and elastance: sham: 1.3±0.2; HF: 2.8±0.2; HF+rAAV9-SelT: 1.4±0.2, respectively; p<0.05 vs. HF). The third part of this project consisted in a single intramuscular injection of rAAV8-SelT (1.1011 virus-genome copies, 7 days after CAL) of either the normal form (rAAV8-SelTSec), either the modified form in which the Sec residue is replaced by an Ala (rAAV8-SelTAla). rAAV8-SelTSec administration resulted in a significant increase in cardiac SelT levels as soon as 3 weeks post-administration. After 3 months, SelTSec reduced LV dilation and restored cardiac output. Simultaneously SelT improved both LV elastance and compliance. In contrast, administration of the rAAV8-SelTAla did not modify the CHF-related cardiac dysfunction, suggesting that the selenocysteine residue is essential to the normal protein function. Our results clearly show that increasing SelT to supra-normal levels reduces CHF-induced cardiac dysfunction through a selenium-dependent pathway. These results suggest that SelT might be a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of CHF.