Life Forms is an examination of organic shapes in textile material and garments. The clothes deals with questions of tactile and emotional attraction in fashion, while the project as a whole is an attempt to constantly let creativity and curiosity be a part of the process.By using a method of letting go of the control and see what chance and the properties of the material might lead to, this work has become a growing organism of its own.The end result is a group of unique pieces, all in different materials and colour shades. They’re held together by concept as well as relations in tone and cuts. The collection could be viewed as a visual statement or worn with lots of care and love. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Υπάρχουν πολλές ερευνητικές εργασίες σε σχέση με τη συμπεριφορά των μαθητών στην ατζέντα της επίλυσης προβλήματος. Η πλειονότητα αυτών των εργασιών αναφέρεται σε φοιτητές πανεπιστημίου ή σε μαθητές των τελευταίων τάξεων της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης. Όσες από αυτές καταπιάνονται με μικρότερους μαθητές δίνουν περισσότερο έμφαση στη συμπεριφορά των μαθητών σε αντιπαραβολή με συγκεκριμένα στοιχεία της επίλυσης προβλήματος όπως η διατύπωση εικασιών, η επαλήθευση ή η λήψη αποφάσεων. Επιπλέον στα πλαίσια αυτής της παράδοσης της επίλυσης προβλήματος δε συνηθίζεται να δίνεται έμφαση σε κάποιο συγκεκριμένο μαθηματικό θέμα. Έτσι προτείνεται από την παρούσα εργασία η Επίλυση Προβλήματος Συνυφασμένη με μια Έννοια (ΕΠΣΕ) (στην περίπτωσή μας αυτήν του εμβαδού) η οποία σε ένα πρώτο στάδιο μέσα από μια σειρά προβλημάτων με κοινό εννοιολογικό υπόβαθρο εφοδίασε τους μαθητές- λύτες με μια συλλογή τεχνικών σχετικών με τη συγκεκριμένη έννοια. Αργότερα η χρήση των τεχνικών αυτών δεν ενίσχυε πια την έννοια, και αντί γι αυτό οι λύτες ενέπλεξαν την καλή γνώση της έννοιας που πια κατείχαν προκειμένου να οργανώσουν τις γνωστές μεθόδους τις σχετικές με την έννοια ώστε να δρομολογήσουν στρατηγικές που θα οδηγούσαν στη λύση. Αυτή η πλατφόρμα της ΕΠΣΕ υποστηρίζει την επιχειρηματολογία του λύτη και οδηγεί στην ανάπτυξη ιδιαίτερα εντυπωσιακών στρατηγικών. Τα παραπάνω αποκτούν ενδιαφέρον και για έναν ακόμη λόγο, αυτόν της συμβολής του υπολογιστικού περιβάλλοντος σε κάποια από τα στοιχεία της επίλυσης προβλήματος, όπως αυτό της επαλήθευσης, όπου καταγράφηκαν τα περιθώρια που παρέχει ένα τέτοιο περιβάλλον για την ανάπτυξη επαληθευτικών διαδικασιών σε μεγάλη συχνότητα και ποικιλία ως προς τη μαθηματική τους βαρύτητα. Τέλος η πλατφόρμα που παρουσιάζουμε στην εργασία αυτή, αφήνεται ως ανοιχτή ιδέα για την εφαρμογή της και σε άλλες έννοιες πέρα από το εμβαδόν, του οποίου η περίπτωση πιστεύουμε ότι αποτελεί ένα καλό υπόδειγμα / There are many studies concerning students' behavior in the problem solving agenda. The majority of them refers either to college students or students of upper secondary school. Some of them who deal with younger pupils give more emphasis to the students' behavior vis-a-vis with certain problem solving elements such as conjecturing, verification or decision making. Moreover, this problem solving traditiondoes not usually stress a constant mathematical theme. This is why we propose the term 'Problem Solving Ancillary to a concept' (APS) in our case that of area. In a first stage APS equippes students-solvers with a set of techniques relevant to the specific concept through a series of problems with common conceptual backdrop (in our case that of the area). Later the usage of these techniques does not enhance the concept any more. Instead of this the solvers involved their knowledge of the concept they already possessed in order to organize the known methods that were relevant to the concept so as to set up effective strategies that could solve the problem. The APS platform gives an unusual support to solvers' reasoning and this results to developing quite impressive strategy-making. There is one more reason making all of the above mentioned important: the contribution of the computer environment to some of the problem solving elements such as verification. We recorded and present the development of verification processes in this environment. These processes were more frequent and in a great variety compared to the ones in paper and pencil environment. Finally APS-platform is presented as an open idea beyond area. The case of area however is an excellent example towards this perspective.

L'art et l'idéologie sont étroitement liés par leur fonction de représentation du réel. Les années 1960 et 1970 sont celles des grandes espérances révolutionnaires marxistes. Notre étude prend pour objet les artistes et la création artistique en Europe de l'Ouest. Au croisement des événements politiques et de la pensée des intellectuels, les artistes questionnent la pertinence et l'adéquation des formes artistiques à la perspective révolutionnaire. Le terrorisme, la guerre du Vietnam, la Guerre Froide, sont envisagés dans les rapports de pouvoirs politiques qu'ils instaurent. La question sexuelle est reliée à la transgression morale et politique. Les artistes interrogent la possibilité d'une intervention plus directement sociale et politique. / Art and ideology are closely related in their function of representation of reality. The 1960s and 1970s are those of major marxist revolutionary hopes. Our study focuses on artists and artistic creation in Western Europe. At the intersection of political events and thinking of intellectuals, artists question the relevance and adequacy of artistic forms to the revolutionary perspective. Terrorism, the Vietnam war, the cold war, are considered in the reports of political power they establish. Sexual issue is related to the moral and political transgression. The artists question the possibility of a more direct social and political intervention.

Le sujet de thèse porte sur la maîtrise et la mesure des formes neuronales, “maîtrise” du fait de l’emploi de micropatterns adhésifs permettant un contrôle des formes cellulaires en deux dimensions, “mesure” du fait de notre volonté d’accéder au volume ainsi qu’à la masse sèche de la cellule par l’emploi de deux techniques complémentaires faisant appel à l’interférométrie ou à des mesures de fluorescence en espace confiné.La question biologique au cœur de cette thèse est celle de la régulation par le neurone de diverses caractéristiques morphologiques comme sa longueur, son volume en lien avec l’établissement de la polarité axo-dendritique. Ces aspects sont développés et approfondis au cours de cette thèse des points de vue expérimentaux mais aussi théoriques (coll. Nir Gov, Institut Weizmann).Ce sujet de thèse multidisciplinaire porte ainsi des aspects de biologie et d’instrumentation physique. / The thesis deals with the control and the measurement of neuronal shapes, "control" by using adhesive micropatterns allowing to constrain cells shape in two dimensions, "measurement" by using either interferometry or fluorescence measurements in confined spaces to gain knowledge on cell dry mass and volume.The biological question at the heart of this thesis is the regulation by the neuron of its various morphological characteristics such as length, volume, in association with the establishment of the axo-dendritic polarity. These aspects are developed and deepened in the course of this thesis on experimental but also theoretical (coll. Nir Gov, Weizmann Institute) point of views.This multidisciplinary thesis topic thus builds on biological aspects and physical instrumentation.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

De nombreuses applications issues de la vision par ordinateur et de la reconnaissance des formes requièrent une analyse de l'image multi-échelle basée sur ses régions. De nos jours, personne ne considérerait une approche orientée « pixel » comme une solution viable pour traiter ce genre de problèmes. Pour répondre à cette demande, la Morphologie Mathématique a fourni des représentations hiérarchiques des régions de l'image telles que l'Arbre des Formes (AdF). L'AdF représente l'image par un arbre d'inclusion de ses lignes de niveaux. L'AdF est ainsi auto-dual et invariant au changement de contraste, ce qui fait de lui une structure bien adaptée aux traitements d'images de haut niveau. Néanmoins, il est seulement défini aux images en niveaux de gris et la plupart des tentatives d'extension aux images multivariées (e.g. en imposant un ordre total «arbitraire ») ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Dans ce manuscrit, nous présentons une nouvelle approche pour étendre l'AdF scalaire aux images multivariées : l'Arbre des Formes Multivarié (AdFM). Cette représentation est une « fusion » des AdFs calculés marginalement sur chaque composante de l'image. On vise à fusionner les formes marginales de manière « sensée » en préservant un nombre maximal d'inclusion. La méthode proposée a des fondements théoriques qui consistent en l'expression de l'AdF par une carte topographique de la variation totale curvilinéaire depuis la bordure de l'image. C'est cette reformulation qui a permis l'extension de l'AdF aux données multivariées. De plus, l'AdFM partage des propriétés similaires avec l'AdF scalaire ; la plus importante étant son invariance à tout changement ou inversion de contraste marginal (une sorte d'auto-dualité dans le cas multidimensionnel). Puisqu'il est évident que, vis-à-vis du nombre sans cesse croissant de données à traiter, nous ayons besoin de techniques rapides de traitement d'images, nous proposons un algorithme efficace qui permet de construire l'AdF en temps quasi-linéaire vis-à-vis du nombre de pixels et quadratique vis-à-vis du nombre de composantes. Nous proposons également des algorithmes permettant de manipuler l'arbre, montrant ainsi que, en pratique, l'AdFM est une structure facile à manipuler, polyvalente, et efficace. Finalement, pour valider la pertinence de notre approche, nous proposons quelques expériences testant la robustesse de notre structure aux composantes non-pertinentes (e.g. avec du bruit ou à faible dynamique) et nous montrons que ces défauts n'affectent pas la structure globale de l'AdFM. De plus, nous proposons des applications concrètes utilisant l'AdFM. Certaines sont juste des modifications mineures aux méthodes employant d'ores et déjà l'AdF scalaire mais adaptées à notre nouvelle structure. Par exemple, nous utilisons l'AdFM à des fins de filtrage, segmentation, classification et de détection d'objet. De ces applications, nous montrons ainsi que les méthodes basées sur l'AdFM surpassent généralement leur analogue basé sur l'AdF, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de notre approche / Nowadays, the demand for multi-scale and region-based analysis in many computer vision and pattern recognition applications is obvious. No one would consider a pixel-based approach as a good candidate to solve such problems. To meet this need, the Mathematical Morphology (MM) framework has supplied region-based hierarchical representations of images such as the Tree of Shapes (ToS). The ToS represents the image in terms of a tree of the inclusion of its level-lines. The ToS is thus self-dual and contrast-change invariant which make it well-adapted for high-level image processing. Yet, it is only defined on grayscale images and most attempts to extend it on multivariate images - e.g. by imposing an “arbitrary” total ordering - are not satisfactory. In this dissertation, we present the Multivariate Tree of Shapes (MToS) as a novel approach to extend the grayscale ToS on multivariate images. This representation is a mix of the ToS's computed marginally on each channel of the image; it aims at merging the marginal shapes in a “sensible” way by preserving the maximum number of inclusion. The method proposed has theoretical foundations expressing the ToS in terms of a topographic map of the curvilinear total variation computed from the image border; which has allowed its extension on multivariate data. In addition, the MToS features similar properties as the grayscale ToS, the most important one being its invariance to any marginal change of contrast and any marginal inversion of contrast (a somewhat “self-duality” in the multidimensional case). As the need for efficient image processing techniques is obvious regarding the larger and larger amount of data to process, we propose an efficient algorithm that can be build the MToS in quasi-linear time w.r.t. the number of pixels and quadraticw.r.t. the number of channels. We also propose tree-based processing algorithms to demonstrate in practice, that the MToS is a versatile, easy-to-use, and efficient structure. Eventually, to validate the soundness of our approach, we propose some experiments testing the robustness of the structure to non-relevant components (e.g. with noise or with low dynamics) and we show that such defaults do not affect the overall structure of the MToS. In addition, we propose many real-case applications using the MToS. Many of them are just a slight modification of methods employing the “regular” ToS and adapted to our new structure. For example, we successfully use the MToS for image filtering, image simplification, image segmentation, image classification and object detection. From these applications, we show that the MToS generally outperforms its ToS-based counterpart, demonstrating the potential of our approach

Certaines opérations de maintenance sur sites industriels nécessitent une planification à partir de modèles numériques 3D des scènes où se déroulent les interventions. Pour permettre la simulation de ces opérations, les modèles 3D utilisés doivent représenter fidèlement la réalité du terrain. Ces représentations virtuelles sont habituellement construites à partir de nuages de points relevés sur le site, constituant une description métrologique exacte de l’environnement sans toutefois fournir une description géométrique de haut niveau.Il existe une grande quantité de travaux abordant le problème de la reconstruction de modèles 3D à partir de nuages de points, mais peu sont en mesure de fournir des résultats suffisamment fiables dans un contexte industriel et cette tâche nécessite en pratique l’intervention d’opérateurs humains.Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse visent l’automatisation de la reconstruction,avec comme principal objectif la fiabilité des résultats obtenus à l’issu du processus. Au vu de la complexité de ce problème, nous proposons d’exploiter des connaissances et données a priori pour guider la reconstruction. Le premier a priori concerne la compositiondes modèles 3D : en Conception Assistée par Ordinateur (CAO), les scènes industrielles sont couramment décrites comme des assemblages de primitives géométriques simples telles que les plans, sphères, cylindres, cônes, tores, etc. Nous hiérarchisons l’analyse en traitant dans un premier temps les plans et les cylindres, comme un préalable à la détection de stores. On obtient ainsi une description fiable des principaux composants d’intérêt dans les environnements industriels. Nous proposons en outre d’exploiter un certain nombre de règles régissant la manière dont ces primitives s’assemblent en un modèle CAO, basées surdes connaissances ”métier” caractérisant les scènes industrielles que nous traitons. De plus,nous tirons parti d’un modèle CAO existant d´ecrivant une scène similaire à celle que nous souhaitons reconstruire, provenant typiquement de la reconstruction antérieure d’un site semblable au site d’intérêt. Bien que semblables en théorie, ces scènes peuvent présenterdes différences significatives qui s’accentuent au cours de leur exploitation.La méthode que nous développons se fonde sur une formulation Bayésienne du problème de reconstruction : il s’agit de retrouver le modèle CAO le plus probable vis à visdes différentes attentes portées par les données et les a priori sur le modèle à reconstruire. Les diverses sources d’a priori s’expriment naturellement dans cette formulation. Pour permettre la recherche du modèle CAO optimal, nous proposons une approche basée surdes tentatives d’insertion d’objets générés aléatoirement. L’acceptation ou le rejet de ces objets repose ensuite sur l’am´elioration systématique de la solution en cours de construction. Le modèle CAO se construit ainsi progressivement, par ajout et suppression d’objets, jusqu’à obtention d’une solution localement optimale. / 3D models are often used in order to plan the maintenance of industrial environments.When it comes to the simulation of maintenance interventions, these 3D models have todescribe accurately the actual state of the scenes they stand for. These representationsare usually built from 3D point clouds that are huge set of 3D measurements acquiredin industrial sites, which guarantees the accuracy of the resulting 3D model. Althoughthere exists many works addressing the reconstruction problem, there is no solution toour knowledge which can provide results that are reliable enough to be further used inindustrial applications. Therefore this task is in fact handled by human experts nowadays.This thesis aims at providing a solution automating the reconstruction of industrialsites from 3D point clouds and providing highly reliable results. For that purpose, ourapproach relies on some available a priori knowledge and data about the scene to beprocessed. First, we consider that the 3D models of industrial sites are made of simpleprimitive shapes. Indeed, in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) field, this kind of scenesare described as assemblies of shapes such as planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, tori, . . . Ourown work focuses on planes, cylinders and tori since these three kind of shapes allow thedescription of most of the main components in industrial environment. Furthermore, weset some a priori rules about the way shapes should be assembled in a CAD model standingfor an industrial facility, which are based on expert knowledge about these environments.Eventually, we suppose that a CAD model standing for a scene which is similar to theone to be processed is available. This a priori CAO model typically comes from the priorreconstruction of a scene which looks like the one we are interested in. Despite the factthat they are similar theoretically, there may be significant differences between the sitessince each one has its own life cycle.Our work first states the reconstruction task as a Bayesian problem in which we haveto find the most probable CAD Model with respect to both the point cloud and the a prioriexpectations. In order to reach the CAD model maximizing the target probability, wepropose an iterative approach which improves the solution under construction each time anew randomly generated shape is tried to be inserted in it. Thus, the CAD model is builtstep by step by adding and removing shapes, until the algorithm gets to a local maximumof the target probability.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

Submitted by Ana Paula Silva null (anapaulasilva4@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-24T19:06:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-de-doutorado-ana biblioteca.pdf: 2635637 bytes, checksum: 3f274ced2bb535a391663d77d11a30fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-25T14:39:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ap_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2635637 bytes, checksum: 3f274ced2bb535a391663d77d11a30fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T14:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ap_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2635637 bytes, checksum: 3f274ced2bb535a391663d77d11a30fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-16 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A noção de que novas formas de violência despontam no momento pós-fordista e que passam a ser vinculadas ao dilaceramento da cidadania e diminuição da centralidade do trabalho na vida social é fundamental para este trabalho. Tal reflexão tem dois conceitos que proporcionam uma estrutura teórica para esta pesquisa, quais sejam: o novo paradigma da violência (WIEVIORKA, 2009, 2013) e violência difusa (TAVARES DOS SANTOS, 2004). O objeto escolhido para análise são formas de violência que se originam pela impossibilidade de conviver com o "outro", ou seja, contra grupos minoritários, tais como, homossexuais, negros, moradores de rua, mas também com a inabilidade para lidar com opinião, comportamentos, estilos de vida diferentes. Mais especificamente, estão inseridas neste quadro tanto as violências de ódio (hate crimes), quanto os rampage shootings, assim como violência banal motivada por desentendimentos cotidianos, que tem aumentado no Brasil na última década. A proposta principal deste trabalho é compreender de que maneira as formas de violência abordadas estão incluídas no novo paradigma da violência, que é explicado, em grande medida, pela dificuldade de agir politicamente face às mudanças materiais e ideológicas promovidas pelo capitalismo flexível. O objetivo mais específico é evidenciar no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos de que modo os respectivos processos nacionais de construção da cidadania ajudam a compreender os impasses existentes à efetivação de uma dimensão de liberdade ancorada nas premissas do autogoverno e da ação política democrática. Esta segunda dimensão de análise faz parte do estudo comparado proposto, que se estrutura através da análise dos dados sobre as violências e a correlação defendida entre os modelos de cidadania e tipos deste fenômeno social abordado. / The notion that new types of violence arise in the post-Fordist period and that they are associated to citizenship ruptures and to decreased centrality of work in social life is fundamental for this work. Such reflection include two concepts that provide a theoretical basis for this work, which are: the new violence paradigm (WIEVIORKA, 2009, 2013) and diffuse violence (TAVARES DOS SANTOS, 2004). The subjects chosen for analysis are forms of violence that emerge from the impossibility of living with "others", including the ones against minorities such as homosexuals, black people, homeless people, and also the ones related to the inability to deal with different opinions, behaviors, and lifestyles. More specifically, this framework includes hate crimes, rampage shootings, as well as violence motivated by unwise everyday misunderstandings, which has increased in Brazil in the last decade. The main goal of this work is to understand how the forms of violence addressed here are included in the new paradigm of violence, which is deeply explained by the difficulty of acting politically in face of the material and ideological changes promoted by flexible capitalism. The more specific objective is to highlight, in Brazil and the United States, in which ways the respective national processes of citizenship construction help understanding the existent impasses in regard of the effectuation of a dimension of freedom rooted in the premises of self-government and democratic political actions. This second dimension of the research is part of the comparative study that has been defined, which is strutured by the analysis of data on the types of violence and the correlation to be held between the models of citizenship and the types of this social phenomenon. / FAPESP: 2012/17851-0 / FAPESP: 2015/01510-8

Registration means to bring two or more shapes into a suitable relative configuration (position and orientation). In its major applications like 3D scan alignment, the aim is to coalesce data and regions originating from the same physical region have similar local form. So, the correspondence between shapes is discoverable from the shapes themselves, and the registration makes corresponding regions coincide. This work concerns the registration of shapes to satisfy a purpose or intent, not involving data integration. Regions relevant to the purpose are marked as patches correspondingly on two input 3D meshes of objects. Then, a method of registration is used to obtain the suitable configuration. Three methods of registration are explored in the present work. The first method of registration is to align intrinsic co-ordinate frames defined on the shapes. This is used in a scenario of comparison of shapes with dissimilar local form, which are to be aligned as an expert requires, as in the comparison of dental casts and apple bitemarks in forensics. Regions recognized in dentistry are marked as patches on the cast and bitemark shapes by a dentist. From these, an intrinsic frame is defined and aligned to bring the shapes close. The alignment is used to calculate distortion of a deteriorated bitemark. Another application of frame alignment is the analysis of shape variation of contours in a population for wearable product design. A frame based on anthropometric landmarks is used to construct the contours of the product's interface with the body-part, analyze its spread through a 2D grid-statistics method, and construct the interface shape. The frame helps assess the fit of the constructed shape on an individual. The method is demonstrated with respirator masks. Frame-based alignment is seen to give unsatisfactory results with head shapes for motorcycle-helmet interior design, as it does not adequately describe the helmet-head interaction. This inspires the second method of registration. The second method of registration is the biased minimization of distance between corresponding patches on the shapes, by weighting patches to indicate their importance in the registration. The method is used to assess the small deviation of precisely-known quantities in shapes, such as in manufactured part inspection. Here, the patches marked are grouped, and the part and model shapes registered at patches in the combinations of groups, by giving a binary weighting of 1 to these patches and 0 to others. The deviation of every patch across the registrations at multiple datum systems is tabulated and analyzed to infer errors. The method is exemplified with welded bars and bent-pipes. In the analysis of head-shape variation in a population to create headforms for wearable products, the deviations are large and not precisely known. So, the head shapes are registered at patches on regions pertinent to the product's functioning, with a relatively higher weight for a reference patch. A 3D grid-statistics method is used to analyze the shapes' spread and arrive at the headform shapes. The selection of head form for a given head shape is also treated. The method is demonstrated with motorcycle helmets and respirator masks. Biased distance-minimization is applied to obtain the mechanical assembly of part meshes. Different schemes of marking patches are tested as cases. The method leads to both intended and unintended final configurations, prompting for a better objective in registration. Thus, the third method of registration, that of normals is proposed; this happens in a transformed space. By analyzing the nature of assembly in CAD systems, the face-normals of the mesh are used to obtain the intended orientation of parts. The normals of corresponding patches are registered using three methods of registration, namely on a unit-sphere, of unit-normals, and spherical co-ordinates of normals. In each method, the optimal transformation is suitably converted to be applied on the actual part shape in 3D. Unit-normal alignment gives sensible results, while the other two lead to skewed final orientations. This is attributed to the nature of the space of registration. The methods are applied to examples involving different assembly relations, such as alignment of holes. On the whole, it is shown that correspondence embodies the knowledge of importance of regions on shapes for a purpose. The registration method should lead to an apt shape placement, which need not always mean coincidence. In essence, correspondence denotes 'what' regions are of relevance, and registration, 'how' to get the relative configuration satisfying a purpose or intent.