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Information technology incidents in the present information society:viewpoints of service providers, users, and the mass mediaTervo, H. (Heli) 30 November 2011 (has links)
Abstract
Our society relies increasingly on information technology (IT). In such a society, it is important that we, as citizens, trust and are satisfied with services utilizing IT. Unfortunately, IT problems in the use of services are part of our daily lives and, as such, are frequently reported by the mass media. While the information systems (IS) field has studied system and service acceptance, use, threats, and failures, we have found no studies that examine how these IT failures affect the system usage after a failure.
This dissertation addresses this gap in research by studying users’ intentions after service degradation related to IT problems and providing a larger view of IT-based incidents in an information society from the viewpoints of the mass media and service providers. In order to do this, a newspaper survey was first conducted to ascertain a concept of the public perception of IT-based problems. Second, qualitative interviews were conducted to reach an understanding of service providers’ viewpoints of IT problems. Third, users’ attitudes and reactions to service degradation were studied through interviews.
The main results reveal that most of the IT problems visible to society are the same ones that system and service providers perceive to be the most problematic. Our results suggest that, after service degradation, users are eager to use the service again if they receive relevant information. Compensation alone will not satisfy users when the incident creates unpredictability and uncertainty for them. If the system provider does not inform users directly after the incident, they readily rely on the mass media. Information and knowledge thus play a significant role in incidents. However, there are two service types where we found a different type of user reaction. First, telecommunications and computers seemed to be special cases, with more tolerance of problems in general. Second, the tolerance was low with regard to vital services, i.e., services related to children, health, and safety, for example. Nevertheless, in interviews it was seen that in both types of services the effect of real time and accurate information was influential, often more than any other activities in the failure recovery. The results of this study provide new views of IT-based incidents in an information society, as well as insights for service providers to better recover from service degradation. / Tiivistelmä
Yhteiskuntamme on rakennettu informaatioteknologian (IT) varaan. Tällaisessa informaatioyhteiskunnassa kansalaisten tulisi voida luottaa käyttämiinsä palveluihin. Palvelujen käyttäjät kohtaavat kuitenkin päivittäin virheitä informaatioteknologiaan pohjautuvissa järjestelmissä. Media uutisoi usein näistä virheistä. Alan kirjallisuus on tutkinut esimerkiksi järjestelmien ja palvelujen vastaanottoa, käyttöä, uhkia ja häiriöitä. Kuitenkaan IT-palvelujen virheiden vaikutuksista järjestelmien käyttöön ei löytynyt kirjallisuutta.
Tämä tutkimus pyrkii tältä osin täydentämään kirjallisuutta selvittämällä käyttäjien ajattelutapaa ja aikomuksia palvelun heikentymisen jälkeen, ja tutkimus myös hahmottelee laajemman kuvan informaatioyhteiskunnan IT-ongelmista erityisesti median ja palveluntuottajien näkökulmasta. Ongelmien julkisen kuvan saamiseksi tutkittiin ensin sanomalehtiuutisia IT-ongelmista. Seuraavaksi selvitettiin haastatteluin palveluntuottajien ja järjestelmätoimittajien näkemyksiä IT-ongelmista. Lopuksi tutkittiin vielä palveluiden käyttäjien mielipiteitä ja reaktioita häiriön sattuessa ja sen jälkeen haastattelujen avulla.
Päätulokset osoittavat, kuinka yhteiskunnan näkyvimmät IT-ongelmat ovat samoja, joiden kanssa myös järjestelmätoimittajat ja palveluntarjoajat kamppailevat. Lisäksi tutkimustulosten mukaan käyttäjät palaavat herkemmin käyttämään palvelua mikäli he saavat asiaankuuluvaa tietoa tilanteesta. Pelkkä aineellinen korvaus ei riitä silloin kun IT-häiriö luo arvaamattomuutta ja epävarmuutta. Jos palveluntuottaja ei tiedota asiasta häiriön sattuessa, käyttäjät luottavat helposti massamedian tarjontaan. Tiedolla ja tietämyksellä on merkittävä rooli ongelmatilanteissa. Tutkimuksessa löytyi kuitenkin kaksi palvelutyyppiä, joissa käyttäjien käytös oli erilaista. Ensinnäkin tietoliikenteen ja tietokoneiden suhteen käyttäjät olivat pitkämielisiä virheiden sattuessa. Toiseksi taas elintärkeät palvelut, esimerkiksi terveyteen, lapsiin ja turvallisuuteen liittyvät, olivat palveluja joissa virheitä ei juurikaan siedetty. Kuitenkin myös näissä palvelutilanteissa tiedottamisella oli merkittävä rooli, usein jopa merkittävämpi kuin muilla toimilla palvelun korjaamisessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset tarjoavat uusia näkökulmia IT-pohjaisista häiriöistä informaatioyhteiskunnassa ja näkemyksiä palveluntarjoajille häiriöistä toipumiseen.
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Load Balancing In The Edge Cloud With Service Degradation : Combining Application-level Service Degradation With Load Balancing in a Kubernetes-based Edge Cloud / : Kombinering av tjänstedegredering på applikationsnivå med lastbalansering i ett Kubernetesbaserat edge cloudHomssi, Rachel, Möller, Jacob January 2023 (has links)
Edge cloud is a distributed computing architecture that is growing in popularity. It aims to bring the cloud closer to the edge of a network, reducing latency and improving performance through the use of distributed servers (edge nodes) spread out geographically. However, in the case of sudden increases in user requests, a node may run short of resources and need to implement a strategy that allows the node's service to degrade its service quality to a level that requires fewer resources so that the service can still be delivered. One such strategy is brownout, a control theory-based algorithm that dynamically controls the node's service quality in order to meet e.g., a latency goal. This thesis explores the use of brownout, previously used in combination with load balancing in the cloud, in conjunction with load balancing in an edge-cloud environment. In this thesis, four load-balancing strategies are evaluated in a Kubernetes-based edge-cloud environment, along with an application that implements the brownout feature. Two of the strategies are originally designed to be used with brownout but made for the regular cloud, one is a recently introduced strategy that performs well in the edge cloud but is brownout unaware, and the last is a random load balancer used as a baseline (also brownout unaware). The goal of the evaluation is to determine the efficiency of these strategies in different edge-cloud scenarios, with regard to service quality-weighted throughput, average latency, adherence to a set latency goal, and outsourcing (requests load balanced to another edge node). The results show that the first two strategies perform worse than the random load balancer in many regards. Their performance is also less predictable and tends to get worse with increasing network delays. The edge cloud strategy, however, shows an improvement in performance when the brownout is introduced in the majority of the test scenarios. Furthermore, the thesis introduced three possible modifications to make one of the cloud-based strategies perform better in the edge cloud. These modifications were tested in the same environment as the other load-balancing strategies and compared against each other. The first modification consisted of making the load-balancing logic treat its own node differently from other edge nodes. The second version was devised to only outsource when a certain resource threshold is exceeded and the last version was designed to prioritize its own node when below a certain resource threshold. The last version improved on the others and performed better than the base version in all measured metrics. Compared to the edge cloud strategy with brownout, it performed better with regard to service quality-weighted throughput but was outperformed in all other metrics.
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