The purposes of this study were to describe patterns of time use and to identify some of the sources of the gender gap in time expenditures in both urban and rural China. Based on previous theoretical perspectives, a number of individual and family structure characteristics were proposed to form a parsimonious and distinct model. Bivariate analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression with interaction terms were used to test hypotheses that linked predictive variables with the dependent variables of the inquiry. Empirical work of the study was based on the 1990 survey data from a representative sample of adult Chinese persons living in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. The descriptive results provided abundant information about gender differences in paid work, housework and leisure activities. On the whole, urban women had an equal amount of paid work as men had, their unpaid housework hours doubled or tripled their men's, and their leisure time was one hour less than men's. The gender gap in time use was larger in rural areas than in urban ones. The ANOVA results confirmed the majority of the aforementioned findings as significant. The multiple regression results identified the determinants of time use as follows: Once the other variables were held constant, (1) age, education, and income were predictive of paid work time; (2) sex, paid work time, education, and marital status had a significant impact on housework time; and (3) sex, time spent on paid work and housework, age, education, and income affected leisure time. The three models were found to be more applicable to the rural setting than to the urban one. The conclusions raised questions requiring policy development in China, and theoretical improvement and future research in both China and America. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

by Poon Wun San, Jecqueline. / Includes questionnaire in Chinese. / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-141). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Concept of Marital Dissolution --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Concept of Sex-role Attitudes --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Concept of Psychological Well-being --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Psychological Well-being of People Experiencing Marital Dissolution --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Relationship between Sex-role Attitudes and Psychological Well-being of Women Experiencing Marital Dissolution --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6 --- Other Factors that Affect the Psychological Well-being of Women Experiencing Marital Dissolution --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- Conceptual Framework --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Conceptual Definition of Major Variables --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Specification of Related Terms --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Interrelationships between Various Variables of the Research --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Hypotheses --- p.43 / Chapter 4. --- Research Methodology --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Research Design --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Procedure of Data Collection --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4 --- Measuring Instruments --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5 --- Plan for Data Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 4.6 --- Validity and Reliability of the Measuring Instruments --- p.51 / Chapter 4.7 --- Limitation of the Study --- p.54 / Chapter 5. --- Reports of Findings : Part I --- p.56 / Chapter 5.1 --- Personal Characteristics of Respondents --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2 --- Marriage and Family Background of Respondents --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.85 / Chapter 6. --- Reports of Findings : Part II --- p.88 / Chapter 6.1 --- Description of Respondents in Regard to Major Study Variables --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2 --- Test of Hypotheses --- p.99 / Chapter 6.3 --- Summary --- p.108 / Chapter 7. --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.111 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.112 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications of Findings --- p.116 / Chapter 7.3 --- Implications for Future Research --- p.126 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.128 / APPENDIX / Chapter A. --- Questionnaire (English Version) --- p.142 / Chapter B. --- Questionnaire (Chinese Version) --- p.154 / Chapter C. --- Item-total Statistics of Sex-role Attitudes --- p.165 / Chapter D. --- Item-total Statistics of Psychological Well-being --- p.167

Tang Taryn. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-59). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Multiple Roles --- p.2 / From Scarcity and Enhancement to Balance --- p.2 / Scarcity Theory --- p.2 / Expansion Theory --- p.3 / Role Quality --- p.4 / Moderators and Mediators --- p.7 / Identifying the Ambiguity --- p.9 / Gender Role Socialization --- p.12 / Changing Gender Roles --- p.12 / A New Synthesis --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY1 --- p.17 / Purpose --- p.17 / Method --- p.17 / Participants and Procedures --- p.17 / Measures --- p.18 / Item Development of Gender Role Socialization --- p.18 / Gender Role Stress --- p.18 / Gender Role Orientation --- p.19 / Results --- p.20 / Exploratory Factor Analyses --- p.20 / Relationship to Other Constructs --- p.22 / Discussion --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY2 --- p.25 / Purpose --- p.25 / Method --- p.25 / Procedures --- p.26 / Participants --- p.27 / Measures --- p.28 / Gender Role Socialization Scale --- p.28 / General Health Questionnaire --- p.29 / Role Quality --- p.29 / Analysis Plan --- p.30 / Results --- p.32 / Confirmatory Factor Analyses --- p.32 / Differences between the Three Role Combinations --- p.33 / Correlational Analyses --- p.34 / Regression Analyses --- p.36 / Discussion --- p.41 / Conclusion and Future Directions --- p.49 / REFERENCES --- p.52 / APPENDIX A Gender Role Socialization Questionnaire --- p.85 / APPENDIX B Role Quality Questionnaire --- p.88

Chan Mei Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.3 / Abstract --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.6 / Tomboys in the West --- p.8 / Tomboys in Taiwan --- p.10 / Tomboys in Hong Kong --- p.11 / The Problem --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.22 / School as the Social Context --- p.35 / Theoretical Framework --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Research Process: Design, Methodology and Context" --- p.45 / Research Design --- p.46 / Research Methodology --- p.47 / Research Context --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- School as a site for Identity Construction --- p.62 / Formal School Culture --- p.65 / Informal School Culture --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Tomboy as a Social Act --- p.83 / Discursive Construction of Tomboy Identity --- p.85 / The Body Construction of Tomboyism --- p.91 / Highly Visible Performance --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Tomboy as a Construction of Self --- p.107 / Development of a Tomboy Self --- p.108 / The Positive Consequences of Tomboyism --- p.116 / Tomboy's Erotic Experiences --- p.118 / Tomboy's View on Lesbianism --- p.121 / When tomboys grow up and confront the real world --- p.123 / Tomboys in Workplace --- p.127 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.131 / References Cited --- p.139

Leung Hoi Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-82). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; questionnaire in Chinese. / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Literature Review / Chapter A. --- The concept of gender-role orientation and related studies --- p.5 / Chapter B. --- The concept of androgyny --- p.9 / Chapter C. --- "Related studies on gender-role orientation and the perception of ""gendered"" advertisements" --- p.12 / Chapter D. --- "Evaluation of ""gendered"" advertisements from a cultivation perspective and related studies" --- p.16 / Chapter E. --- The concepts of life style and socioeconomic status and their interaction with gender-role orientation --- p.21 / Chapter III. --- Hypotheses --- p.29 / Chapter IV. --- Methodology / Chapter A. --- Questionnaire design --- p.35 / Chapter B. --- Sample design --- p.39 / Chapter C. --- Variable construction --- p.41 / Chapter V. --- Results / Chapter A. --- Hypothesis testing --- p.48 / Chapter B. --- Further findings --- p.51 / Chapter C. --- Analysis --- p.60 / Chapter VI. --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter VII. --- Appendices / Chapter A. --- Hypothesis model --- p.72 / Chapter B. --- Sample questionnaire --- p.73 / Chapter VIII. --- References --- p.77

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy