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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Chemical vapor deposition of Al, Fe and of the Al13Fe4 approximant intermetallic phase : experiments and multiscale simulations / Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur d'Al, Fe et de la phase approximante Al13Fe4 : expériences et simulations multi-échelles

Aviziotis, Ioannis 15 November 2016 (has links)
Des couches minces contenant des phases intermétalliques présent et des propriétés et de combinaisons de propriétés qui ne sont que partiellement explorées. Elles portent des solutions potentielles pour conférer des multifonctionnalités à des matériaux avancés requis par les secteurs industriels et sont source derupture et de l'innovation. Leur élaboration par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur à partir de précurseurs métallo-organiques (MOCVD) permet un dépôt conforme sur, et la fonctionnalisation de surfaces complexes, avec un temps de traitement court et à un coût modéré.Pour ceci, il est nécessaire de contrôler les réactions chimiques complexes et des mécanismes de transport impliqués. La modélisation informatique du procédé, alimentée avec des données obtenues par des expériences de dépôt ciblées, est un outil intégré pour l'étude et la compréhension des phénomènes qui se produisent à différentes échelles,de l’échelle macroscopique à celle nanométrique. La MOCVD de composés intermétalliques Al-Fe est étudiée en tant que paradigme de la mise en oeuvre d'une telle approche combinée, expérimentale et théorique. La phase approximanteAl13Fe4 est particulièrement ciblée,en raison de son intérêt comme alternative peu onéreuse aux catalyseurs à base de métaux noble dans l'industrie chimique. La mise au point du dépôt de la phase Al13Fe4est subordonnée à l'étude des proc /min à 185oC. La simulation du procédé prédit des vitesses de croissance en bon accord avec ces résultats, en particulier dans la gamme 139oC-227oC. La modélisation multi-échelle prédit la rugosité RMS avec précision, permettant ainsi le contrôle des propriétés telles que la résistivité électrique. La possibilité d'obtenir des films MOCVD de Fe à faible contamination en O et C est explorée dans la gamme 130oC-250oC à partir de fer pentacarbonyle, Fe(CO)5. La morphologie de la surface des films dépend fortement de la température de dépôt; elle devient plus lisse au-dessus de200oC, qui correspond aussi à la vitesse de croissance maximale, 60nm/min. La vitesse de dépôt diminue fortement lorsque la pression augmente. Les prédictions de la modélisation macroscopique reproduisent précisément ce comportement. Elles indiquent que la diminution de la vitesse de croissance à des températures et des pressions élevées est due à l’augmentation de la décomposition du précurseur en phase gazeuse et à l'inhibition de la réactivité de surface par le ligand CO. Le modèle multi échelle conduit à des valeurs RMS en bon accord avec les mesures expérimentales, en particulier à des températures plus élevées. Suite à l’étude des deux procédés, des co-dépôts d'Al-Fe effectués à 200oCrésultent en des films riches en Alavec une microstructure poreuse et rugueuse. Ceux-ci ne contiennent pas de phases intermétalliques et sont riches en oxygène dû à la réaction d'Al avec les ligandscarbonyles. Afin d’éliminer la contamination, des dépôts séquentiels d'Al et de Fe sont réalisés, ce dernier dans des conditions modifiées à 140oC, 40Torr et 10 min. Ces films sont exemptes d’hétéroélements et présentent un rapport atomique Al:Fe13:4. Diffraction des rayons X et microscopies électroniques révèlent qu’un recuit in situ à 575oC pendant 1 h conduit à des films à gradient de la composition sur l'épaisseur,composés de la phase approximantem-Al13Fe4 conjointement avec des phases intermétalliques Al-Fesecondaires. Il est ainsi démontré que des procédés MOCVD sont appropriés pour obtenir des films constitués d'alliages intermétalliques.Ces films multifonctionnels,appliqués de façon conforme sur des surfaces complexes sont utiles pour un grand nombre d'applications. / Films containing intermetallic compounds exhibit properties and combination of properties which are only partially explored. They carry potential solutions to confer multifunctionality to advanced materials required by industrial sectors and to become a source of breakthrough and innovation.Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) potentially allows conformal deposition on, and functionalization of complex surfaces, with high throughput and moderate cost. For this reason, it is necessary to control the complex chemical reactions and the transport mechanisms involved in a MOCVD process. In this perspective, computational modeling of the process, fed with experimental information from targeted deposition experiments, provides an integrated tool for the investigation and the understanding of the phenomena occurring at different length scales, from the macro- to the nanoscale. The MOCVD of Al-Fe intermetallic compounds is investigated in the present thesis as a paradigm of implementation of such a combined, experimental and theoretical approach. Processing of the approximant phase Al13Fe4 is particularly targeted, due to its potential interest as low-cost and environmentally benign alternative to noble metal catalysts in the chemical industry. The attainment of the targeted Al13Fe4 intermetallic phase passes through the investigation of the MOCVD of unary Al and Fe films. The MOCVD of Al from dimethylethylamine alane (DMEAA) in the range 139oC-241oC results in pure films. Increase of the deposition temperature yields higher film density and decreased roughness. The Aldeposition rate increases to a maximum of 15.5 nm/min at 185oC and then decreases. Macroscopic simulations of the process predictdeposition rates in sufficient agreement with experimental measurements, especially in the range 139oC-227oC. At higher temperatures, competitive gas phase and surface phenomena cannot be captured by the applied model. Multiscale modeling of the process predicts the RMS roughness of the films accurately, thus allowing the control of properties such as electrical resistivity which depend on the microstructure. The MOCVD of Fe from iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, is investigated in the range 130oC-250oC for the possibility toobtain fairly pure Fe films with low Oand C contamination. The surface morphology depends strongly on the temperature and changes are observed above 200oC. The Fe deposition rate increases up to 200oC, to a maximum of 60 nm/min, and then decreases. Moreover, the deposition rate decreases sharply with increasing pressure. Computational predictions capture accurately the experimental behavior and they reveal that the decrease athigher temperatures and pressures is attributed to the high gas phase decomposition rate of the precursor and to inhibition of the surface fromCO. The multiscale model calculates RMS roughness in good agreement with experimental data, especially at higher temperatures. Upon investigation of the two processes, aseries of Al-Fe co-depositions performed at 200oC results in Al-rich films with a loose microstructure. They contain no intermetallic phases and they are O-contaminated due to the reaction of the Al with the carbonyl ligands. Sequential deposition of Al and Fe followed by in situ annealing at 575oC for 1 h is applied to bypass the Ocontamination. The process conditions of Fe are modified to 140oC, 40 Torr and 10 min resulting in O-free films with Al:Fe atomic ratio close to the targeted 13:4 one. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, TEM and
2

Developing the Next Generation of Perovskite Solar Cells

Blake P Finkenauer (12879047) 15 June 2022 (has links)
<p>  </p> <p>Organic-inorganic halide perovskites are at the brink of commercialization as the next generation of light-absorbing materials for solar energy harvesting devices. Perovskites have large absorption coefficients, long charge-carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths, and a tunable absorption spectrum. Furthermore, these materials can be low-temperature solution-processed, which transfers to low-cost manufacturing and cost-competitive products. The remarkable material properties of perovskites enable a broad product-market fit, encompassing traditional and new applications for solar technology. Perovskites can be deposited on flexible substrates for flexible solar cells, applied in thermochromic windows for power generation and building cooling, or tuned for tandem solar cell application to include in high-performance solar panels. However, perovskites are intrinsically unstable, which has so far prevented their commercialization. Despite large research efforts, including over two thousand publications per year, perovskite solar cells degrade in under one year of operation. In a saturated research field, new ideas are needed to inspire alternative approaches to solve the perovskite stability problem. In this dissertation, we detail research efforts surrounding the concept of a self-healing perovskite solar cell.</p> <p>     A self-healing perovskite solar cell can be classified with two distinctions: mechanically healing and molecularly healing. First, mechanically self-healing involves the material’s ability to recover its intrinsic properties after mechanical damage such as tares, lacerations, or cracking. This type of healing was unique to the organic polymer community and ultra-rare in semiconducting materials. By combining a self-healing polymer with perovskite material, we developed a self-healing semiconducting perovskite composite material which can heal using synergistic grain growth and solid-state diffusion processes at slightly elevated temperatures. The material is demonstrated in flexible solar cells with improved bending durability and a power conversion efficiency reaching 10%. The addition of fluidic polymer enables macroscopic perovskite material movement, which is otherwise brittle and rigid. The results inspire the use of polymer scaffolds for mechanically self-healing solar cells.</p> <p>     The second type of healing, molecular healing, involves healing defects within the rigid crystal domains resulting from ion migration. The same phenomenon which leads to device degradation, also assists the recovery of the device performance after resting the device in the dark. During device operation, perovskite ions diffuse in the perovskite lattice and accumulate at the device interfaces where they undergo chemical reactions or leave the perovskite layer, ultimately consuming the perovskite precursors. The photovoltaic performance can be recovered if irreversible degradation is limited. Ideally, degradation and recovery can match day and night cycling to dramatically extend the lifetime of perovskite solar cells. In this dissertation, we introduce the application of chalcogenide chemistry in the fabrication of perovskite solar cells to control the thin film crystallization process, ultimately to reduce defects in the perovskite bulk and introduce surface functionality which extends the device stability. This new strategy will help improve molecularly self-healing perovskite solar cell by reducing irreversible degradation. Lastly, we present a few other new ideas to inspire future research in perovskite solar cells and assist in the commercialization of the next generation of photovoltaics.</p>

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