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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has proven to be an important signaling molecule both as an extracellular primary messenger and as an intracellular second messenger. Extracellular S1P acts through a family of five S1P receptors, S1PR1-5, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors associated with different G proteins. Previous work from our laboratory shows that externally applied S1P increases the excitability of small-diameter sensory neurons by enhancing the action potential firing. The increased neuronal excitability is mediated primarily, but not exclusively, through S1PR1. This raises the question as to which other S1PRs mediate the enhanced excitability in sensory neurons. To address this question, the expression of different S1PR subtypes in small-diameter sensory neurons was examined by single-cell quantitative PCR. The results show that sensory neurons express the mRNAs for all five S1PRs, with S1PR1 mRNA level significantly greater than the other subtypes. To investigate the functional contribution of other S1PRs in augmenting excitability, sensory neurons were treated with a pool of three individual siRNAs targeted to S1PR1, R2 and R3. This treatment prevented S1P from augmenting excitability, indicating that S1PR1, R2 and/or R3 are essential in mediating S1P-induced sensitization. To study the role of S1PR2 in S1P-induced sensitization, JTE-013, a selective antagonist at S1PR2, was used. Surprisingly, JTE-013 by itself enhanced neuronal excitability. Alternatively, sensory neurons were pretreated with FTY720, which is an agonist at S1PR1/R3/R4/R5 and presumably downregulates these receptors. FTY720 pretreatment prevented S1P from increasing neuronal excitability, suggesting that S1PR2 does not mediate the S1P-induced sensitization. To test the hypothesis that S1PR1 and R3 mediate S1P-induced sensitization, sensory neurons were pretreated with specific antagonists for S1PR1 and R3, or with siRNAs targeted to S1PR1 and R3. Both treatments blocked the capacity of S1P to enhance neuronal excitability. Therefore my results demonstrate that the enhanced excitability produced by S1P is mediated by S1PR1 and/or S1PR3. Additionally, my results indicate that S1P/S1PR1 elevates neuronal excitability through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. The data from antagonism at S1PR1 to regulate neuronal excitability provides insight into the importance of S1P/S1PR1 axis in modulating pain signal transduction.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1998. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 118-132.

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are chemotherapeutics commonly used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, lung, and lymphoma cancers. There are two main classes of MTAs based upon their effects on microtubule stability. The two classes are the destabilizing agents, which include the drug vincristine, and the stabilizing agents, which include paclitaxel and epothilone B. These drugs are highly effective antineoplastics, but their use is often accompanied by several side effects, one of which is peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy can be characterized by burning pain, tingling, loss of proprioception, or numbness in the hands and feet. In some patients, the MTA-induced peripheral neuropathy is debilitating and dose-limiting; however, there are no effective prevention strategies or treatment options for peripheral neuropathy as the mechanisms mediating this side effect are unknown. The goal of this work was to investigate MTA-induced effects on neuronal activity and morphology in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of MTA-induced peripheral neuropathy. As an indicator of sensory neuronal activity, the basal and stimulated release of the putative nociceptive peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), was measured from sensory neurons in culture after exposure to the MTAs paclitaxel, epothilone B, and vincristine. Neurite length and branching were also measured in sensory neuronal cultures after treatment with these MTAs. The results described in this thesis demonstrate that MTAs alter the stimulated release of CGRP from sensory neurons in differential ways depending on the MTA agent employed, the CGRP evoking-stimulus used, the concentration of the MTA agent, the duration of exposure to the MTA agent, and the presence of NGF. It was also observed that MTA agents decrease neurite length and branching, independent of the concentration of NGF in the culture media. Thus, this thesis describes MTA-induced alterations of sensory neuronal sensitivity and neurite morphology and begins to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in MTA-induced alterations of sensory neurons. These findings will undoubtedly be used to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying MTA-induced peripheral neuropathy.

L’asthme est répandu chez 250 millions de personnes dans le monde, dont la majorité souffre d’asthme allergique à médiation IgE. La diaphonie neuro-immune a récemment fait l’objet d’études approfondies. La présente thèse comprend des études sur des modèles de souris, y compris nos travaux publiés portant sur l’interaction neurone sensoriel-cellule B, un manuscrit soumis sur l’interaction neurones pruricepteurs vagaux-basophiles, ainsi que nos méthodes de recherche publiées sous forme de chapitre de livre. Dans le chapitre 1, nous avons démontré que la perte de fonction des neurones sensoriels atténuait l’inflammation allergique des voies respiratoires induite par les acariens et l’activation des cellules IgE+ B. Les données in vitro suggèrent que l’activation des lymphocytes B et la production d’anticorps étaient améliorées par la substance P. Dans le chapitre 2, nous avons démontré que les neurones sensoriels vagaux répondent aux pruritogènes, à l’analogue du LPA xy-17, à la β-alanine et à la chloroquine, suggérant que le pruricepteur-comme le comportement de certains neurones sensoriels vagaux, comme le prédisent les récents résultats de séquençage d’ARN unicellulaire. Plus important encore, nous avons démontré que l’oncostatine M est produite par les basophiles sous stimulation basée sur FcεRI et peut sensibiliser plusieurs populations sensorielles vagales, y compris les sous-ensembles jugulaires TRPV1+Tac1+ et MrgprA3+. Enfin, dans le chapitre 3, nous illustrons les méthodes détaillées d’étude des neurones sensoriels vagaux, y compris les approches génétiques et pharmacologiques de perte de fonction, et l’analyse transcriptomique des neurones sensoriels vagaux issus du tri cellulaire activé par fluorescence (FACS). Prises ensemble, nos données suggèrent que les neurones sensoriels peptidergiques participent à l’établissement de l’immunité humorale et que les neurones pruricepteurs vagaux répondent aux médiateurs inflammatoires allergiques, y compris la cytokine amplificatrice des démangeaisons, l’oncostatine M, produite par les basophiles activés par FcεRI. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déchiffrer le rôle des neurones pruricepteurs vagaux dans la transmission du signal du tronc cérébral, l’inflammation périphérique et la mécanique pulmonaire globale de l’asthme. / Asthma is prevalent among 250 million people globally, the majority of which feature IgE-mediated allergic asthma. The neuro-immune crosstalk has been under intense study recently. The present thesis comprises studies of mouse models, including our published work focusing on sensory neuron-B cell interaction, a submitted manuscript on vagal pruriceptor neurons-basophil interaction, as well as our research methods published as a book chapter. In chapter 1, we demonstrated that loss of function of sensory neurons dampened house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation, IgE+ B cell activation. In vitro data suggests that the B cell activation and antibody production were enhanced by substance P. In chapter 2, we demonstrated that vagal sensory neurons respond to pruritogens, the LPA analog xy-17, β-alanine, and chloroquine, suggesting the pruriceptor-like behavior of some vagal sensory neurons, as predicted by recent singlecell RNA sequencing results. Most importantly, we demonstrated that oncostatin M is produced by basophils under FcεRI-based stimulation, and can sensitize multiple vagal sensory populations, including the jugular TRPV1+Tac1+ and MrgprA3+ subsets. Finally, in chapter 3, we illustrate the detailed methods for studying vagal sensory neurons, including the genetic and pharmacological loss-of-function approaches, and transcriptomic analysis of vagal sensory neurons yield from fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Taken together, our data suggests that peptidergic sensory neurons participate in the humoral immunity establishment and vagal pruriceptor neurons respond to allergic inflammatory mediators, including the itch-amplifying cytokine, oncostatin M, produced by FcεRI-activated basophils. Further studies are needed to decipher the role of vagal pruriceptor neurons in brainstem signal transmission, peripheral inflammation, and overall asthmatic lung mechanics.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the current standard of care for the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nearly one-half of patients receiving AI therapy develop musculoskeletal toxicity that is characterized by joint and/or muscle pain and approximately one-fourth of patients discontinue their therapy as a result of musculoskeletal pain. Since there are no effective strategies for prevention or treatment, insight into the mechanisms of AI-induced pain is critical to improve treatment. However, there are few studies of AI effects in animal models of nociception. To determine whether AIs produce hypersensitivity in animal models of pain, I examined the effects of AI administration on mechanical, thermal, and chemical sensitivity in rats. The results demonstrate that (1) repeated injection of 5 mg/kg letrozole in male rats produces mechanical, but not thermal, hypersensitivity that extinguishes when drug dosing is stopped; (2) administering a single dose of 1 or 5 mg/kg letrozole in ovariectomized (OVX) rats also induces mechanical hypersensitivity, without altering thermal sensitivity and (3) a single dose of 5 mg/kg letrozole or daily dosing of letrozole or exemestane in male rats augments flinching behavior induced by intraplantar ATP injection. To determine whether the effects of AIs on nociceptive behaviors are mediated by activation or sensitization of peptidergic sensory neurons, I determined whether letrozole exposure alters release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from isolated rat sensory neurons and from sensory nerve endings in rat spinal cord slices. No changes in basal, capsaicin-evoked or high extracellular potassium-evoked CGRP release were observed in sensory neuronal cultures acutely or chronically exposed to letrozole. Furthermore, letrozole exposure did not alter the ability of ATP to augment CGRP release from sensory neurons in culture. Finally, chronic letrozole treatment did not augment neuropeptide release from spinal cord slices. Taken together, these results do not support altered release of this neuropeptide into the spinal cord as mediator of letrozole-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and suggest the involvement of other mechanisms. Results from this dissertation provide a new experimental model for AI-induced hypersensitivity that could be beneficial in delineating mechanisms mediating pain during AI therapy.