Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnolgy, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xviii, 143 leaves / Activated sludge flocs are responsible for flocculation, settling and dewaterability. It is important to maintain the growth off loc-forming bacteria for efficient sludge settleability and compaction for good quality effluent. Filamentous bacteria on the other hand are believed to provide rigid support network or backbone upon which floc-forming bacteria adhere to form stable activated sludge flocs (Wilderer et al., 2002; Ramothokang et al., 2003). Filamentous bacteria can also be detrimental to the process when they outgrow floc-forming bacteria. Morphologically filamentous bacteria are at an advantage as they have higher outward growth velocity and can extend freely to bulk liquid substrate. Proliferation of filamentous bacteria causes foaming and bulking (Martins et al., 2004). Although chemical alleviation measures to circumvent bulking are present, they are symptomatic (Chang et al., 2004). Eikelboom (1975) developed the first identification keys for the classification of filamentous bacteria that is primarily based on morphological characteristics and microscopic examination. Although very useful, this type of identification has its limitations. For instance some filamentous bacteria can change morphology in response to changes in the environment and although some of them can be morphologically similar they may vary considerably in their physiology and taxonomy (Martins et al., 2004). A vast number of filamentous bacteria are still very poorly understood which could be due to the problems of cultivation due to their slow growing nature and maintenance of cultures (Rossetti et al., 2006). This limitation necessitates a molecular approach to resolve the taxonomy of filamentous bacteria as it is a culture-independent technique which is highly accurate. This project was undertaken to verify the identity of pure cultures of filamentous bacteria isolated previously through the application of molecular techniques. The 16S rDNA are conserved regions in bacterial cells and they can be extracted and specific nucleic acid fragments amplified. Denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis enabled the separation of fragments of identical length but different size and served as an indication of purity (Muyzer et al., 1993).

Orientadores: Ricardo de Lima Isaac, Regina Maura Bueno Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:45:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tosetto_MarianadeSalles_M.pdf: 2211562 bytes, checksum: 608a86bf4dcf009813ef868c3b96d5c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho consistiu na análise da eficiência do tratamento terciário do efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) Samambaia, no município de Campinas-SP, para fins de reuso em ambiente urbano. O sistema avaliado era composto das etapas de coagulação, pré-floculação em meio granular, filtração e desinfecção com radiação ultravioleta. O estudo experimental foi realizado em escala de bancada para otimização do processo de coagulação, e em escala piloto para avaliar as etapas de pré-floculação, filtração e desinfecção. Foram investigados, como coagulantes químicos, o sulfato férrico e o sulfato de alumínio, taxas de filtração de 120 e 300 m3/m2.dia, e dose de radiação UV de, aproximadamente, 95 mWs/cm2. O efluente terciário produzido na instalação piloto não foi considerado seguro sob o aspecto de saúde pública para aplicação em reuso urbano, como irrigação de parques e jardins, limpeza urbana, lavagem de veículos, combate a incêndio, entre outros, pois não atendeu as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde ¿ OMS quanto à concentração de ovos de helmintos, e apresentou cistos de Giardia spp. ainda em concentrações elevadas, embora nenhuma das recomendações encontradas na literatura contemple limites para estes últimos. Os parâmetros turbidez, DBO, sólidos em suspensão, Coliformes Totais e E. coli atenderam as metas e padrões recomendados na literatura para reuso urbano / Abstract: This work consisted of efficiency analysis of tertiary treatment of effluent from a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP Samambaia) that is located at the city of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil), for urban reuse. The system consisted of a physico-chemical treatment composed of coagulation, granular upflow flocculation, direct downflow filtration and ultraviolet disinfection. The experimental work was carried out using bench-scale tests to optimize chemical coagulation, and in a pilot installation to evaluate the flocculation, filtration and disinfection steps. Aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate were evaluated as coagulants. Filtration rates of 120 and 300 m/day and UV doses of 95 mWs/cm2 were applied. The tertiary effluent obtained at the pilot plant was not considered safe, under the public health point of view, for urban reuse, like gardens and parks irrigation, urban cleaning, car-washing, fire protection and others, because the helminth eggs concentration, that did not comply to World Health Organization-WHO recommendation, and the high level of Giardia spp. cysts concentration detected at the tertiary-treated effluent, although the quality requirements for urban reuse do not limit this concentration. The turbidity, BOD, suspended solids and coliforms parameters were according to literature recommendation for urban reuse / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Basilio Ernesto de Almeida Milani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VargasLara_JoseMaria_D.pdf: 1539805 bytes, checksum: cb3f1db3ea06ddceb5dac7d0f33c587c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata da síntese de um controlador preditivo adaptativo, baseado em modelos reduzidos obtidos mediante identificação orientada para controle preditivo. A metodologia proposta envolve duas áreas importantes para o sucesso do experimento de identificação. Na primeira, projeto de sinais de excitação, é mostrado como sinais de excitação pseudo-aleatórios multi-níveis podem ser projetados para atender com eficácia requisitos que sinais de excitação relevantes para controle devem satisfazer. Na segunda, modelagem de preditores, é abordada a modelagem por identificação de preditores de horizonte estendido. O objetivo central da metodologia proposta é o controle da remoção de matéria nitrogenada de uma planta de tratamento de esgotos por lodos ativados com pré-desnitrificação. A metodologia é aplicada para controlar a concentração de amônia mediante o controle do set-point de oxigênio dissolvido. A metodologia também é aplicada para o controle da concentração de nitrato no reator desnitrificante. Os controladores são avaliados em um estudo de simulação, mostrando a eficácia da metodologia proposta para o controle das concentrações de amônia e nitrato / Abstract: This work deals with the synthesis of an adaptive predictive controller, based on reduced models obtained via identification oriented to predictive control. The methodology proposed involves two important areas for the success of the identification experiment. In the first one, excitation signal design, it is shown how pseudo-random multilevel signals can be designed to effectively satisfy the requirements that excitation signals relevant for control should satisfy. In the second, predictor modelling, the identification of long-range horizon predictors is approached. The main objective of the proposed methodology is the control of the nitrogen removal in an predenitrifying activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. This methodology is applied to control the ammonium concentration in the denitrifying reactor. The controllers are evaluated in a simulation study, showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to control ammonium and nitrate concentrations / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Carlos Gomes da Nave Mendes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T11:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_AlexFabianoRibeirode_M.pdf: 2242026 bytes, checksum: b4ae2e107eb7317d892ade5a7815f862 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo:Com a intenção de preencher a lacuna decorrente de poucos estudos sobre o tratamento de efluentes da lavagem de veículos, na presente pesquisa, propõe-se um sistema de tratamento composto de biofiltros aerados submersos seguidos por flotação por ar dissolvido na remoção dos principais contaminantes contidos nos mesmos. Para isso, foi concebida, instalada e operada uma instalação protótipo em escala real, visando possibilitar a reutilização do efluente tratado. O sistema foi montado em uma transportadora e destinado ao tratamento dos efluentes de lavagens de caminhões tipo baú através de lavador tipo ¿rollover¿. Apesar de terem sido previstos três meses para a operação do sistema, vários problemas de origem operacional do próprio lavador de veículos impediram a realização dos testes de longa duração. Mesmo assim, o período de testes foi útil para estabelecer-se quais alterações físicas deveriam ser incorporadas à instalação proposta para a solução de diversos problemas específicos relativos à concepção original do sistema, subsidiando dados para a otimização de futuros sistemas a serem implantados em escala real. Concluiu-se que, após as modificações introduzidas, tais como a alteração de dispositivos de entrada e saída dos reatores, substituição de acessórios de controle de pressão e vazão, entre outros, a alternativa proposta para tratamento e reúso deste tipo de efluente é plenamente viável / Abstract: With the intention to contribute for aim of filling out the emptiness provoked by few studies on the treatment of carwash affluent, in this research, it intends to create a treatment system composed of aerated submerged biological filter (BAS) following for the dissolved air flotation (FAD) on the removal of the main pollutants present in this effluent type. For that, it was become designed, installed and operated an installation prototype in real scale, seeking the water recycling. The system was installed at cargo transport interprise and destined to the treatment of the carwash effluent type "rollover". In spite of it have been preview three months for the operation time of the system, several operational problems of the washer accomplish of the long time tests. Even so, the time of tests was useful to establish which physical alterations should be incorporate in the installation proposed for the solution of problems to the original conception of the system, subsidizing data for the otimization of the future systems to be implanted in real scale. This research was finish, after the modifications, such as the alteration of inlet and outlet devices of the reactors, pressure and flow control, among other, the proposal alternative for treatment and reuse of rollover type carwash effluent type is fully viable / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Integrated Algae Pond Systems (IAPS) are a derivation of the Oswald designed Algal Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS®) and combine the use of anaerobic and aerobic bioprocesses to effect wastewater treatment. IAPS technology was introduced to South Africa in 1996 and a pilot plant designed and commissioned at the Belmont Valley WWTW in Grahamstown. The system has been in continual use since implementation and affords a secondarily treated water for reclamation according to its design specifications which most closely resemble those of the AIWPS® Advanced Secondary Process developed by Oswald. As a consequence, and as might be expected, while the technology performed well and delivered a final effluent superior to most pond systems deployed in South Africa it was unable to meet The Department of Water Affairs General Standard for nutrient removal and effluent discharge. The work described in this thesis involved the design, construction, and evaluation of several tertiary treatment units (TTU') for incorporation into the IAPS process design. Included were; Maturation Ponds (MP), Slow Sand Filter (SSF) and Rock Filters (RF). Three MP's were constructed in series with a 12 day retention time and operated in parallel with a two-layered SSF and a three-stage RF. Water quality of the effluent emerging from each of these TTU's was monitored over a 10 month period. Significant decreases in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium-N, phosphate-P, nitrate-N, faecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC) were achieved by these TTU's. On average, throughout the testing period, water quality was within the statutory limit for discharge to a water course that is not a listed water course, with the exception of the total suspended solids (TSS). The RF was determined as the most suitable TTU for commercial use due to production of a better quality water, smaller footprint, lower construction costs and less maintenance required. From the results of this investigation it is concluded that commercial deployment of IAPS for the treatment of municipal sewage requires the inclusion of a suitable TTU. Furthermore, and based on the findings presented, RF appears most appropriate to ensure that quality of the final effluent meets the standard for discharge.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2017. . / One of the major effects of socio-economic change due to industrialisation is the generation of industrial wastewater, which requires treatment before being released into the environment. Laboratory-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors under suspended-growth heterotrophic activated sludge were operated in different aeration configurations to study their effect on the treatment of wastewater generated by a local brewery. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the two laboratory-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors treating brewery wastewater under continuous low-oxygen dosing concentration and cyclic aeration schemes on SBR operation. The characterisation of brewery wastewater was undertaken to assess the physicochemical composition of the wastewater produced from one of the breweries in South Africa (SAB). The data showed distinctive characteristics of brewery wastewater, which coincided with studies previously carried out on characterisation of brewery wastewater. The COD average concentration of the brewery influent was 7100 mg/L, with average pH values of 7. The BOD and the total solids content of the brewery wastewater influent from the facility were both high, implying that the influent was very rich in organic content and its discharge into water-receiving bodies or the municipal treatment plant could have adverse effects. From these results, a need for a competitive treatment technology was clearly highlighted so as to carry out a feasible treatment of the influent for the brewery industry. The aerobic sequencing batch reactors were designed, fabricated and set up for laboratory-scale treatment of wastewater from the brewery for 15 weeks. The performance of the two SBR configurations was determined with reference to COD, BOD, TS, VS and TSS. The experimental results demonstrated that wastewater generated from the breweries can be treated successfully using both aeration configurations. The results obtained indicated that treatment efficiencies in terms of COD and BOD were 94 % and 85 % respectively, for the reactor operated under continuous aeration configuration, while 81 % and 65 % was achieved for the reactor operated in the cyclic aeration scheme. The findings from this study demonstrate that the performance of the reactor operated under the continuous aeration scheme was successful, and showed statistically significant differences from the performance of the reactor operated under cyclic aeration schemes. These findings imply that there is a potential for the equipment, including financial benefit as a result of operating aerobic sequencing batch reactors for treating brewery wastewater under continuous low-oxygen concentration dosing schemes. In this study, it was also established that the maximum COD removal could be reached at an optimum hydraulic retention times of 5 days for both reactors. This was based upon viewing the experimental data; it appeared that the most significant difference in percentage COD removal was for HRTs 3 days and 4 days. Although, due to less percentage COD removal observed from HRTs 5 days till 7 days, it was hence established that the optimum removal of high strength organics in the brewery wastewater could be achieved within 5 days of treatment time. The pH adapted at an average of 7 for all batch experimentations of the study. The temperature maintained an average of 23 oC ambient, throughout the experimental period. These physical parameters ensured that the microbial population was kept healthy, without inhibiting its biological degradation activity. Although, sludge build up was observed in both aerobic SBRs on completion of each batch operation due to solids retention and organic pollutants biodegradation from the brewery wastewater. It was perceived that frequently reseeding both aerobic SBRs, as an alternative to 28 days sludge retention time would enhance the recovery of biomass, thus improving the overall removal of TSS consequently minimising sludge bulking in both reactors. / M

The subject of water scarcity and the rate of water consumption has become popular topics over the last few decades. It is possible that society may consume or contaminate much of the remaining readily available water if there is not a paradigm shift. This deep rooted concern has prompted investigations to identify alternative water use and treatment methods. Within this report, information is presented from the use of innovative water harvesting and on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems (OSTDS) at Florida’s Showcase Green Envirohome (FSGE.net), while also addressing low impact development (LID) practices. FSGE is a residential home that demonstrates methods that use less water and reduce pollution. Population increases have more than just an effect on the volume of water demanded. Adverse impacts on surface and groundwater quality are partially attributed to current design and operation of OSTDS. Nutrient loading from wastewater treatment systems may be a concern where numerous OSTDS are located within nutrient sensitive environments. Groundwater nitrate concentrations have been shown to exceed drinking water standards by factors of three or greater surrounding soil adsorption systems (Postma et al., 1992, Katz, 2010). As a contribution to efforts to reduce water use and improve water quality, this study investigates the viability and effectiveness of a residential integrated stormwater, graywater, and wastewater treatment system (ISGWTS) installed and operating for over a year at FSGE. ii Within this report is a continuation of results published previously that consisted of preCertificate of Occupancy (pre-CO) data and an optimization model at the Florida’s Showcase Green Envirohome (FSGE) in Indialantic, Florida (Rivera, 2010). This current report contains 12 months of post-CO data, along with data from bench scale models of the on-site septic treatment and disposal system (OSTDS). There are two main objectives of the study. The first objective is to quantify the performance of the passive treatment Bold & GoldTM reactive filter bed (FDOH classified “innovative system”) for nutrient removal. The second objective was to monitor the water quality of the combined graywater/stormwater cistern for non-potable use and assess the components (green roof, gutters, graywater piping). The performance of the passive innovative system is compared to past studies. Also a bench scale model that is constructed at the University of Central Florida (UCF) Stormwater Management Academy Research and Testing Lab (SMART Lab) is operated to provide data for two different retention times. Complex physical, biological, and chemical theories are applied to the analysis of wastewater treatment performance. The data from the OSTDS and stormwater/graywater cistern are assessed using statistical methods. The results of the OSTDS are compared to FDOH regulatory requirements for “Secondary Treatment Standards”, and “Advanced Secondary Treatment Standards” with promising results. The bench scale results verify that both nitrogen and phosphorus removal are occurring within the filter media and most likely the removals are due to iii biological activity as well as physiochemical sorption. The flow into the OSTDS has been reduced with the use of separate gray water system to only 29 gallons per person per day (gpcd). After the FSGE certificate of occupancy and for one year using the Bold & Gold Biosorption Activated Media (BAM), the TSS, BOD5, and CBOD5 are below the required 10 mg/L for the FDOH classified Advanced Secondary Treatment Systems. The effluent for the conventional drain field TSS, BOD5, and CBOD5 are above 10 mg/L (29.6, 35.7, and 29.0 mg/L). The effluent total nitrogen and total phosphorus for the innovative system are 29.7 mg/L and 4.1 mg/L, which are not low enough for the 20 mg/L nitrogen requirements, but are below the 10 mg/L phosphorus requirements. The conventional drain field has an effluent total nitrogen concentration of 70.1 mg/L and an effluent total phosphorus concentration of 10.6 mg/L, which both fail to meet FDOH Advanced Secondary Treatment requirements. The high nitrogen in the effluent can be attributed to high influent concentrations (about 3 times the average at about 150 mg/L). Longer residence times are shown to produce a removal greater than 90%. Also, nitrate average levels were below the 10 mg/L standard. The combined stormwater/graywater cistern is analyzed against irrigation standards. The graywater is filtered and disinfected with ozone to provide safe water for reuse. Nutrient concentrations are measured to compare with regulatory standards. For irrigation standards, salinity in the form of sodium, calcium, and magnesium are measured. Although high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) values were recorded, their adverse iv impact on the vegetation has not been observed. . The only observed effect within the home to date is scale formation in the toilet. The use of potable water in FSGE is reduced to 41 gpcd using the integrated stormwater and graywater system. A minor volume of backup artesian well water was added to the cistern during the one year home occupancy phase. Based on less use of potable water and at the current potable water cost rate, the integrated stormwater and graywater system at FSGE will save the typical homeowner about $215 per year. If irrigation were used more often from the cistern, the cost savings in reduced potable water used for irrigation would increase the savings. The treatment cost for B&G BAM over a 40 year period of time based on a flow of 29 gpcd (as measured at FSGE) and for 4 persons is $2.07 per thousand gallons treated. The yearly cost of treatment is about $87.65. There is a reduction in potable water use estimated at 64% of the sewage flow (or 18.5 gpcd) which equates to about 27 thousand gallons in one year. The current average cost of potable water is $4.40 per thousand gallons. Based on reduced potable water usage, the savings per year are about $118.84. Thus the yearly savings in potable water cost ($118.84) offsets the cost of OSTDS treatment at FSGE for nutrient control ($87.65) using the data collected at FSGE. This comparison does not include the inflation cost of water over time. There is also an environmental preservation intangible cost (not quantifiable from this study) from reduced surface runoff and reduced pollutant discharges.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / Pollution of aquatic systems by wastewater containing pathogens, heavy metals and high concentrations of nutrients is of great concern due the ecological risks they impose. The toxic effects of metals may occur even at low concentrations because of potential bio magnification in the food chain. Excessive nutrients cause algal blooms which depletes oxygen and prevents sunlight from penetrating into the water, thereby killing fish and other aquatic organisms. This study investigated the pollutant removal efficiency of a riparian wetland located in Sebokeng, Emfuleni local municipality, South Africa. The study was carried out to assess the water quality of a wetland located downstream of the Sebokeng wastewater treatment plant by monitoring and analysing the physico-chemical parameters which included pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, nutrient levels (nitrates, phosphates, nitrites) and heavy metals. The water samples were collected from the effluent discharge of the treatment plant, upstream and downstream of the wetland. Plant uptake of heavy metals in a riparian wetland, nitrification as well as denitrification processes have been historically recorded as the main processes that contribute to the high removal of pollutants in a wetland. The contaminant concentrations of the influent and the effluent were used to estimate the wetland efficiency in improving the water quality that passes through it and its potential effects on improving the quality of irrigation waters. The heavy metals of interest included Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn and Zn. Most heavy metals within the wetland occurred at low concentrations (lower than detectable limits and within the discharge limits for irrigation purposes). The results indicate that the average removal efficiencies for Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total coliforms (TC), E. coli, BOD5, COD, TSS, carbonate hardness, aluminium, iron, manganese, copper, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and ortho-phosphate were 43 %, 51%, 85%, 60%, 61%, 61%, 21%, 67%, 52%, 51%, 83%, 56%, 89%, 49% and 54% respectively. The study showed that this wetland can provide up to 89% removal efficiency of pollutants. Of particular significance was the high pathogen and nutrient removal efficiency. A t-test was performed in order to determine the statistical significance of the wetland pollutant removal efficiencies. All p-values calculated were well below 0.05 and the removal efficiencies are therefore considered statistically significant. For this particular ecosystem the findings show that there is no great concern about metal pollution since most of the metals tested for were below the minimum limit for irrigation stipulated by the South African water regulation department (DWAF 1996a). Therefore, the wetland effluent water qualifies for both agriculture and landscape irrigation. Future considerations in choosing to use wetlands as a polishing facility for wastewater treatment systems are highlighted in the study.

This study investigated the effects of the detergent phosphorus ban implemented on January 1, 1988 in Virginia, on the treatment streams of the York River Wastewater Treatment Plant, a biological nutrient removal (BNR) system. Evaluation of the available historical data indicated that the influent phosphorus load entering the plant in the post-ban period had decreased 27% compared to the pre-ban period. The influent phosphorus concentration had decreased 29% from the pre- to the post-ban period. No definitive conclusion could be reached concerning the effects of the influent phosphorus decrease on the treatment efficiency due to operational changes which occurred at the time of the ban implementation. The combination of operational changes and the phosphorus ban resulted in 54% and 59% decreases in the effluent phosphorus load and concentration, respectively. Measurements and modelling of the anaerobic digester contents indicated that several minor changes had occurred in the digester which may be attributable to the phosphorus ban, but the equilibria of the digester regarding phosphorus compounds had not been dramatically altered. This was primarily due to improved operation of the clarifiers and sludge thickeners, which delivered Similar phosphorus loads to the digester in the pre- and post-ban periods. / Master of Science

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