Spelling suggestions: "subject:"asexual conflicts"" "subject:"_sexual conflicts""
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Measuring the effect of inbreeding on reproductive success in population of friute flies (Raleigh LINES)Mohebbi, Sara January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Allocation au sexe et conflits sexuels : approche expérimentale chez l’acarien haplo-diploïde Tetranychus urticae / Sex allocation and sexual conflicts : an experimental approach in the haplodiploïd spider mite Tetranychus urticaeMacke, Emilie 04 July 2011 (has links)
Les ressources étant limitées, les organismes doivent les partager entre les différents traits associés à leur valeur sélective. L'investissement optimal dans chacun de ces traits dépend des conditions environnementales et les individus sont sélectionnés pour ajuster leur stratégie d'allocation en conséquence. La théorie de la compétition locale pour l'accouplement (LMC) illustre bien cette hypothèse. Cette théorie prédit que lorsque qu'une population est structurée, de sorte de l'accouplement se fait localement et que des mâles apparentés sont en compétition pour la reproduction, les femelles devraient biaiser leur sexe ratio en faveur des filles. Bien que cette théorie ait été soutenue par de nombreuses études empiriques, les processus mécanistiques et évolutifs sous-jacents sont très peu connus. Dans cette thèse, j'aborde ces processus chez l'acarien haplo-diploïdeTetranychus urticae. Dans un premier temps, je montre que chez cette espèce, la taille des œufs es tutilisée par les femelles comme mécanisme d'ajustement du sexe-ratio. En effet, les œufs plus gros ont une plus grande probabilité de devenir femelle, et la taille des œufs produits augmente avec l'intensité de la LMC. Dans un second temps, à travers une approche d'évolution expérimentale, j'apporte le premier exemple empirique d'évolution du sexe-ratio en réponse à la LMC.En plus de varier avec les conditions environnementales, la stratégie optimale d'allocation desressources diffère souvent entre mâles et femelles, générant des conflits sexuels. Dans cette thèse,j'étudie les conséquences de tels conflits sur la stratégie reproductive des femelles chez Tetranychusurticae. Je montre notamment que l'accouplement induit une réduction de la longévité et de la fécondité, accompagnée d'une augmentation de la taille des œufs. / Because resources are limited, organisms are constrained to divide their resources between fitness components. The optimal investment into these traits can vary with environmental conditions, so that individuals are selected to adjust their allocation strategy accordingly. The theory of local mate competition (LMC) illustrates this hypothesis. This theory predicts that when populations arestructured, so that mating takes place locally and related males compete for mates, mothers should biastheir sex ratio towards females. Although this theory has been supported by many empirical studies,mechanistic and evolutionary processes underlying sex ratio adjustment remain poorly understood. Inthis thesis, I address these issues, using the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae. First, I show that in this species, egg size is used as a mechanism of sex ratio adjustment. Indeed, larger eggs aremore likely to become female, and female spider mites use this property to adjust their sex ratio inresponse to LMC, increasing egg size with the intensity of LMC. Second, through an experimentalevolution approach, I provide the first empirical evidence that the sex ratio can evolve in response toLMC.In addition to varying with environmental conditions, the optimal strategy of resourceallocation also generally differs between male and females. Because of such conflicts, males havedeveloped adaptations aimed at manipulating the way by which females allocate their resources. Iinvestigate the consequences of mating for female reproductive strategies in spider mites. I find that mating induces a decrease of both longevity and fecundity, and an increase of egg size.
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Sexual selection and intersexual conflicts in water stridersArnqvist, Göran January 1992 (has links)
<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 8 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu
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Fekunditet hos honor av Drosophila melanogaster med en potentiell sexuellt antagonistisk gen : En fördjupande studie inom experimentell validering av en potentiell sexuellt antagonistisk gen hos Drosophila melanogaster / Fecundity in females of Drosophila melanogaster with a potentially sexually antagonistic gene : An in-depth study on experimental validation of a potentially sexually antagonistic gene in Drosophila melanogasterLindh, Sara January 2022 (has links)
Sexual conflicts arise when there is a difference in how females and males of a species or population achieve their maximum reproductive fitness. In intralocus sexual conflicts, alleles at a given locus are exposed to conflicting, or antagonistic, selection pressures. Based on a Genome-wide association study on sexually antagonistic genes in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies), the aim of this study was to investigate whether the candidate gene CG3598 exhibits sexually antagonistic effects on fitness between the 2 identified alleles of the gene. The study was performed on females from a Canton-S population of D. melanogaster who, by genetic manipulation through CRISPR Cas9, carried one of the 2 alleles of the CG3598. 6 excision lines of females had allele 1 and 5 excision lines had allele 2. The females were mated with "wild type" males from a Canton-S population in mediums prepared with about 6 mg of live dry yeast, after which the females were moved to separate mediums to lay their eggs. After 12 days, the adult offspring were counted and statistical calculations were performed on the average number of offspring per female for each line and allele. An Independent sample t-test showed that the females’ average fecundity did not differ between alleles (p = 0.059) and a Nested ANOVA analysis indicated that the average fecundity for each line within each allele differed (p = 0.023). Due to the fact that similar studies have found the same result, it may be necessary to investigate and possibly change the experimental design of the method to enable competition between females with different genetic conditions in order to observe a difference in fertility based on the females' ability to compete. / Sexuella konflikter uppstår när det finns en skillnad i hur honor och hanar i en art eller population uppnår sin maximala reproduktiva fitness. Vid intralocus sexuella konflikter utsätts alleler vid ett givet locus för motstridiga, eller antagonistiska, selektionstryck. Baserat på en Genome-wide association study om sexuellt antagonistiska gener hos Drosophila melanogaster (bananflugor) syftade denna studie till att undersöka huruvida genkandidaten CG3598 uppvisar sexuellt antagonistiska effekter på fitness mellan de 2 identifierade allelerna av genen. Undersökningen utfördes på honor från en CantonS-population av D. melanogaster som genom genmodifiering av CRISPR Cas9 bar en av de olika alleler av genen CG3598. 6 linjer av honor bar allel 1 och 5 linjer bar allel 2. Honorna parades med ”wild type”-hanar från en CantonS-population i rör preparerade med ca 6 mg levande torrjäst, varpå honorna förflyttades till separata rör för att lägga sina ägg. Efter 12 dagar räknades de vuxna avkommorna och statistiska beräkningar utfördes på det genomsnittliga antalet avkommor per hona för respektive linje och allel. Ett oberoende t-test visade att honornas genomsnittliga fekunditet inte skiljde sig mellan alleler (p=0,059) och en Nested ANOVA-analys indikerade att genomsnittlig fekunditet för varje linje inom respektive allel skiljde sig (p=0,023). Då även liknande studier funnit samma resultat kan det vara nödvändig att studera och eventuellt förändra den experimentella designen av metoden för att möjliggöra konkurrens mellan honor med olika genetiska förutsättningar för att kunna observera en skillnad i fekunditet baserat på honornas förmåga att konkurrera.
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