Sensory Modulation Dysfunction (SMD) is characterized by an inability to consistently and accurately grade responses to sensory information. SMD, and specifically sensory over-responsivity (SOR), has been correlated with stress and anxiety in some developmentally delayed populations and has been associated with structures and functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent attention has been given to HPA functioning in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with a majority of studies identifying blunted or diminished cortisol patterns. In contrast, elevated cortisol has been associated with anxiety and anxious behaviors in both animal and human studies. The purpose of this study was to determine if SOR may be a contributing factor in determining stress reactivity patterns in children with ADHD or related to elevated levels of anxiety in this population.Twenty four children between the ages of six and ten with ADHD and 24 children without ADHD were recruited for this study. Parents completed a Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) with their child. Children in the ADHD group were divided into SOR (ADHDs) and non-SOR (ADHDt) groups using the Sensory Over-Responsivity Inventory (SensOR). All children participated in a Sensory Challenge Protocol. Two pre-challenge and seven post-challenge measures of salivary cortisol were taken. The relationship between SOR and anxiety was examined using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Fishers exact test to look for differences among group medians and compare scores to clinical cut-off standard. Cortisol patterns were examined using a mixed-effects ANOVA to determine if stress reactivity was significantly different between groups.No baseline differences in salivary cortisol were found between groups. In response to a sensory challenge, there was a borderline significant difference found between the ADHDt and ADHDs group (p=0.056) and a significant difference between ADHDt and the typical (p=0.014) group; with cortisol levels being significantly lower in the ADHDt group. Scores for total anxiety indicated that the ADHDs group was significantly more anxious than both the ADHDt and control group. These results indicate that SOR may alter the stress response in children with ADHD and contribute to increased anxiety in this population.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMMS.pdf: 1833925 bytes, checksum: 8aa4a85fa9d49efd11a4842c57115ca1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / BACKGROUND: Walking acquisition is one of the most important milestones during the first year of life that involves changes in spatial perception, cognition and emotional development. The acquisition and improvement of gait are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Prematurity is an intrinsic risk factor for child development, even when infants are classified as moderate and late preterm, due to vulnerability in many body systems, especially in the Central Nervous System. Studies report that preterm infants present poorer motor and cognitive performance and quality of walking movements when compared to full-term infants. However, little is known about how intrinsic and extrinsic factors interfere in this process. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the motor, cognitive, sensory development and walking characteristics METHODOS: 34 preterm infants (mean corrected age of 15.6) and 34 term infants (mean age of 13.7 months) were enrolled in the children development evaluation and 10 preterm infants (mean corrected age of 16.8) and 16 term infants (mean age 15.4 months) participated performed the gait analysis. Information about birth and socioeconomic conditions was collected through a questionnaire. Motor, cognitive and language performance was assessed with the Bayley Scale of Infant Development-3rd Edition scale, the Sensory Profile was applied through an interview with mothers for evaluation of sensory modulation. The Home Observation for Measure of the Environment Inventory was used to evaluate the care quality and kinematic gait evaluation used the Qualisys ProReflex MCU motion analysis system. For comparison between groups T-test was used for parametric data, Mann Whitney test for the non-parametric data and Chi Square for the categorical variables. In addition, Spearman and Pearson tests were performed for correlation according to data distribution. RESULTS: A gap has been identified in the literature regarding the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the gait acquisition and refinement process. Preterm infants presented lower motor and cognitive performance than term infants. The quality of care of preterm infants also presented lower scores, with lower family income and maternal education. Lower gestational ages were related to lower motor and cognitive performance. Higher degrees of maternal education and higher family income were associated with higher motor, cognitive and language performances. Lower scores on quality of care were associated with lower cognitive and language performances and higher scores on the aversive and spectator quadrants. The premature group presented similar gait characteristics as the term group, except for hip angulation, that was higher in the preterm group. Factors such as age of acquisition, time of walking experience, gestational age, height at birth and APGAR in the first and fifth minutes, home environment and maternal and paternal education are related to several gait characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate and late prematurity cause lower motor and cognitive performances and more immature gait in comparison to term infants. Intrinsic (gestational age, weight) and extrinsic factors (quality of care, family income and maternal and paternal education) were shown to influence motor, cognitive and language development, sensory modulation and gait characteristics. Moderate and late preterm infants require a carefully follow-up during first two years, even if there are no clear signs of dysfunction. / INTRODUÇÃO: A marcha independente é uma das mais importantes habilidades adquiridas no primeiro ano de vida, envolvendo mudanças na percepção espacial, cognição e desenvolvimento emocional. A aquisição e aprimoramento da marcha são influenciados por fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. A prematuridade é um fator intrínseco de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil, mesmo sendo os lactentes classificados como prematuros moderados e tardios. Estudos relatam que lactentes prematuros apresentam menores desempenhos motor e cognitivos e menor qualidade dos movimentos de caminhar, quando comparados a lactentes a termo. No entanto, pouco se sabe como fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos interferem neste processo. OBJETIVO: Investigar como fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos interferem no desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, sensorial e na qualidade da marcha de lactentes prematuros METODOLOGIA: 34 lactentes prematuros (idade corrigida média de 15,6 meses) e 34 lactentes a termo (idade média de 13,7 meses) participaram da avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil e 10 lactentes prematuros (idade corrigida média de 16,8 meses) e 16 lactentes a termo (idade média de 15,4 meses) participaram da análise da marcha. Foram colhidas informações sobre o nascimento e condições socioeconômicas da família por questionário. A avaliação do desempenho motor, cognitivo e de linguagem foi realizada utilizando a escala Bayley, e o Perfil Sensorial foi aplicado em entrevista com as mães para avaliação da modulação sensorial. A escala HOME foi utilizada para avaliação da qualidade do cuidado e a avaliação cinemática da marcha foi realizada pelo sistema de análise de movimento Qualisys ProReflex MCU. Foram realizados Teste T para comparação entre grupos para os dados paramétricos, Mann Whitney para os não paramétricos e Qui Quadrado para as variáveis categóricas. Além disso, foi realizado teste de Pearson e Spearman de acordo com a distribuição dos dados para investigar correlações entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: Foi identificada uma lacuna na literatura quanto ao impacto de fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos no processo de aquisição e refinamento da marcha. Os lactentes prematuros da presente tese apresentaram desempenho motor e cognitivo inferiores à lactentes a termo. A qualidade do cuidado dispensada aos lactentes prematuros também apresentou menor pontuação que a dispensada aos lactentes a termo, com menor renda familiar e escolaridade materna. Menores idades gestacionais estavam relacionadas a desempenhos motor e cognitivo inferiores. Maiores graus de escolaridade materna e maior renda familiar estavam associados a desempenhos motor, cognitivo e de linguagem superiores. Menores pontuações na qualidade do cuidado estavam associadas a desempenhos cognitivos e de linguagem inferiores e a maiores pontuações nos quadrantes aversivo e espectador. O grupo prematuro apresentou ainda características da marcha semelhantes ao grupo a termo, com exceção da angulação do quadril, maior no grupo prematuro. Fatores como a idade de aquisição, tempo de experiência no caminhar, idade gestacional, qualidade do cuidado e escolaridade materna e paterna apresentaram relação com diversas características da marcha. CONCLUSÕES: A prematuridade moderada e tardia afeta negativamente os desempenhos motores e cognitivos e leva a marcha com característica mais imatura em comparação com a crianças a termo. Tanto fatores intrínsecos (idade gestacional, peso ao nascer) quanto extrínsecos (qualidade do cuidado, renda familiar e escolaridade materna e paterna) tem influência sobre o desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, de linguagem, sensorial e sobre as características da marcha. Prematuros moderados e tardios necessitam de um maior acompanhamento nos dois primeiros anos de vida, mesmo na ausência de sinais claros de disfunções.

The aim of this study was to investigate a sensory intervention of moderate pressure touch on children with sensory modulation disorder on the outcomes of sleep behaviors and social participation. 50 children, aged 6-11 years, with both sensory modulation disorder and sleep difficulties were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group participants received three weeks of nightly massage by their parents. The parents filled out questionnaires reporting on sleep behaviors, sensory modulation, and social participation, as well as recording a sleep log, and determining goal attainment scaling goals. The questionnaires used were the Short Sensory Profile, the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Sensory Processing Measure social sub-section. Significant improvement was found between the total and sub-group scores of sleep and social participation measures. While obstructive sleep disorders remained unchanged, behavioral sleep difficulties of sleep onset, sleep anxiety, parasomnias, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness, as well as the total sleep scores ( F(1,48)=24.71, p

M.Sc.(Occupational Therapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / Title: The agreement found between the sensory profiles of children 3-10 years and their parents Author: Elsje Geyser Promoter: Denise Franszen School: Therapeutic Sciences Faculty: Health Sciences Degree: MSc.OT Key Concepts: Sensory modulation dysfunction, sensory processing disorder, high threshold, low threshold, sensory profile, low registration behaviour, sensory seeking behaviour, sensory sensitive behaviour, sensation avoiding behaviour. In order to treat a child with sensory modulation disorder (SMD), the impact of SMD on the child’s occupational sphere should be taken into account. This includes the effect of SMD in the parent on the child’s development and behaviour. This study determined the probability of agreement between the parent and child’s sensory profiles. A quantitative, cross sectional study design established the sensory profiles of 81 children and their parents. Results indicated a moderate probability that a child with SMD may have a parent with SMD. A moderate to high probability existed for a parent with SMD to have a child with SMD. This supports the supposition that there is a hereditary component to SMD, with learned sedentary behavioural patterns. The treatment implications include considering the parent’s reaction to their own sensory thresholds and the influence this has on the child’s treatment and learnt behaviour.

<p>Children with autism typically present with sensory processing difficulties that affect their ability to relate to people. This qualitative study focused on exploring the sensory processing of children with autism and their mothers, using a frame of reference of sensory integration theory. The purpose of the study was to help mothers gain knowledge and understanding into their own sensory processing so that they could develop a better understanding of their child&rsquo / s sensory processing in order to facilitate better mother-child relationships. An evaluation tool, the Sensory Profiles by Dunn (1999) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile by Brown &amp / Dunn (2002) was used as the instrument for gathering information on sensory processing. The population consisted of ten sets of mothers and their children with autism who attend Vera School for Learners with Autism. The Sensory&nbsp / rofiles was completed to investigate the phenomenological issues regarding the sensory modulation aspects of the parent-child relationship. Each mother received individual feedback on their own and their child&rsquo / s sensory processing. Two focus groups were then conducted with the mothers to determine the value of the information gained from the&nbsp / rofiles. Data consisted of two audio taped feedback from the focus group. Data was analysed for emerging themes. The three major themes that emerged were, (a) You realize&nbsp / ow similar you are to your child, (b) I also have needs (c) They walk away and leave you with this wreck of a child. The findings of the study suggest that an understanding of&nbsp / ensory processing can influence the mother-child relationship positively.</p>

<p>Children with autism typically present with sensory processing difficulties that affect their ability to relate to people. This qualitative study focused on exploring the sensory processing of children with autism and their mothers, using a frame of reference of sensory integration theory. The purpose of the study was to help mothers gain knowledge and understanding into their own sensory processing so that they could develop a better understanding of their child&rsquo / s sensory processing in order to facilitate better mother-child relationships. An evaluation tool, the Sensory Profiles by Dunn (1999) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile by Brown &amp / Dunn (2002) was used as the instrument for gathering information on sensory processing. The population consisted of ten sets of mothers and their children with autism who attend Vera School for Learners with Autism. The Sensory&nbsp / rofiles was completed to investigate the phenomenological issues regarding the sensory modulation aspects of the parent-child relationship. Each mother received individual feedback on their own and their child&rsquo / s sensory processing. Two focus groups were then conducted with the mothers to determine the value of the information gained from the&nbsp / rofiles. Data consisted of two audio taped feedback from the focus group. Data was analysed for emerging themes. The three major themes that emerged were, (a) You realize&nbsp / ow similar you are to your child, (b) I also have needs (c) They walk away and leave you with this wreck of a child. The findings of the study suggest that an understanding of&nbsp / ensory processing can influence the mother-child relationship positively.</p>

Magister Scientiae (Occupational Therapy) - MSc(OT) / Children with autism typically present with sensory processing difficulties that affect their ability to relate to people. This qualitative study focused on exploring the sensory processing of children with autism and their mothers, using a frame of reference of sensory integration theory. The purpose of the study was to help mothers gain knowledge and understanding into their own sensory processing so that they could develop a better understanding of their child's sensory processing in order to facilitate better mother-child relationships. An evaluation tool, the Sensory Profiles by Dunn (1999) and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile by Brown & Dunn (2002) was used as the instrument for gathering information on sensory processing. The population consisted of ten sets of mothers and their children with autism who attend Vera School for Learners with Autism. The Sensory Profiles was completed to investigate the phenomenological issues regarding the sensory modulation aspects of the parent-child relationship. Each mother received individual feedback on their own and their child's sensory processing. Two focus groups were then conducted with the mothers to determine the value of the information gained from the profiles. Data consisted of two audio taped feedback from the focus group. Data was analysed for emerging themes. The three major themes that emerged were, (a) You realize how similar you are to your child, (b) I also have needs (c) They walk away and leave you with this wreck of a child. The findings of the study suggest that an understanding of sensory processing can influence the mother-child relationship positively. / South Africa

Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Modulation Dysfunction are Sensory Integration Disorders that are widely known to occupational therapists practicing in the paediatric occupational therapy field. These disorders have been the subject of numerous research studies that have managed to clarify and explain relations of these disorders with sensory processing as well as their prevalence in different diagnostic groups. Such a clarified relationship is between Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Discrimination, while Sensory Modulation Dysfunction is reported to occur in various diagnostic groups. Developments over the past decade in the field of Sensory Integration proposed that Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Modulation Dysfunction be regarded as two patterns of a Sensory Processing Disorder and suggested that these two disorder patterns occurred concomitantly. Clinical experience, however, resulted in the researcher questioning the above proposed concomitant relationship and hypothesised that there was a specific relation between Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity (Sensory Modulation Dysfunction). This study was directed at investigating the relationship between Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity. A review of the literature that described these two disorder patterns yielded reference to theories that underpin Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity. From these theories it was possible to identify some common ground between Developmental dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity that could potentially support a relation. The Sensory Profile, Sensory Profile School Companion and the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests were used to assess and identify Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity. Obtained data were statistically analysed and compared and did not produce a statistically significant positive relation between Developmental Dyspraxia and Sensory Responsivity, but yielded some weak correlations in supplementary analysis. These weak correlations have value in terms of sensory responsiveness tendencies in the presence of types of dyspraxia. Clinical analyses of the data set were performed to examine the incidence of types of dyspraxia in the sample with sensory over- or under responsiveness. These analyses demonstrated a greater presence of Developmental Dyspraxia in the population with Sensory Under-responsivity. The clinical analyses provided the researcher with additional information that was taken into account when conclusions were made. It also contributed to the recommendations that were made at the end of Chapter 5. Discussion of results was directed at explaining correlations and interpreting the implications of those correlations. A discussion of possible problems included considering possible flaws in the method and procedure that could have contributed to the research outcome. Recommendations were directed at proposals for future research and recommendations for clinical practice. Copyright / Dissertation (MOccTher)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Occupational Therapy / unrestricted