OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictability of virtual orthodontic setup technology by comparing it with posttreatment models in terms of ABO Model Grading System (ABO OGS) scores. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Posttreatment models and printed virtual setups made from the corresponding initial casts of 26 cases were used. The initial models were scanned and virtual setups were fabricated using a proprietary virtual setup software program. Evaluation of the printed models of the virtual setups and final mode ls was performed using the ABO OGS. RESULTS: We found statistically significant differences (p<0.001) between the posttreatment plaster models and the printed virtual setup models in total scores, marginal ridges (MR), buccolingual inclination (BLI), occlusal contacts (OC), occlusal relationship (OR), and interproximal contacts (IPC) (p<0.05). The only statistically significant correlations found were in alignment (A) and marginal ridges (MR) measurements although they were low positive correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest difference between final treatment models and virtual setup models was in the OC due to overlapping of the occlusal surfaces in the virtual setup software. Printed models of virtual setups can be predictive in A and MR measurements. Overall, the 3-dimensional printed virtual setup models had better MR, BLI, and IPC, worse OC, OR, and total score, and equivalent A and OJ when compared to the posttreatment plaster models.

Recently material physics group at Science Institute of University of Iceland has been using reactive sputtering to grow thin films used in various research projects at the institute. These films have been grown using dc sputtering which has been proven a very successful method. High power impulse magnetron sputtering or HiPIMS is an new pulsed power sputtering method where shorter but high power pulses are used to sputter over lower steady power. The project resulted in a functional system capable of growing thin films using HiPIMS. Thin films grown with high power pulses have a higher film density and other more preferable properties compared to films grown using direct current magnetron sputtering.

Emhart Glass AB är världsledande företag inom glasflasktillverkning. Dekonstruerar automatiserade maskiner som formar glasflaskor. I Sverige finns dettvå fabriker, en i Örebro och en i Sundsvall. I Örebro tillverkar man främstreservdelar och nya delar till maskinerna medan man i Sundsvall monterar ihopmaskinerna. Det finns totalt 15 olika fabriker och kontor över världen medhuvudkontor i schweiziska Cham.Eftersom Emhart Glass Örebro har för långa ställtider på några av deras maskinerska det undersökas hur omställningsarbetet går till i dagsläget och huromställningsarbetet skiljer sig åt mellan operatörerna. Det ska även undersökasom det finns några möjligheter till förbättringar samt om det i dagsläget finnsnågot standardiserat sätt som operatören borde följa. Ett dokument som beskriverhur ställarbetet ska gå till kommer även att tas fram.Ett utmärkt verktyg för att förkorta ställtiderna i en produktion är SMEDMetoden.Filosofin bakom SMED är att man ska analysera och skilja på inre ochyttre ställ. Med inre och yttre ställ menas de som endast kan utföras då maskinenär avstängd resp. de som kan utföras när maskinen är i drift.För att standardisera omställningsarbetet så att samtliga operatörer jobbar påliknande sätt så krävs det att man tar fram en dokumentation över hur arbetet skagå till. Därför har checklistor tagits fram till operatören. "Checklista -Omställning.xls" är en checklista med syftet att man ska kunna bocka för vilkadelar i förberedelserna man gjort inför kommande ställ. Den har tagits fram för attman enkelt ska kunna hålla reda på vilka delar man gjort om man blivit tvungenatt jobba med maskinen emellan förberedelserna eller om man slutar sitt skift ochlämnar delar av arbetet till nästa operatör.Om samtliga av dessa förbättringar införs kan man förvänta sig enställtidsreducering på 20,5% vilket motsvarar ca 35min per ställ. Ignorerar maninkörningstiderna och endast kollar på riggningstider kan man se en förbättring på36,4 %. / Emhart Glass Ltd is a world leader in glass bottle manufacturing. They designautomated machines that shape glass bottles. In Sweden there are two factories,one in Örebro and one in Sundsvall. In Örebro they manufacture primarily spareparts and new parts for the machines while they in Sundsvall assemble themachines. There are a total of 15 factories and offices around the world with theheadquarter located in Swiss Cham.Since Emhart Glass Örebro has long setup times on some of their machines. Thisis why we want to identify the current setup process and how the setup processdiffers between operators. We will also look at whether there are anyopportunities for improvement to be made and if they have a standardized way towork. A document that describes how to setup work should be done will also bedeveloped.An excellent tool to shorten the setup time in a production is the SMED method.The philosophy behind SMED is that you should analyze and separate the innerand outer activities. Inner and outer activities mean those activities which canonly be performed when the machine is turned off, respectively those activitiesthat can be performed when the machine is in operation.In order to standardize the adjustment process so that all operators are working ina similar way it's required that you make a documentation about how the workshould be done. Therefore, checklists been developed to the operator. "Checklista- Omställning.xls" is a checklist with the purpose to be able to check which partsof the preparations they have made before the next setup work. It has beendesigned to be easy to keep track of what parts you have done if you had to workwith the machine between the trial or if you quit your shift and leaving parts of thework to the next operator.If all of these improvements are implemented, we expect a set-up time reductionof 20.5% which corresponds to about 35min per set-up. By ignoring the runningtime and only check on the setup times, one can see an improvement of 36.4%.

This is a final bachelor degree project for mechanical engineering. TM Design &amp; Installation AB company needs to reduce the setup time for one end-forming machine by 50%. After some discussion and analysis, the group decides to subdivide the main problem into six sub problems. By aiming at each small problem and figure out several solutions, the group finally have concepts for the problem. The Project contains of the achievement of a design process which thanks to the theories treated in Product Development Through System Engineering and thanks to our previous knowledge and experience. By following all the steps in the books, the project leads us to the selection of final concept.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7498_1.pdf: 1515168 bytes, checksum: 23a86dc322ceeead3534aa94a4ef8472 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / As montadoras de automóveis têm exigido preços menores de seus fornecedores devido à concorrência do mercado. Isto tem aumentado os desafios das manufaturas no que se refere à redução de custos e de lead time. Estes desafios vêm sendo impostos aos fabricantes de autope- ças paralelamente às demais solicitações. Procurou-se analisar os fatores de maior importância numa fábrica de sistemas de distribuição elétrica para automóveis objetivando redução do tempo de processamento e de custos, sendo identificado como fator crítico os setups realizados nas má- quinas de corte, por serem equipamentos de grande influência sobre o tempo de processamento. As máquinas de corte são equipamentos de elevado valor financeiro, porém um percentual representativo do seu tempo não é aproveitado devido à seqüência inadequada de trabalho que eleva a quantidade de horas paradas devido a setups. O desenvolvimento do trabalho de otimiza ção do funcionamento da área de corte, foi baseado na fábrica da TCA, Tecnologia em Componentes Automotivos, situada em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco e na fábrica da SY Wiring Technologies situada em Feira de Santana, Bahia. Com o objetivo de melhorar o aproveitamento das máquinas foi proposta uma otimização da seqüência de processamento reduzindo a quantidade de paradas para setups, com o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo que definisse a melhor seqüência de trabalho. Os tempos de setup funcionaram como dados para ponderação da importância dos tipos de trocas realizadas e assim desenvolveu-se o algoritmo que indica a alternativa de seqüência com o menor tempo de troca acumulado

Student Number : 0003555T - MSc (Eng) dissertation - School of Electrical and Information Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Successful radiotherapy treatments with high-energy proton beams require the accurate positioning of patients. This paper investigates computational methods for achieving accurate treatment setups in proton therapy based on the geometrical differences between a double exposed portal radiograph (PR) and a reference image obtained from the treatment planning process. The first step in these methods involves aligning the boundary of the radiation field in the PR with a reference boundary defined by the treatment plan. We propose using the generalised Hough transform (GHT), followed by an optimisation routine to align the field boundaries. It is found that this method worked successfully on ten tested examples, and aligns up to 82% of reference boundary points onto the field boundary. The next step requires quantising the patients anatomical shifts relative to the field boundary. Using simulated images, a number of intensity-based similarity measures and optimisation routines are tested on a 3D/2D registration. It is found that the simulated annealing algorithm minimising the correlation coefficient provided the most accurate solution in the least number of function evaluations.

Este trabalho aborda o problema de no-wait flowshop em um ambiente com custos de setup apartados dos tempos de processamento, são investigados os casos de setups dependentes e independentes da seqüência para makespan e total flowtime. Diversas aplicações práticas podem ser modeladas sob estas suposições, dentre elas destacamos a indústria química e alimentícia. É proposta uma metaheurística evolutiva baseada em algoritmo genético e clustering search e seus resultados são comparados com os métodos de Brown et al (2004), França et al (2006) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007) através dos bancos de dados de Ruiz e Stützle (2008) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007). Os métodos são avaliados segundo o percentual de sucesso e desvio relativo médio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a superioridade do método proposto para problemas de grande porte. / This work intends to research the no-wait flowshop scheduling problem with setup times separated from the processing costs; the both cases where the sequence is dependent and independent are targeted for makespan and total flowtime. There are numerous practical situations that can be modeled under these assumptions, such as, chemical industry, food processing, etc. A hybrid metaheuristic method based on a genetic algorithm and clustering search is proposed and its results are compared to the methods of Brown et al (2004), França et al (2006) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007) using the data base from Ruiz e Stützle (2008) and Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007). The methods are evaluated as regarding the success rate and average relative deviation. The results show that the proposed method delivers better solutions for problems with higher complexity.

Este trabalho aborda o problema de no-wait flowshop em um ambiente com custos de setup apartados dos tempos de processamento, são investigados os casos de setups dependentes e independentes da seqüência para makespan e total flowtime. Diversas aplicações práticas podem ser modeladas sob estas suposições, dentre elas destacamos a indústria química e alimentícia. É proposta uma metaheurística evolutiva baseada em algoritmo genético e clustering search e seus resultados são comparados com os métodos de Brown et al (2004), França et al (2006) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007) através dos bancos de dados de Ruiz e Stützle (2008) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007). Os métodos são avaliados segundo o percentual de sucesso e desvio relativo médio. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a superioridade do método proposto para problemas de grande porte. / This work intends to research the no-wait flowshop scheduling problem with setup times separated from the processing costs; the both cases where the sequence is dependent and independent are targeted for makespan and total flowtime. There are numerous practical situations that can be modeled under these assumptions, such as, chemical industry, food processing, etc. A hybrid metaheuristic method based on a genetic algorithm and clustering search is proposed and its results are compared to the methods of Brown et al (2004), França et al (2006) e Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007) using the data base from Ruiz e Stützle (2008) and Ruiz e Allahverdi (2007). The methods are evaluated as regarding the success rate and average relative deviation. The results show that the proposed method delivers better solutions for problems with higher complexity.

One of the most critical parameters in the success of a hydraulic fracturing treatment is to have sufficiently high fracture conductivity. Unbroken polymers can cause permeability impairment in the proppant pack and/or in the matrix along the fracture face. The objectives of this research project were to design and set up an experimental apparatus for dynamic fracture conductivity testing and to create a fracture conductivity test workflow standard. This entirely new dynamic fracture conductivity measurement will be used to perform extensive experiments to study fracturing fluid cleanup characteristics and investigate damage resulting from unbroken polymer gel in the proppant pack. The dynamic fracture conductivity experiment comprises two parts: pumping fracturing fluid into the cell and measuring proppant pack conductivity. I carefully designed the hydraulic fracturing laboratory to provide appropriate scaling of the field conditions experimentally. The specifications for each apparatus were carefully considered with flexibility for further studies and the capability of each apparatus was defined. I generated comprehensive experimental procedures for each experiment stage. By following the procedure, the experiment can run smoothly. Most of dry runs and experiments performed with sandstone were successful.

In order to realize the advanced graphics rendering algorithms which tends to become more complex and flexible, more and more graphics processor units (GPU) include a micro-processor-like core to support the programmable shading capability. However, since the number of cycles spent in the fragment shader in programmable GPU will vary with different applications, the hardware implementation of the remaining fixed function of the graphics rendering flow becomes not trivial because the suitable target throughput is hard to set. In addition, the data transfer between the shader processor and other hardware fixed-function modules will also represent a big overhead. Therefore, this thesis focuses on realizing the rasterization, which is a very important fixed rendering function, and proposes a pure-software solution that can be executed by the shader processor. The pure-software rasterization requires 98 cycles in setup-stage, and an average of 13 cycles per pixel in interpolation-stage. To further accelerate this rasterization, this thesis also proposes an hardware-software codesign which uses a embedded scan-conversion unit to cooperate with the shader processor. This unit costs about 8.5K gates, which occupies only 1.7% of the entire GPU, but can help reduce more than 30% cycles compared with the pure-software approach in the test-benches used in this thesis. The other contribution of this thesis is to implement the stereoscopic graphic rendering function. To provide stereoscopic effect, the graphic rendering system has to run the entire rendering flow for additional passes to generate the results from different views. However, this thesis will embed an additional code in the fragement shader to adjust the x-coordinate position generated by vertex shader to avoid the additional running pass of the vertex shader.