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Tight regulation of cephalic blood circulation is critical under normal physiological conditions, and dysregulation of blood flow to the head occurs in pathophysiological situations such as stroke and migraine headache. The facial artery is an extracranial artery which is one of branches from the external carotid artery territory and its extracranial position indicates its importance in regulating head hemodynamics. Transient receptor potential vanniloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a cation channel permeable to Ca2+ and Na+. Intracellular Ca2+ increase causes vasoconstriction. A previous study indicated the presence of TRPV1 in smooth muscle cells in the facial artery. Protein kinase C (PKC) is found to sensitize TRPV1 channels in neurons. Our lab's preliminary data suggested PKC modulates TRPV1 in the middle meningeal artery. Serotonin (5-HT) is an endogenous vasoconstrictor, and the 5-HT2 receptor is a Gq-protein-coupled receptor that activates PKC. In the present study, we found that 5-HT caused facial artery constriction. Thus, we studied whether TRPV1 channel acting as a Ca2+ entry channel is involved in 5-HT induced facial artery constriction. We used a pressurized arteriography technique to examine the artery diameter. The results indicate that 1) TRPV1 antagonist blunted 30 nM 5-HT-induced mouse facial artery constriction. 5-HT constriction on the facial artery from TRPV1 knock out mice was significantly blunted compared to the constriction on the facial artery from wild type mice; 2) PKC, which is a downstream signaling molecule of 5-HT2 receptor, is involved in capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist)-induced facial artery constriction; 3) 5-HT-induced facial artery constriction is mediated mostly by activation of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors; 4) 5-HT2 but not 5-HT1 receptor is involved in 5-HT-induced facial artery constriction via opening of TRPV1 channels; 5) PKC may be involved in 5-HT-induced facial artery constriction; 6) The L-type-voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel is involved in 5-HT-induced facial artery constriction. We conclude that activation of TRPV1 channel contributes to serotonin-induced 5-HT2 receptor-mediated constriction of the mouse facial artery.

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science. / Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the normal coronary circulation of various animal species. In the presence of coronary artery disease serotonin may inhibit coronary collateral formation and stimulate predominantly vasoconstriction. This study tested the effect of ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor, on ischaemic myocardium blood flow and coronary collateral formation following coronary artery occlusion in primates. / IT2018

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Early-life stress has been shown to influence the development of the brain and to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders later in life. Furthermore, variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene is suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early-life stress and the risk for depression. At the basis of these gene x environment (G x E) interactions, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA-methylation, seem to represent the primary biological processes mediating early-life programming for stress susceptibility or resilience, respectively. The exact molecular mechanisms however remain to be elucidated, though. In the present study, we used two different stress paradigms to assess the molecular mechanisms mediating the relationship between early-life stress and disorders of emotion regulation later in life. First, a 5-Htt x prenatal stress (PS) paradigm was applied to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition and anxiety- / depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt+/-) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array and the AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Array. Some of the resulting candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, the gene expression of these genes was measured in other brain regions of the PS animals as well as in the hippocampus of offspring of another, 5-Htt x perinatal stress (PeS) paradigm, in which pregnant and lactating females were stressed by an olfactory cue indicating infanticide. To assess resilience to PS and PeS, correlation studies between gene expression and behaviour were performed based on an initial performance-based LIMMA analysis of the gene expression microarray. 5-Htt+/- offspring of the PS paradigm showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt+/- mice to PS was associated with increased depression-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression and DNA methylation of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt+/- genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype x PS manner, indicating a gene x environment interaction at the molecular level. The candidate genes of the expression array could be validated and their expression patterns were partly consistent in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Furthermore, the genotype effect of XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) was also detected in the mice of the PeS paradigm. Concerning resilience, we found that the expression of growth hormone (Gh), prolactin (Prl) and fos-induced growth factor (Figf) were downregulated in WTPS mice that performed well in the forced swim test (FST). At the same time, the results indicated that Gh and Prl expression correlated positively with adrenal weight, whereas Figf expression correlated positively with basal corticosteron concentration, indicating an intricate relationship between depression-like behavior, hippocampal gene expression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Correlation studies in the PeS animals revealed a link between Gh / Prl expression and anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt+/- genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt+/- mice, particularly females, appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiles suggest that distinct epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. Further, resilience to early-life stress might be conferred by genes whose expression is linked to HPA axis function. / Zahlreiche Studien haben gezeigt, dass Stress während der Entwicklung die Gehirnentwicklung beinflusst und das Risiko an psychischen Störungen zu erkranken erhöht. Weiterhin wird vermutet, dass eine Variation im humanen Serotonintransportergen (5-HTT, SLC6A4) einen modulierenden Einfluss auf die Assoziation zwischen Entwicklungsstress und dem Risiko für Depression ausübt. Als Basis dieser Gene x Umwelt (GxE)-Interaktion scheinen epigenetische Mechanismen, wie DNA-Methylierung, die biologischen Prozesse darzustellen, die die Programmierung von Stressanfälligkeit oder Resilienz vermitteln. Die exakten molekularen Mechanismen sind jedoch noch unbekannt. In dieser Studie wurden zwei verschiedene Stressparadigma verwendet um die molekularen Mechanismen zu klären, die Stress während der Entwicklung und emotionalen Störungen später im Leben zu Grunde liegen. Zuerst wurde ein 5-Htt x pränatales Stress (PS)-Paradigma verwendet um zu untersuchen, ob die Effekte von pränatalem Stress abhängig von dem 5-Htt Genotypen sind. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Effekte von PS auf Kognition, Angst- und Depressions-ähnliches Verhalten untersucht indem ein “maternal restraint stress”-Paradigma in C57BL/6-Wildtyp (WT) und heterozygoten 5-Htt defizienten (5-Htt+/-) Mäusen angewandt wurde. Zusätzlich wurde mit Hilfe des Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Arrays und des AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Arrays bei den weiblichen Nachkommen ein Genexpressions- und DNA-Methylierungsprofil erstellt. Einige der daraus resultierenden Kandidatengene wurden mit quantitativer real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validiert. Weiterhin wurde die Genexpression von diesen Genen auch in anderen Gehirnregionen der PS-Mäuse und im Hippocampus von Nachkommen aus einem perinatalem (PeS) Paradigma gemessen. In dem PeS-Paradigma wurden schwangere und stillende Weibchen durch einen olfaktorischen Stimulus, der Infantizid anzeigt, gestresst und die Nachkommen (WT und 5-Htt+/-) untersucht. Um PS- und PeS-Resilienz zu messen wurden Korrelationsstudien durchgeführt. Zuvor wurde eine LIMMA-Analyse, die auf dem Verhalten von den Mäusen im Forced swim-Test (FST) beruht, gerechnet. Im Vergleich zu WT Nachkommen zeigten 5-Htt+/- Nachkommen des PS-Paradigmas verbesserte Gedächtnisleistung und Zeichen von reduzierter Angst. Im Gegensatz dazu war PS-Exposition von 5-Htt+/- Mäusen mit erhöhtem Depressions-ähnlichem Verhalten assoziiert, ein Effekt, der tendenziell eher in den weiblichen Nachkommen auffiel. Weiterhin beeinflussten der 5-Htt-Genotyp, PS und die Interaktion von beiden die Genexpression und DNA-Methylierung zahlreicher Gene und damit verbundene Signalwege im weiblichen Hippocampus. Der MAPK- und Neurotrophin-Signalweg wurden zum Beispiel durch den 5-Htt-Genotyp und PS-Exposition reguliert, wohingegen der Zytokin-und Wnt-Signalweg in einer 5-Htt x PS Art beeinflusst wurden, was Gen x Umwelt-Interaktionen auf der molekularen Ebene andeutet. Die Kandidatengene konnten zumeist validiert werden und waren zum Teil auch im präfrontalen Kortex sowie im Striatum differentiell exprimiert. Weiterhin konnte der Genotypeffekt von XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) in den Mäusen des PeS-Paradigmas nachgewiesen werden. Bezüglich der Resilienz konnten wir eine Herunterregulierung der Expression des Wachstumshormons (Gh), Prolaktins (Prl) und des fos-induzierten Wachstumsfaktors (Figf) in den WTPS-Mäusen detektieren, die eine gute Leistung im FST gezeigt haben. Gleichzeitig korrelierten die Gh- und Prl-Expression positiv mit dem Gewicht der Nebennieren, wohingegen die Figf-Expression mit dem basalen Kortikosteron-Konzentration positiv korrelierte, was eine komplizierte Beziehung zwischen Depressions-ähnlichem Verhalten, hippocampaler Genexpression und der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren (HPA)-Achsenaktivität andeutet. Korrelationsstudien über die PeS-Tiere deckten einen Link zwischen der Gh- und Prl-Expression und Angst-ähnlichem Verhalten auf. Schließlich lassen unsere Daten den Schluss zu, dass, auch wenn der 5-Htt-Genotyp eine klare adaptive Kapazität aufweist, die 5-Htt+/- Mäuse, insbesondere die Weibchen im Vergleich zu den WT-Mäusen eine erhöhte Vulnerabilität für Entwicklungsstress zu zeigen scheinen. Weiterhin könnten die hippocampale Genexpressions- und DNA-Methylierungsprofile darauf schließen lassen, dass epigenetische Mechanismen auf der molekularen Ebene die Verhaltenseffekte des 5-Htt Genotyps, PS-Exposition und ihrer Interaktion vermitteln. Darüber hinaus könnte Resilienz zu Entwicklungsstress durch Gene reguliert werden, die mit der HPA-Achsen-Funktion assoziiert sind.

Bibliography: leaves 204-215. / xviii, 215, [14] leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study investigates the food consumption of overweight women over three menstrual cycles within a randomised double blind placebo controlled design. The aims of the study were: 1) to determine whether women identified as exhibiting PMS symptoms including increased appetite, have a preference for carbohydrate; 2) to determine if low brain levels of serotonin are involved in contributing to increased carbohydrate intake, and whether increasing the availablility of serotonin by using dexfenfluramine reduces total food intake or solely selectively reduces carbohydrate intake in women with PMS; 3) to determine whether there is a link between changes in food consumption, and the severuty of PMS symptoms. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of General Practice, 2003