Le travail de la thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation enzymatique des produits et des co-produits de la pêche et ce dans l’optique de produire des fonctions et des produits de haute valeur ajoutée. Dans un premier temps, on s’est intéressé à la purification et la caractérisation biochimiques des protéases digestives (trypsine, chymotrypsine et cathepsine D) à partir de l’hépatopancréas de la seiche commune (S. officinalis). Ensuite, nous avons utilisé ces protéases digestives ainsi que d’autres protéases d’origine microbienne dans l’élaboration des hydrolysats protéiques enrichis en peptides bioactifs. 23 nouveaux peptides antihypertensifs ont été identifiés. Également, l’effet antihypertenseur in vivo de certains peptides a été prouvé. Dans un autre volet, on s’est intéressé à l’étude de l’influence de degré d’hydrolyse et le type d’enzyme sur les propriétés fonctionnelles et biologiques dans les hydrolysats protéiques préparés à partir des co-produits (peau et viscères) et le muscle de la seiche commune. Enfin, un procédé enzymatique destiné à l’extraction de la gélatine à partir de la peau de la seiche commune a été développé. L’étude comparative de certaines propriétés fonctionnelles et texturales de la gélatine extraite avec celle d’origine bovine commerciale a été aussi réalisée. / The aim of this project was to improve the biotechnological exploitation of marine ressources to obtain value added products for food and nutraceutical applications. First, several digestives proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin and cathepsin D) from the hepatopancreas of the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) were purified and characterized. In the second part, these digestive proteases and other microbial proteases were used to generate protein hydrolysates enriched in bioactive peptides. 23 novel ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated and identified. In addition, the antihypertensive effect in vivo of some peptides was confirmed. The influence of the degree of hydrolysis and enzyme type on functional and bioactive properties of protein hydrolysates from cuttlefish by-products (skin and viscera) and muscle of the same species was studied. Finally, gelatin from the skin of cuttlefish was extracted using protease-aided process. The characteristics, functional and textural properties of this protein were investigated and compared to those ofcommercial bovine gelatin.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-91). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

<p> This dissertation explores the internal geochemistry of Sepia officinalis cuttlebones and the rostra of several genera of extinct Belemnoidea with the aim of improving our ability to reconstruct the palaeoclimatic record. Sepia share several unique morphological features with Belemnoidea and may be their most suitable modern analogue. Consequently, a geochemical comparison between the internal skeleton of Sepia and Belemnoidea may help improve the understanding of the geochemistry of Belemnoidea rostra, which are often used to investigate Mesozoic palaeoenvironmental conditions.</p> <p> High resolution sampling of oxygen isotope values from five S. officinalis cuttlebones from the English Channel confirmed that S. officinalis cuttlebones provide an accurate record of water temperature that preserves seasonal temperature variation consistent with sea surface temperature records. Carbon isotope values show increasing values with growth until a sharp decline late in life, documenting a decrease in metabolism with ontogeny, followed by a late life increase. Trace element concentrations measured from two of these cuttlebones document a small but statistically significant correlation between oxygen isotope values and both Sr and Mn concentration, suggesting some degree of temperature control on their rate of incorporation. Mg concentration exhibits a small but statistically significant correlation with carbon isotope values, suggesting metabolism may exert some control on the rate of Mg incorporation.</p> <p> Due to the process of fossilisation, diagenesis may alter the geochemistry of Belemnoidea rostra, which is difficult to detect using stable isotope values alone. It is necessary to detect samples that have diagenetic overprinting of the original environmental signal so that past geochemical relationships may be accurately reconstructed. As Mn and Sr are enriched and depleted (respectively) in diagenetic fluids, they may be used as indicators of alteration. Following the removal of diagenetically altered samples, the carbon isotope values of Belemnoidea rostra sampled from the Green Beds at Carbondale River, Alberta, Canada document a statistically significant increase with ontogeny, suggesting a decrease in metabolic rate similar to S. officinalis. Contrasting with S. officinalis, oxygen isotope values do not show seasonal palaeotemperature cycles, possibly the result of latitudinal migration with favourable water temperatures. Trace element concentrations of Mg exhibit a small but statistically significant correlation with Belemnoidea oxygen isotope values, contrasting with Sr and Mn in S. ofjicinalis, suggesting some temperature control on the incorporation rate of Mg in belemnoidea calcite. The ranges in oxygen isotope and Mg values were used to investigate changes in surface and deeper water palaeotemperatures during the deposition of the Green Beds. Similarly, the range in carbon isotope values within individual Green Bed Belemnoidea rostra documented a positive isotope excursion in the Green Bed section, which may become a useful geochemical marker for the region.</p> <p> In most previous studies, palaeoenvironmental conditions have been reconstructed using a single sample from unspecified locations within Belemnoidea rostra. A high resolution sampling approach is necessary to capture the range of geochemical values preserved in individual rostra and may help to minimise the effects of sample bias in the geochemical record. Sampling radially from the apical line to the outside edge of an individual Belemnoidea rostrum is permits the collection of geochemical information spanning the organism's lifespan, and will improve the interpretation of the biology and environment while minimising sample bias.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Bakalauro darbo tikslas — išspausdinti ofsetine dvispalve spauda sepijos fotografijos atvirutes, reprezentuojančias Kelmės miestelį, pritaikius teorijoje išnagrinėtą dvispalvės spaudos procesą. Siekiant įgyvendinti šį tikslą buvo aptarti menininkų darbai (V. Balčyčio, A. Budvyčio G. Trimako, R. Treigio, A. Ostašenkovo), kuriuose naudojama tonuota fotografija — sepija, kaip idėjos realizavimo forma urbanistiniame peizaže; išanalizuota literatūra, susijusi su sepija technologija fotografijoje; aptarta sepijos tono problematika dvispalvėje spaudoje; pasirinkti tinkamiausi spaudos paruošimo variantai kūrybinės idėjos įgyvendinimui. Darbo objektas — tonuotos fotografijos – sepijos panaudojimas tiražinėje spaudoje vaizduojant urbanistinį peizažą. Bakalauro darbą sudaro teorinė ir kūrybinė dalys. Teorinėje dalyje analizuojama, kaip ir kokie aspektai reikalingi reprezentuoti miestelį kaip kultūrinį identitetą fotografijoje, perteikiant mažo miestelio istorinį veidą. Literatūros analizė padėjo atskleisti sepijos tono subtilius aspektus ofsetinėje spaudoje ir išryškino galimus sepijos tono pasikeitimų manipuliacijas. Kūrybinėje dalyje pristatomas Kelmės miestelį reprezentuojantis mažasis leidinys – atvirutės, atspausdintos ofsetine dvispalve spauda, kuriuose panaudotas sepija tonas. Atlikta menininkų kūrybinių darbų, kuriuose naudojama tonuota fotografija, sepija analizė parodo, kad sepijos tonas yra mėgiamas menininkų dėl rusvo minkšto atspalvio, kuris leidžia paryškinti fotografijai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of bachelor's work is to print the sepia postcards of photography in the circulation of press in bicolour, representing the town of Kelme, applying the analysed bicolour press process fitted to theory. Seeking to fulfil the purpose, artists' works were discussed (V. Balčytis, A. Budvytis, G. Trimakas, R. Treigys, A. Ostašenkovas'), in which toned photography – sepia is used like the form of realization of the idea in the urban landscape; literature, connected with sepia technology in photography is analysed; sepia tone problems in bicolour press are columniated; the most suitable variants of press preparation, accomplishing the creative idea, are chosen. The object of work is using toned photography – sepia in the circulating press, representing urban landscape. Bachelor's work consists of theoretical and creative parts. Its theoretical part analyses, how and what aspects are necessary to represent the town like cultural identity in photography, rendering the historical aspect of a little town. Literature analysis helped to reveal the subtle sepia tone aspects in offset press and revealed the manipulations in possible sepia tone changes. The creative part introduces Kelme's town representing little edition – postcards, printed in offset bicolour press, in which sepia tone in used. The analysis of artists works, in which toned photography is used, shows, that sepia tone, used in creative works, is favourite one because of its brownish soft tint, which allows to... [to full text]

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.

This study of Sepia magazine was researched as a historical project in order to trace the progress of a twenty-five-year-old Negro publication begun as a sensational news sheet and expanded to a pictoral, entertaining magazine aimed at the middle-class black.

Pre-mature hatching of fertilized eggs of cuttlefishes and squids, which are Taiwan¡¦s major fishing species, exists in the late embryonic development before yolk sacs are fully absorbed. It is so far unknown whether there is any difference in survival rate between pre-maturely developed juveniles and the fully developed ones. Hence, by laboratory incubation, this study aimed to discuss the relationship between the yolk size in the embryonic development process and embryo, as well as the difference in survival rate of juveniles developed at different developmental stages. The impact of the incubation time on the survival rate is explored in case of changing physical and chemical environmental factors (temperature, salinity, ammonia concentration, vibration etc.) The embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis can be divided into 40 stages according to the external shape and quality of the embryo. The embryo mantle length and the yolk diameter vary by time, while the increasing rate of the mantle length does not(F = 1.88, p = 0.06), increasing or decreasing in a linear relationship respectively. However, under the same environmental conditions, the consumption rate and the mantle size may vary in different batches(yolk diameter: F = 8.77, p < 0.01. mantle length: F = 92.14, p < 0.01). There is no difference in the surviving time of juveniles artificially and naturally incubated at the same developmental stage, and the surviving time will be longer if the artificially incubated juveniles are at later embryonic developmental stages(F = 34.66¡Ap < 0.01). With regard to the feeding ratio of juveniles pre-maturely hatched at different stages, the feeding ratio of the juveniles incubated after the 36th stage will increase with the developmental stages(F = 93.10¡Ap < 0.01). In this study, the temperature limit of the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis should never be lower than 10¢J or higher than 35¢J, and the most suitable temperate range is between 17-28¢J. In case of sudden change in temperature, temperature increase can more effectively affect the pre-mature hatching than temperature decrease. In case of either the 36th or 39th stage embryos, if the temperature rises or drops by more than 10 degrees, pre-mature hatching can exist in some of the embryos. Some embryos may die if salinity is lowered suddenly below 20 psu. Meanwhile, pre-mature hatching may occur within one hour if it is suddenly lowered below 10 psu, and the unhatched embryos may die. When increasing the ammonia concentration suddenly to 1 and 5 ppm, the embryo incubation time may be lengthened compared with the group without the addition: some embryos may die if it is increased to 5 ppm. Meanwhile, most embryos are hatched pre-maturely within 17 minutes when it is increased to 1000 ppm, while those unhatched ones may die. In case of various environmental stimuli of the experiments, a higher percentage of embryos at the 39th stage got away from the hostile environment by pre-mature hatching, while a higher percentage of embryos at 36th stage continued the development until natural incubation or died. The vibration experiment is to produce vibration by a vertical vibration instrument. In case of 30-minute vibration at frequency of 350 times/minute and maximum amplitude at 2 cm, there is no effect on incubation time and mode of embryos at both stages. This factor is still open and subject to further discussion.

Les premiers stades larvaires chez l’huitre creuse, nommée Magallana gigas, constituent une étape clé du bondéroulement du parcours zootechnique et également pour la pérennisation de la production en écloserie. Dans l’objectifde réduire les mortalités observées en écloserie, nous avons recherché de nouveaux peptides antimicrobiens. Larecherche de ces PAM a été réalisée à partir de deux organismes marins, le poisson-lion invasif en mer des caraïbes,Pterois volitans, et la seiche commune présente sur les zones ostréicoles, Sepia officinalis. La recherche de PAM a étéréalisée préférentiellement à partir de transcriptomes de novo obtenus chez ces deux animaux. Chez le poisson lion, àpartir de BLAST, 7 transcrits codant pour des PAM ont été identifiés. Quatre de ces PAM partagent de fortes homologiesde séquences (>90% d’identité) avec des PAM riches en cystéines proches de l’hepcidine, la LEAP-2, la NK-lysine et la bdéfensineidentifiées chez d’autres poissons. Les 3 autres transcrits annotés pteroicidines A, B et C codent pour despeptides apparentés aux piscidines. La présence de la b-défensine et de la pteroicidine a codée par la pteroicidine A a puêtre confirmée dans les extrait de peau du poisson lion par spectrométrie de masse. Une étude approfondie a été menéesur deux formes amidée et non amidée de la ptéroicidine a ainsi que sur plusieurs peptides de différentes tailles issusdes pteroicidines B et C. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence une relation entre la structure, l’amidation et lesactivités antibactériennes et hémolytiques de ces différentes ptéroicidines. Sur le modèle Sepia officinalis, par lesapproches classiques couplant la purification et les tests antibactériens ou par des approches utilisant les BlAST, aucunPAM n’a été mis en évidence. Nous avons donc développé une approche plus originale qui repose sur le « design » depeptides à partir du transcriptome. A partir de 811 petits peptides sans cystéines issus de la base de données APD, nousavons déterminé des critères récurrents concernant la charge, l’hydrophobicité et la composition en acides aminés. Surla base de ces critères et en s’appuyant sur les outils de prédiction de CAMP, douze peptides ont fait l’objet d’une synthèse.Cinq de ces peptides ont révélé un large spectre d’activités antibactériennes. Les peptides antibactériens issus de la seicheayant une activité non hémolytique ont fait l’objet d’un transfert en écloserie. Ce transfert a été optimisé à partir d’uneétude préliminaire sur le peptide de novo K4, particulièrement actif sur les vibrios. Cette étude a mis en évidencel’importance de l’innocuité du peptide antibactérien sur les différents maillons de la chaine trophique, notamment del’huitre, et sur l’importance du stade de développement ciblé. Par ailleurs, nous nous sommes intéressés au devenir despeptides antibactériens de manière à s’assurer de leur biodégradabilité. L’ensemble de ces travaux a permis nonseulement d’identifier de nouveaux PAMs mais également d’apporter les premières données portant sur le potentiel del’utilisation de ces peptides comme alternative aux antibiotiques. / The first larval stages of oyster (Magallana gigas) are key steps in the smooth running of the zootechnical course and inthe sustainability of hatcheries, where mortality levels can be high. That is why we searched for new antimicrobialpeptides (AMPs) on two marine organisms, i.e. lionfish (Pterois volitans), which is invasive in the Caribbean Sea, and thecommon cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), which is present in French oyster production areas. The search for AMPs wascarried out preferentially from de novo transcriptomes from these two animals. In lionfish, BLAST analyses allowed forthe identification of 7 transcripts encoding AMPs. Four of them shared strong sequence homology (> 90% identity) withAMPs rich in cysteines and close to hepcidin, LEAP-2, NK-lysin and b-defensin identified in other fish. The other 3transcripts, annotated pteroicidins A, B and C, coded for piscidin-related peptides. The presence of b-defensin andpteroicidin a encoded by pteroicidin A was confirmed in lionfish skin extracts by mass spectrometry. An in-depth studywas conducted on two amide and non-amide forms of pteroicidin a, as well as on several peptides of different sizesderived from pteroicidins B and C. The results highlighted a relationship between structure, amidation, and theantibacterial and hemolytic activities of these different pteroicidins. On the other hand, no AMP was highlighted in theSepia officinalis model using conventional approaches coupling purification and antibacterial tests or BLAST approaches.We therefore developed a more original approach that relies on the design of peptides starting from the transcriptome.Starting from 811 small cysteine-free peptides from the APD database, we determined recurring criteria for charge,hydrophobicity, and amino acid composition. Based on these criteria and on CAMP prediction tools, twelve peptides weresynthesized. Five of them revealed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities. Non-hemolytic antibacterial peptidesderived from cuttlefish were transferred to the hatchery. This transfer was optimized thanks to a preliminary study onthe de novo K4 peptide, which is particularly active on vibrios. The study highlighted the importance of antibacterialpeptide safety on the various links of the trophic chain including oyster, and the importance of the targeted stage ofdevelopment. In addition, we addressed the fate of antibacterial peptides to ensure their biodegradability. Altogether,this work not only helped to identify new AMPs but also to provide the first data on the potential use of these peptidesas an alternative to antibiotics.

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), also known as Grätzel cells, have been identified as a cost-effective, easy-to-manufacture alternative to conventional solar cells. While mimicking natural photosynthesis, they are currently the most efficient third-generation solar technology available. Among others, their cost is dominated by the synthetic dye which consists of efficient Ruthenium based complexes due to their high and wide spectral absorbance. However, the severe toxicity, sophisticated preparation techniques as well as the elevated total cost of the sensitizing dye is of concern. Consequently, the current global trend in the field focuses on the exploitation of alternative organic dyes such as natural dyes which have been studied intensively. The main attractive features of natural dyes are their availability, environmental friendly, less toxicity, less polluting and low in cost. This contribution reports on the possibility of using sepia melanin dye for such DSSC application in replacement of standard costly ruthenium dyes. The sepia melanin polymer has interesting properties such as a considerable spectral absorbance width due to the high degree of conjugation of the molecule. This polymer is capable of absorbing light quantum, both at low and high energies ranging from the infrared to the UV region. The comprehensive literature survey on Grätzel solar cells, its operating principle, as well as its sensitization by natural dyes focusing on sepia melanin has been provided in this master’s dissertation. The obtained results in investigating the morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure as well as optical properties of sepia melanin samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy x-ray diffraction, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy as well as Photoluminescence (PL) for Grätzel solar cell application have been reported. These results represent an important step forward in defining the structure of melanin. The results clearly show that sepia melanin can be used as natural dye to DSSC sensitization. It is promising for the realization of high cell performance, low-cost production, and non-toxicity. It should be emphasized here that natural dyes from food are better for human health than synthetic dyes. / Physics / 1 online resource (xii, 101 leaves) : illustrations / M. Sc. (Physics)

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), also known as Grätzel cells, have been identified as a cost-effective, easy-to-manufacture alternative to conventional solar cells. While mimicking natural photosynthesis, they are currently the most efficient third-generation solar technology available. Among others, their cost is dominated by the synthetic dye which consists of efficient Ruthenium based complexes due to their high and wide spectral absorbance. However, the severe toxicity, sophisticated preparation techniques as well as the elevated total cost of the sensitizing dye is of concern. Consequently, the current global trend in the field focuses on the exploitation of alternative organic dyes such as natural dyes which have been studied intensively. The main attractive features of natural dyes are their availability, environmental friendly, less toxicity, less polluting and low in cost. This contribution reports on the possibility of using sepia melanin dye for such DSSC application in replacement of standard costly ruthenium dyes. The sepia melanin polymer has interesting properties such as a considerable spectral absorbance width due to the high degree of conjugation of the molecule. This polymer is capable of absorbing light quantum, both at low and high energies ranging from the infrared to the UV region. The comprehensive literature survey on Grätzel solar cells, its operating principle, as well as its sensitization by natural dyes focusing on sepia melanin has been provided in this master’s dissertation. The obtained results in investigating the morphology, chemical composition, crystalline structure as well as optical properties of sepia melanin samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy x-ray diffraction, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy as well as Photoluminescence (PL) for Grätzel solar cell application have been reported. These results represent an important step forward in defining the structure of melanin. The results clearly show that sepia melanin can be used as natural dye to DSSC sensitization. It is promising for the realization of high cell performance, low-cost production, and non-toxicity. It should be emphasized here that natural dyes from food are better for human health than synthetic dyes. / Physics / 1 online resource (xii, 101 leaves) : illustrations / M. Sc. (Physics)