Amostras de biofilme de biomassa suspensa de tanque de aeração de lodo ativado, de córrego contaminado com esgoto e de vários pontos de planta de tratamento de água foram analisadas com relação à presença de bactérias indicadoras e patogênicas. Nos testes presuntivos foram detectados todos os microrganismos-alvo (Coliformes, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. e Legionella spp.), porém nos testes confirmatórios por PCR e teste bioquímico somente as espécies E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, e L. pneumophila foram confirmadas para algumas cepas selecionadas dos testes presuntivos. S. flexneri foi somente confirmada por teste bioquímico e S. aureus somente por PCR. Nenhuma amostra de C. jejuni foi confirmada por nenhum dos testes. Estes resultados demonstram que os meios seletivos para testes presumptivos não se mostraram confiáveis uma vez que muitas amostras presuntivas não foram confirmadas por PCR ou teste bioquímico específico. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial de biofilmes como reservatório de patógenos. / Biofilm samples from activated sludge reactors, surfaces from water treatment plants and water samples from a creek contaminated with raw sewage were analyzed for the presence of microbial indicator bacteria and pathogens. All target organisms (Coliforms, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. and Legionella spp.) were detected by using presumptive testing media. Only a small proportion of positive colonies from presumptive tests were confirmed as pathogenic strains of E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, and L. pneumophila in confirmatory testing by selective PCR and biochemical tests. S. flexneri was only confirmed in biochemical tests, S. aureus only by PCR and no colony of C. jejuni was confirmed positive by either PCR or biochemical testing. Presumptive media are therefore not safe means for assessing pathogen load in biofilm samples. These results demonstrate the importance of microbial biofilms as reservoirs for microbial pathogens.

[Truncated abstract]This thesis investigates aspects of urban stormwater modeling and uses a small urban catchment (NE38) located in the suburb of Nedlands in Perth, Western Australia to do so. The MUSIC (Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualisation) model was used to calibrate catchment NE38 using measured stormwater flows and rainfall data from within the catchment. MUSIC is a conceptual model designed to model stormwater flows within urban environments and uses a rainfall-runoff model adapted to generate results at six minute time steps. Various catchment scenarios, including the use of porous asphalt as an alternative road surface, were applied to the calibrated model to identify effective working stormwater disposal systems that differ from the current system. Calibrating catchment NE38 using the MUSIC model was attempted and this involved matching modeled stormwater flows to stormwater flows measured at the catchment drainage point. This was achieved by measuring runoff contributing areas (roads) together with rainfall data measured from within the catchment and altering the seepage constant parameter for all roadside infiltration sumps. ... The MUSIC model generated future scenario outcomes for alternative stormwater disposal systems that displayed similar or improved levels of performance with respect to the current system. The following scenarios listed in increasing order of effectiveness outline future stormwater disposal systems that may be considered in future urban design. 1. 35% porous asphalt application with no sumps in 2036 2. 35% porous asphalt application with no sumps in 2064 3. 68% porous asphalt application with no sumps in 2036 4. 68% porous asphalt application with no sumps in 2064. Future scenarios using the current stormwater disposal system (with roadside infiltration sumps) with porous asphalt were also run. These scenarios reduced stormwater runoff and contaminant loading on the catchment drainage point however the inclusion of a roadside infiltration sump system may not appeal to urban designers due to the costs involved with this scenario. Climate change will affect the design of future stormwater disposal systems and thus, the design of these systems must consider a rainfall reducing future. Based on the findings of this thesis, current stormwater runoff volumes entering catchment drainage points can be reduced together with contaminant loads in urban environments that incorporate porous asphalt with a stormwater disposal design system that is exclusive of roadside infiltration sumps.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Environmental Science))--Rhodes University, 2006.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-20T13:08:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DE FÁTIMA FERNANDES PEREIRA BENICIO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 5329919 bytes, checksum: fe005bdd582212b51031838680689ebe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T13:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DE FÁTIMA FERNANDES PEREIRA BENICIO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2011.pdf: 5329919 bytes, checksum: fe005bdd582212b51031838680689ebe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / A falta de investimentos em sistemas de esgotamento sanitários e na sua manutenção tem como conseqüência a depreciação das unidades existentes, o sucateamento dos equipamentos instalados, vulnerabilidade operacional do sistema e o desvio de esgotos sanitários ao longo do seu percurso: do emissário a Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos- ETE. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de diferentes atores sociais dos impactos causados pelos desvios de esgotos sanitários dos emissários até a estação de tratamento em Campina Grande-PB. A pesquisa foi realizada de Março de 2009 a dezembro de 2010, com cinco categorias; funcionários da CAGEPA- Companhia de Água e Esgoto da Paraíba, professores pesquisadores de duas universidades públicas, agentes comunitários de saúde, professores da rede estadual e municipal e atores sociais da comunidade da Catingueira. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturada, observação participante e aplicação de estratégias de sensibilização: apresentação e discussão do projeto; realização de seminário, apresentação e discussão dos resultados obtidos, exposição de fotos dos desvios de esgotos e realização de seminários. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a triangulação, a qual consistiu de análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Constatou-se que ao longo dos emissários e interceptores há intervenção por parte dos moradores próximo à ETE, provocando o uso dos esgotos in natura, principalmente para irrigação, causando diversos impactos socioambientais, dentre os quais: poluição, contaminação, riscos à saúde ambiental e humana. Os atores sociais da CAGEPA que fizeram parte desta pesquisa reconhecem que existe esta prática (100%), e mostraram-se preocupados quanto aos desvios e aos impactos. A maioria dos especialistas em recursos hídricos e saneamento investigada apresentou conhecimento dos desvios de esgotos (58%) e expressou preocupação, com uso de esgotos sem tratamento, devido às possibilidades de poluição e contaminação. As famílias estudadas (73%), os professores (60%) e os agentes comunitários de saúde (55,6%) também sabem da existência dos desvios de esgotos, embora sejam omissos ao problema, por não perceberem os danos acarretados ao meio ambiente e ao ser humano. Dentre as estratégias delineadas em Educação Ambiental, destacaram-se: exposição do projeto à comunidade; realização de seminários e apresentação dos resultados referentes ao diagnóstico socioambiental aos atores sociais envolvidos na pesquisa. As estratégias aplicadas motivaram reflexão a respeito da problemática estudada e impulsionou busca de soluções, especialmente por parte da CAGEPA, porém não propiciou mudanças significativas, uma vez que a problemática requer implantação de políticas públicas voltadas à manutenção do sistema de esgotamento sanitário; fiscalização e criação de programas de Educação Ambiental nas modalidades formais e não formais. / The lack of investments on sanitary sewage systems and its maintenance have as a consequence the depreciation of the existing units, the disposal of the installed equipment, the operational vulnerability of the system and the sewage detours throughout its path: from the emitter to the Sewage Treatment Station (ETE). The goal of the current paper is to evaluate the perception of different social actors which are related to the impacts caused by the detours on sanitary sewage detours from the emitters to the purification plants in Campina Grande-PB.The research was conducted from March, 2009, to December 2010. Five categories took part on the research: CAGEPA (Paraíba‟s Water and Sewage Company) employees, faculty members (researchers) from two different public universities, communitarian health agents, faculty members from both, city and state schools, and social actors, part of the Catingueira community. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation and through application of awareness strategies: presentation e debate about the project; seminars, the presentation and debates regarding the results obtained; exposition of sewage detours‟ photos. In order to do so the qualitative and quantitative analysis were used. It was seen that throughout the path which goes from emitters to receivers there are interventions done by the locals in the area nearby the ETE, which result in the use of in natura sewages, especially those used in irrigation, causing several different impacts both social and environmental, which result in risks to the environmental preservation and human health. CAGEPA‟s social actors admitted (100% of those who took part in this research) the existence of the detours, and are worried about the situation, mostly about the impacts that such detours can result on. Most (58%) of the experts on hydric resources, as well as purification and treatment, were also aware of the detours and rather concerned with the non-treated sewage use, due to the possibilities of pollution and contamination. The families (73%), the teachers (60%) and the communitarian health agents (55.6%) that took part in the research are also aware the existence of sewage detours, even though they do not deal with the issue. Amongst the strategies shown on Environmental Education, the following are worth special mention: showing the project to the local community; seminars and presentation of results regarding the results of the socio-environmental diagnosis to the social actors that were part of the research. The applied strategies motivated reflection about our study and propelled the search for new solutions, especially by CAGEPA, although it has not shown any significant changes so far, as the matter requires public policies that deal with the sanitarian sewage; the creation and supervision of Environmental Education programs, both formal and non-formal.

Amostras de biofilme de biomassa suspensa de tanque de aeração de lodo ativado, de córrego contaminado com esgoto e de vários pontos de planta de tratamento de água foram analisadas com relação à presença de bactérias indicadoras e patogênicas. Nos testes presuntivos foram detectados todos os microrganismos-alvo (Coliformes, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. e Legionella spp.), porém nos testes confirmatórios por PCR e teste bioquímico somente as espécies E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, e L. pneumophila foram confirmadas para algumas cepas selecionadas dos testes presuntivos. S. flexneri foi somente confirmada por teste bioquímico e S. aureus somente por PCR. Nenhuma amostra de C. jejuni foi confirmada por nenhum dos testes. Estes resultados demonstram que os meios seletivos para testes presumptivos não se mostraram confiáveis uma vez que muitas amostras presuntivas não foram confirmadas por PCR ou teste bioquímico específico. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial de biofilmes como reservatório de patógenos. / Biofilm samples from activated sludge reactors, surfaces from water treatment plants and water samples from a creek contaminated with raw sewage were analyzed for the presence of microbial indicator bacteria and pathogens. All target organisms (Coliforms, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. and Legionella spp.) were detected by using presumptive testing media. Only a small proportion of positive colonies from presumptive tests were confirmed as pathogenic strains of E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, and L. pneumophila in confirmatory testing by selective PCR and biochemical tests. S. flexneri was only confirmed in biochemical tests, S. aureus only by PCR and no colony of C. jejuni was confirmed positive by either PCR or biochemical testing. Presumptive media are therefore not safe means for assessing pathogen load in biofilm samples. These results demonstrate the importance of microbial biofilms as reservoirs for microbial pathogens.

A dissertação de mestrado trata da relação entre a implantação das redes de infraestrutura sanitária na cidade de São Paulo e a consolidação do ambiente do banheiro no espaço doméstico entre os anos 1893-1929. Como parte do processo de modernização e saneamento da capital paulista, o Estado assume em 1893 o sistema de distribuição de água e esgotos sanitários, sendo responsável pela ampla difusão dos serviços. Se a relação com a disponibilização das redes é evidente, a definição do banheiro enquanto espaço foi gradual, como se observa nas diferentes soluções para o cômodo encontradas nas plantas residenciais submetidas à municipalidade no período. O cruzamento com outras fontes documentais, relativas à abrangência da cobertura dos serviços sobre o território, aponta que as indefinições do banheiro estiveram ligadas à localização e ao padrão da moradia, revelando a influência do processo desigual de distribuição da água e esgoto na cidade. Além disso, os diferentes modelos nas residências atrelavam-se à reorientação dos costumes da população, sobretudo aos associados aos novos preceitos de higiene dos corpos e dos espaços voltados ao consumo privativo e individualizado da água. / This master degree dissertation is about the relation between the sanitary infrastructure implementation in the city of São Paulo and the consolidation of bathroom in the domestic space between the years of 1893-1929. As part of the modernization and sanitation process of São Paulo\'s capital, the State assumes in 1893 the water supply and waste disposal systems, being responsible for the development of these services. If the relation between the water and waste services is evident, the definition of the bathroom as an architectural space was gradual, as can be seen from the different solutions for this room consulted on residential plans submitted at the city council at the time. The overlapping with other documentary sources, related to the comprehensiveness of the water and waste services over the territory, indicates that the spatial indefinitions of the bathroom were related to local and typologies of houses, unveiling the influence of the unequal process of water supply and waste disposal distribution service in the city. In addition, the different types found in the houses were connected to the reorientation of the inhabitant\'s habits, above all the ones associated to the new hygiene\'s precepts of the body and the spaces for private and individualized consumption of water.

Bibliography: leaves 84-91. Examines the current status of urban stormwater and water resources management in Vietnam

The Queen's Ditch is located three kilometers north of Comox on Vancouver Island and is roughly 1300 hectares in size. In 1998, the watershed experienced a 1 in 200-year rain event that flooded much of the lower watershed. The Regional District of Comox-Strathcona is responsible for land-use planning in the watershed and initiated an investigation into the stormwater runoff problem. This thesis is divided into two components: a planning phase to identify problems with watershed hydrology; and a design phase to illustrate urban design that manages stormwater runoff. Watershed assessments were conducted at the watershed and sub-watershed scale. Watershed assessments were descriptive and helped predict future trends in land-use change. These assessments were not able to identify site specific problems. Sub-watershed assessment was useful at quantifying and identifying stormwater problems. Planners should use sub-watershed hydrological performance to guide land-use planning decisions and assess hydrological and ecological effects of development. The planning phase provides planners with a process to prioritize candidate areas for development, conservation, and rehabilitation. The design phase compares urban design and stormwater performance standards of a proposed conventional design with a sustainable design. The goal of the sustainable design was to mimic the site's natural hydrology to help reduce off-site runoff, and to ensure adequate groundwater recharge. Objectives of the sustainable design were to preserve natural vegetation; maintain x>£ time of concentration; reduce and disconnect impervious surfaces,, and treatment first flush flows. Comparisons of conventional and sustainable designs indicate that stormwater runoff and pollution can be managed at the site level. The sustainable design provides forty-seven percent more dwelling units and exports no stormwater. The sustainable design achieves this without an expensive stormdrain infrastructure. Stormwater is managed at the site level using small infiltration depressions and swales. The design works with the natural hydrological processes of the site to generate a hydrologically sustainable design. Simulated stormwater outputs were used to test and size infiltration ponds and to assess flooding risks. The sustainable design effectively manages stormwater production, runoff, and pollution from storm events ranging from polluted first flush flows to large, flood producing rainstorms.

The aim of this dissertation was to develop a multi-criteria decision support system (MCDSS) to allow a specified manager to select with confidence one or many of these BMPs for a particular site. The principal design approach was a review of South African and international literature pertaining to stormwater management techniques, in particular BMPs. This information was formulated into a primary matrix using a rank-and-weighting method. The scores were then checked against the literature to ensure that they were reasonable, culminating in the initial MCDSS. The MCDSS was then provided with seven scenarios, described in the literature, and the output reviewed. Although, the MCDSS would select appropriately when given few criteria for selection when these were increased, inappropriate outcomes resulted. Consequently, weighting factors were assigned to each criterion. The MCDSS was further tested using all the selection criteria and the output deemed satisfactory. The MCDSS was then tested in a case study of the Town Bush stream catchment at eleven sites along the river network and the results were adequate. Taking into consideration the economic aspects of BMP implementation a need also arose for the sites to be allocated to certain authorities depending upon ownership or responsibility. The sites were prioritised depending on potential threat to property and lastly by the hydrological nature of the stream at each site. A stormwater plan for the study area was also proposed. Although the MCDSS was functioning adequately it was not without its limitations. Limitations included the use of drainage areas as a surrogate measure for peak discharge thus, not allowing the user to design a series of BMPs or treatment chain. A second limitation was that initially the BMPs were designed as offline systems where stormwater is managed before entering the channel but in this study they were used as inline systems. Hence the ultimate selection was biased towards those BMPs able to deal with large drainage areas. Recommendations for further improvement include the development of a surrogate measure for drainage area thus allowing the user to design a treatment chain of BMPs; testing the MCDSS in more diverse circumstances; developing a more comprehensive set of selection criteria; and developing a clearer priority-setting model as the one used was rather simplistic. In conclusion the MCDSS provides the user with a useful tool where the selection and implementation of BMPs no longer has to take place in an ad hoc manner. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001

Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen (viewed 1/23/2008). "A thesis: essay of distinction submitted in partial fulfillment of the Master of Environmental Studies, The Evergreen State College, June 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-70).