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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudi dels mecanismes moleculars implicats en el dany vascular induït per l'activitat catalítica de la SSAO en el context de l'Angiopatia Cerebral Amiloide associada a la demència tipus Alzheimer

Solé Piñol, Montserrat 24 July 2009 (has links)
L'amino oxidasa sensible a semicarbazida (SSAO) és un enzim localitzat en el teixit adipós, en el múscul llis i endoteli del sistema vascular, i en el plasma sanguini en forma soluble. Com a enzim metabolitza amines primàries, però desenvolupa també una funció insulinomimètica en teixit adipós i múscul llis, i una funció d'adhesió limfocitària a l'endoteli en situacions inflamatòries, on és coneguda com a Proteïna d'Adhesió Vascular 1 (VAP-1). El metabolisme dels seus substrats genera peròxid d'hidrogen, amoni i diferents aldehids en funció de l'amina metabolitzada. Aquests productes han estat associats a l'aparició de dany vascular en malalties en les que s'han detectat nivells incrementats d'activitat o expressió de la SSAO, com la diabetis, les aturades cardíaques o la malaltia d'Alzheimer (AD), però els mecanismes responsables d'aquest increment es desconeixen encara. En pacients d'AD, a més, s'han detectat increments d'expressió tissular i d'activitat plasmàtica d'aquest enzim. Per tal de poder estudiar aquesta proteïna in vitro, s'han generat i caracteritzat bioquímicament dues línies cel·lulars vasculars d'endoteli i múscul llis, transfectades de forma estable amb el gen de la SSAO/VAP-1 humana, ja que l'expressió d'aquesta proteïna es perd en cèl·lules en cultiu. Amb aquestes línies cel·lulars s'han estudiat els efectes dels productes generats pel metabolisme de la metilamina, un dels principals substrats fisiològics de la SSAO, en el context de l'Angiopatia Cerebral Amiloide associada a l'AD (CAA-AD). Els resultats han mostrat que els productes generats per l'activitat de la SSAO transfectada indueixen la mort apoptòtica de les cèl·lules de múscul llis. Aquesta mort és dependent de l'activitat transcripcional de p53, la qual provoca una desregulació del balanç Bax/Bcl-2 mitocondrial, una inducció de l'expressió de Puma-αi una activació de les caspases 9 i 3. D'altra banda, s'ha utilitzat el tractament amb el pèptid beta amiloide de 40 amino àcids amb la mutació Dutch (Aβ1-40 D) com a model de CAA-AD, patologia que cursa amb dipòsits d'Aβ i degeneració vasculars. En aquest model, l'Aβ provoca un increment de la SSAO endotelial, que es tradueix en l'aparició de citotoxicitat associada al metabolisme de la metilamina. A més, s'ha confirmat que l'activitat SSAO incrementa el dipòsit d'Aβ, i es descriu un nou paper de la SSAO en aquesta patologia, consistent en promoure el dipòsit d'Aβ mitjançant mecanismes independents de la seva activitat catalítica. Finalment, s'han determinat els nivells d'activitat SSAO plasmàtica en una mostra més gran de pacients d'AD que la utilitzada en un estudi anterior, i s'ha fet extensió d'aquest anàlisi a pacients afectats per altres demències amb afectació vascular com la demència vascular o la demència mixta. Els resultats han permès confirmar que l'augment plasmàtic d'SSAO nomes es produeix en condicions de demència severa en AD, de forma independent de l'edat i sexe dels individus. D'altra banda, no s'han observat canvis significatius en l'activitat SSAO de pacients afectats per altres demències; tot i així, aquests resultats no descarten una possible implicació de la SSAO en aquestes patologies, essent necessari l'anàlisi d'un grup de pacients amb demència severa en aquestes condicions així com l'anàlisi del teixit cerebrovascular d'aquests. Existeix, doncs, una implicació directa de l'activitat SSAO tant en la degeneració vascular associada a l'AD com en la deposició de l'Aβ. Aquests efectes poden ser rellevants durant tot el procés patològic, inicialment promovent la deposició d'Aβ, i en etapes més avançades en les que s'ha detectat un increment de la seva activitat en el plasma, contribuint també al dany vascular. Seran necessaris, però, estudis posteriors amb mostres de pacients per poder determinar la seva possible implicació en el dany vascular en altres demències. / Semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is an enzyme localized in adipocytes, in the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of vascular system, and in blood plasma as a soluble form. Besides its enzymatic function of primary amines metabolism, SSAO activity has also insulinomimetic effects in adipose and in smooth muscle tissues, and it behaves as vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) in endothelial cells under inflammatory conditions. The SSAO substrates oxidation generates hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and different aldehydes depending on the metabolized amine. These products have been related to the vascular damage observed in diseases where increased levels of SSAO plasma activity and/or tissue expression have been detected, as diabetes, congestive heart failure or Alzheimer's disease (AD). The mechanisms that induce this increase, however, are not fully understood. Moreover, increased SSAO tissue expression levels and plasma activity have been detected in AD patients. In order to perform in vitro studies with this protein, and due to the loss of SSAO expression in cell cultures, an endothelial and a smooth muscle cell line were transfected in a stable form with the human SSAO/VAP-1 gene. These cell lines were biochemically characterized and used to analyze the effect of methylamine oxidation products, as methylamine is one of the main physiological SSAO substrates, in the context of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy related to AD (CAA-AD). Results showed that the products generated by the transfected SSAO activity were able to induce the apoptotic cell death of the smooth muscle cells. This apoptotic cell death was p53 transcriptional activity-dependent, and it involved the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio deregulation, the Puma-α expression induction and the caspases 9 and 3 activation. On the other hand, treatment with the 40 amino acids length amyloid beta peptide containing the Dutch mutation (Aβ1-40 D) was used as CAA-AD model, which is characterized by vascular Aβ deposits and vascular degeneration as well. Results showed that Aβ treatment induced an increase of SSAO/VAP-1 protein amount in endothelial cells, which induced the appearance of methylamine oxidation-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, besides the confirmation that SSAO activity enhances the Aβdeposition, which was recently described, results revealed a new involvement of SSAO in the Aβ deposition process through enzymatic activity-independent mechanisms. Finally, the SSAO plasmatic activity was determined in a larger population of AD patients than the used in a previous study, and the analysis has been extended to patients afflicted by other dementias showing vascular damage such as vascular dementia or mixed dementia. The obtained results confirmed the increase of plasma SSAO activity only at severest dementia conditions, and that it was age and sex¬independent. However, SSAO activity levels did not show significant differences in increasing conditions of vascular dementia or mixed dementia. Even though, these results do not allow ruling out a possible involvement of SSAO in these pathologies, since severe groups of demented patients were not available. In the same way, the analysis of the cerebrovascular tissue of these patients would help giving us a final conclusion. In summary, the obtained results show a direct involvement of SSAO activity in the CAA-AD-related vascular degeneration as well as in Aβ deposition by activity¬dependent and independent mechanisms. Moreover, Aβdeposition increases the SSAO availability, thus reinforcing its toxic effect. These effects can become important during all the disease progression, enhancing the Aβ deposition at early stages, but also contributing to the vascular damage at advanced ones when SSAO activity is increased. Even so, it would be necessary to perform more studies on plasma human samples in order to determine its possible involvement in the vascular damage observed in other dementia conditions.
2

Envolvimento de mecanismos GABAérgicos da substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal e do colículo inferior no medo condicionado e incondicionado / Involvement of GABAergic mechanisms of the dorsal periaqueductal gray and inferior colliculus in conditioned and unconditioned fear

Reimer, Adriano Edgar 09 September 2008 (has links)
A substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (SCPd) e o colículo inferior (CI) são duas estruturas do teto mesencefálico que, juntamente com a amígdala, o hipotálamo dorsomedial e o colículo superior, estão envolvidas na modulação da expressão comportamental dos estados de medo. A estimulação química ou elétrica destas estruturas produz uma série de respostas comportamentais defensivas. Além disso, dados comportamentais com modelos animais de ansiedade têm fornecido evidências da existência de uma regulação inibitória tônica GABAérgica na SCPd e CI. Neste estudo investigamos o envolvimento da neurotransmissão GABAérgica na expressão do medo condicionado e do medo incondicionado. Para isso, os efeitos da administração de muscimol (agonista GABA-A) e semicarbazida (inibidor da descarboxilase do ácido glutâmico) na SCPd e CI foram analisados no teste do sobressalto potencializado pelo medo, na resposta de congelamento condicionada, nos limiares de congelamento e fuga determinados por estimulação elétrica dessas estruturas e no congelamento pós-estimulação. No modelo de medo incondicionado, microinjeções de muscimol intra-SCPd reduziram a aversividade da estimulação elétrica, mas não o congelamento pós-estimulação, ao passo que a semicarbazida produziu efeitos pró-aversivos em ambas as condições. O muscimol também causou redução significativa no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo e congelamento condicionado, enquanto que a semicarbazida não alterou essas respostas. Já a microinjeção de ambas as drogas no CI não produziu efeitos no modelo condicionado, mas no teste incondicionado, o muscimol reduziu a aversividade da estimulação elétrica. Esses dados mostram uma participação diferencial de mecanismos GABAérgicos no medo condicionado e incondicionado. Estes mecanismos na SCPd parecem estar envolvidos tanto no medo condicionado quanto no incondicionado, enquanto que no CI eles parecem participar somente do medo incondicionado. / The dorsal periqueductal gray (dPAG) and inferior colliculus (IC) are two structures of the midbrain tectum that, together with amygdala, dorsomedial hypothalamus and superior colliculus, are involved in the modulation of the expression of fear-related behaviors. The chemical or electrical stimulation of these structures produces a series of behavioral defensive responses. Moreover, behavioral data from animal models of anxiety have provided evidences of tonic inhibitory GABAergic regulation in dPAG and IC. This study investigated the involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the expression of unconditioned and conditioned fear. To this aim, the effects of intra-dPAG and IC administration of muscimol (GABA-A agonist) and semicarbazide (glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor) were examined in the fear potentiated startle test, in conditioned freezing, in the thresholds for freezing and escape determined by electrical stimulation of these structures, and in the post-stimulation freezing. In the unconditioned model, intra-dPAG injections of muscimol reduced the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation but had no effects on the post-stimulation freezing, while semicarbazide produced aversive-like effects in both conditions. Muscimol also caused significant reduction in fear potentiated startle and conditioned freezing, while semicarbazide had no effect in these responses. In contrast, intra-IC injections of both drugs were ineffective in the conditioned model. In the unconditioned model, however, muscimol reduced the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation. These data show a differential participation of GABAergic mechanisms on conditioned and unconditioned fear. These mechanisms in the dPAG seem to be involved in both conditioned and unconditioned fear, while in IC they seem to participate in unconditioned fear only.
3

Envolvimento de mecanismos GABAérgicos da substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal e do colículo inferior no medo condicionado e incondicionado / Involvement of GABAergic mechanisms of the dorsal periaqueductal gray and inferior colliculus in conditioned and unconditioned fear

Adriano Edgar Reimer 09 September 2008 (has links)
A substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (SCPd) e o colículo inferior (CI) são duas estruturas do teto mesencefálico que, juntamente com a amígdala, o hipotálamo dorsomedial e o colículo superior, estão envolvidas na modulação da expressão comportamental dos estados de medo. A estimulação química ou elétrica destas estruturas produz uma série de respostas comportamentais defensivas. Além disso, dados comportamentais com modelos animais de ansiedade têm fornecido evidências da existência de uma regulação inibitória tônica GABAérgica na SCPd e CI. Neste estudo investigamos o envolvimento da neurotransmissão GABAérgica na expressão do medo condicionado e do medo incondicionado. Para isso, os efeitos da administração de muscimol (agonista GABA-A) e semicarbazida (inibidor da descarboxilase do ácido glutâmico) na SCPd e CI foram analisados no teste do sobressalto potencializado pelo medo, na resposta de congelamento condicionada, nos limiares de congelamento e fuga determinados por estimulação elétrica dessas estruturas e no congelamento pós-estimulação. No modelo de medo incondicionado, microinjeções de muscimol intra-SCPd reduziram a aversividade da estimulação elétrica, mas não o congelamento pós-estimulação, ao passo que a semicarbazida produziu efeitos pró-aversivos em ambas as condições. O muscimol também causou redução significativa no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo e congelamento condicionado, enquanto que a semicarbazida não alterou essas respostas. Já a microinjeção de ambas as drogas no CI não produziu efeitos no modelo condicionado, mas no teste incondicionado, o muscimol reduziu a aversividade da estimulação elétrica. Esses dados mostram uma participação diferencial de mecanismos GABAérgicos no medo condicionado e incondicionado. Estes mecanismos na SCPd parecem estar envolvidos tanto no medo condicionado quanto no incondicionado, enquanto que no CI eles parecem participar somente do medo incondicionado. / The dorsal periqueductal gray (dPAG) and inferior colliculus (IC) are two structures of the midbrain tectum that, together with amygdala, dorsomedial hypothalamus and superior colliculus, are involved in the modulation of the expression of fear-related behaviors. The chemical or electrical stimulation of these structures produces a series of behavioral defensive responses. Moreover, behavioral data from animal models of anxiety have provided evidences of tonic inhibitory GABAergic regulation in dPAG and IC. This study investigated the involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the expression of unconditioned and conditioned fear. To this aim, the effects of intra-dPAG and IC administration of muscimol (GABA-A agonist) and semicarbazide (glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor) were examined in the fear potentiated startle test, in conditioned freezing, in the thresholds for freezing and escape determined by electrical stimulation of these structures, and in the post-stimulation freezing. In the unconditioned model, intra-dPAG injections of muscimol reduced the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation but had no effects on the post-stimulation freezing, while semicarbazide produced aversive-like effects in both conditions. Muscimol also caused significant reduction in fear potentiated startle and conditioned freezing, while semicarbazide had no effect in these responses. In contrast, intra-IC injections of both drugs were ineffective in the conditioned model. In the unconditioned model, however, muscimol reduced the aversiveness of the electrical stimulation. These data show a differential participation of GABAergic mechanisms on conditioned and unconditioned fear. These mechanisms in the dPAG seem to be involved in both conditioned and unconditioned fear, while in IC they seem to participate in unconditioned fear only.

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