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Inledning: Inom den psykodynamiska teoribildningen råder delade meningar om huruvida terapeuten ska berätta om sig själv för patienten. Terapeutens självavslöjande ”Self-Disclosure”, har studerats och debatterats i psykoanalytisk litteratur. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att beskriva psykodynamiska psykoterapeuters upplevelser av att arbeta med Self-Disclosure. Frågeställning:  Hur beskriver psykodynamiska psykoterapeuter sina upplevelser av att arbeta med Self-Disclosure? Metod: I studien används den deskriptiva fenomenologiska humanvetenskapliga metoden. Kvalitativa djupintervjuer genomfördes med fem psykodynamiskt skolade psykoterapeuter på deras arbetsplatser. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant. Materialet delades in i meningsenheter vars psykologiska innebörd har tydliggjorts, deras inbördes förhållande studerats och en förståelse har uppnåtts. En pendling mellan helhet och delar har skett kontinuerligt tills fenomenets generella struktur nåtts. Resultat:  I analysen framkom sju generella strukturer ur materialet; miljö, personlighet, frågor och svar, om tankar och känslor i terapirummet, om livet utanför terapirummet, känslomässiga upplevelser av Self-Disclosure och Self-Disclosures påverkan på terapiprocessen. Miljö och personlighet ansågs som ofrånkomliga självavslöjanden. Verbala utsagor och uppvisande av känslouttryck kunde ske både avsiktligt och oavsiktligt. Self-Disclosure kunde både försvåra och befrämja terapiprocessen. Diskussion: Trygghet och kontakt betonas som centralt för den terapeutiska processen av samtliga terapeuter i studien. Self-Disclosure bör användas med hänsyn till vilken patient det gäller och vilken fas terapiprocessen befinner sig i. Både innehåll och kontext har betydelse för effekten av Self-Disclosure. Ett pragmatiskt förhållningssätt kan gynna terapiprocessen. Konsekvenserna kan inte förutses utan det centrala är terapeutens uppmärksamhet på hur den upplevs och vilken påverkan den har för terapiprocessen / Introduction: Within the psychodynamic theory, there are different opinions whether the therapist should tell the patient about himself. The therapists self-disclosure have been studied and discussed in psychoanalytic literature. The purpose of this article is to describe psychodynamic psychotherapists experiences of working with Self-Diclosure. Question: How do psychodynamic psychoterapists describe their experiences of working with Self-Disclosure? Method: The study uses the descriptive phenomenological human scientific method. Qualitative deep interviews was made with five psychodynamic psychotherapists at their office. The interviews were recorded and transcribed word for word. The material was divided into meaning units whose psychological content was elucidated, their mutual relations was studied and an understanding has been achieved. An continuous oscillation between the whole and the parts was made until the structure of the phenomenon was discovered. Result: In the analysis seven general structures were discovered. Milieu, personality, questions and answers, thoughts and feelings in the therapy room, life outside therapy, emotional experiences of Self-Disclosure and Self-Disclosure and its influence on the therapy process. Milieu and personality were regarded as inevitable Self-Disclosure. Verbal statements and emotional expressions could be both intentional and unintentional. Self-Disclosure can both hinder and facilitate the therapy process. Discussion: Safety and contact are emphasised as central in the therapy process by all therapists in the study. Self-Disclosure ought to be used with regard to both the patient and the phase in the therapy process. Both the content and the context are of importance for the consequence of Self-Disclosure. A pragmatic stance can favour the therapy process. The consequences cannot be foreseen but the most important is the therapist`s attention to how it is experienced and how it influence the therapy process.

This study surveyed the willingness of adolescents to self-disclose in different situations. One hundred and forty high school students were surveyed in a suburban, southwestern city. The survey included Gordon Chelune's Self-disclosure Situations Survey, Michael Leary's Social Anxiety Survey, and a 40-item situational survey created to test students' self-disclosure willingness in normal situations. It was hypothesized that students would more readily disclose to peers than parents or counselors; that they would more readily disclose in warm, informal settings than cold, formal ones; and that there would be a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and self-disclosure. There was a small but significant negative correlation between social anxiety and students' willingness to disclose only in a warm setting. The other hypotheses were proved.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1988.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1988.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 3, 2007). Advisor: Carolyn B. Kenny. Keywords: self-disclosure, leaders, hermeneutic phenomenology, self-awareness, communication, gender. Includes bibliographical references (p. 262-274).

According to the interpersonal process model, interactions characterized by self-disclosure and empathic responding foster emotional intimacy between the two participating individuals (Reis & Shaver, 1988). This study provided “insider” and “outsider” perspectives of this model, examining the relation between perceived and observed behaviors in couple interactions and their relative contributions to the development of intimate feelings. The sample consisted of 102 community couples who completed measures of intimacy after engaging in videotaped discussions about relationship injuries that occurred both within and outside of the relationship. Both self-report and observational measures were used to assess disclosure and empathic responding during these discussions. There was significant agreement between self- and observer-report of men’s behavior, between self- and observer-report of women’s male partner’s behavior, and between partners’ report of disclosure and empathic responding. There was mixed support for global distress and attachment style as predictors of differences between self- and observer-report. Whereas an earlier study using observational measures found gender differences in the effect of self-disclosure and empathic responding on intimacy (Mitchell et al., 2008), in this study self-report measures from the same sample indicated that perception of both an individual’s own and his or her partner’s disclosure and empathic responding predicted intimacy for both men and women. Observational measures provided incremental validity relative to self-report measures in predicting intimacy. These findings suggest that targeting certain personal and relational characteristics may be helpful in treating intimacy deficits and also indicate that self-report and observational measures provide unique information about the influence of behaviors on the development of intimate feelings in couple relationships.

Confidentiality as a group norm and how it affected self-disclosures in personal growth groups were compared between control and treated groups. The sample consisted of 53 students enrolled in a graduate level group counseling course. The students were randomly assigned to six groups: three control and three experimental groups. Each group had two facilitators. The groups all met in the same place, at the same time and observed the same protocols. The process group model was followed. This study had four hypotheses and three main objectives: first, to determine what effect establishing confidentiality as a norm had on a participant's self-disclosures, second, to determine if the group members believed that the norm of confidentiality would be breached by either the group facilitators or the group members; and, finally, to examine the attitudes and opinions of control and treated group members towards the belief that confidentiality as a group norm would promote more self-disclosures in personal growth groups. The qualitative and quantative data revealed that confidentiality as a norm did not produce significantly greater self-disclosures. Group members generally believed that confidentiality among members would be observed and members had a high belief that their group facilitators would not violate their stated ethical standards. There was no significant difference between control and treated groups in their belief that confidentiality as a norm was important for self-disclosures to occur. / Graduation date: 1986

According to the interpersonal process model, interactions characterized by self-disclosure and empathic responding foster emotional intimacy between the two participating individuals (Reis & Shaver, 1988). This study provided “insider” and “outsider” perspectives of this model, examining the relation between perceived and observed behaviors in couple interactions and their relative contributions to the development of intimate feelings. The sample consisted of 102 community couples who completed measures of intimacy after engaging in videotaped discussions about relationship injuries that occurred both within and outside of the relationship. Both self-report and observational measures were used to assess disclosure and empathic responding during these discussions. There was significant agreement between self- and observer-report of men’s behavior, between self- and observer-report of women’s male partner’s behavior, and between partners’ report of disclosure and empathic responding. There was mixed support for global distress and attachment style as predictors of differences between self- and observer-report. Whereas an earlier study using observational measures found gender differences in the effect of self-disclosure and empathic responding on intimacy (Mitchell et al., 2008), in this study self-report measures from the same sample indicated that perception of both an individual’s own and his or her partner’s disclosure and empathic responding predicted intimacy for both men and women. Observational measures provided incremental validity relative to self-report measures in predicting intimacy. These findings suggest that targeting certain personal and relational characteristics may be helpful in treating intimacy deficits and also indicate that self-report and observational measures provide unique information about the influence of behaviors on the development of intimate feelings in couple relationships.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 42 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-35).