Eccentric braced frames have been a topic of research in seismic design over the past twenty years. The idea of eccentric bracing is a relatively new method used in practice to satisfy seismic design requirements. They have been proven to give reliable results in tests using simulated earthquake events, as well as provide an economical advantage over other framing methods. Two one-story eccentric braced frame models were created using computer generated finite element analysis. The example chosen for this study are discussed further. The maximum shear stress distribution in the link beam of the frame, using finite element analysis, will be investigated herein. The results of the shear stress produced gives insight to shear forces developed in the link beam of eccentric braced frames. The results of shear forces produced are compared with those calculated by structural engineers using commonly used hand calculated equations.

no / Composite beams formed by connecting the concrete slabs to the supporting steel beams have been in use for many years. Much of the research into this form of construction has concentrated on the more traditional reinforced concrete and metal deck construction. In composite beam design, the strength of the shear connector is of great importance since longitudinal shear forces must be transferred across the steel-concrete interface by the mechanical action of shear connectors. The shear strength and stiffness of the connection is not only dependent on the strength of the connector itself, but also on the resistance of the concrete slab to longitudinal cracking caused by the high concentration of shear force at each connector. Present knowledge of this behaviour is limited to shear connectors in solid reinforced concrete slabs and concrete slabs with profiled sheeting, little information is given for the shear connector capacity on composite steel beam with precast hollow core slabs. A new horizontal push off test is proposed to determine the shear capacity of the connector on the composite beams with precast concrete hollow cored floor slabs. The results showed the new test is compatible with all type of floor and shear connectors, and can replace the existing vertical push off tests.

Hydrocyclones can be used to fractionate fibres according to their papermaking potential. The obtained fractions typically differ in fibre wall thickness and/or degree of fibre treatment. Despite a multitude of potential application scenarios, the process has so far had little commercial success. This is largely explained by the low fractionation efficiency and unfavourable operating characteristics of the process. The fractionation efficiency of a hydrocyclone is closely related to its flow field. The influence of pulp concentration on the tangential velocity field was therefore studied, by using a self-cleaning pitometer. It was found that the pulp concentration had a strong influence on the tangential velocity. At a feed pulp concentration above 7.5 g/l, the suspension rotated almost as a solid body. As a consequence, the magnitude of radial acceleration and shear stresses decreased dramatically. It is suggested that this is detrimental to the fractionation efficiency. The radial velocity field was measured using an Ultrasonic Velocity Profiler. The measurements showed that the rotational centre of the flow field did not correspond with the geometrical centre of the hydrocyclone. This displacement caused the tangential velocity component of the vortex to contribute substantially to the measurement result of the radial velocity component. Based on the findings in respect to the flow field studies, a novel design for a fibre fractionation hydrocyclone was proposed. The flow field inside this hydrocyclone was compared to that in a conventional hydrocyclone. It was found, that high radial acceleration and shear stresses could be maintained in the novel design even at high fibre concentration. The fractionation efficiency of the novel hydrocyclone was characterised in terms of surface roughness difference between fine and coarse fraction. When operated with refined bleached softwood kraft pulp, the novel hydrocyclone could produce fractions with a substantial surface roughness difference without deteriorating the dewatering characteristics of the fine fraction. A low thickening of the reject is proposed to be the explanation for that. When fractionating TMP, the best efficiency occurred at a concentration of 10 g/l. / QC 20100804

Previous studies have shown that spectral analysis based on force data can elucidate fundamental physical phenomena during chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). While it has not been literally described elsewhere, such analysis was partly motivated by modern violinmakers and physicists studying Old Italian violins, who were trying to discover spectral relations to sound quality. In this paper, we draw parallels between violins and CMP as far as functionality and spectral characteristics are concerned. Inspired by the de facto standard of violin testing via hammer strikes on the base edge of a violin's bridge, we introduce for the first time, a mobility plot for the polisher by striking the wafer carrier head of a CMP polisher with a hammer. Results show three independent peaks that can indeed be attributed to the polisher's natural resonance. Extending our study to an actual CMP process, similar to hammered and bowed violin tests, at lower frequencies the hammered and polished mobility peaks are somewhat aligned. At higher frequencies, peak alignment becomes less obvious and the peaks become more isolated and defined in the case of the polished wafer spectrum. Lastly, we introduce another parameter from violin testing known as directivity, , which in our case, we define as the ratio of shear force variance to normal force variance acquired during CMP. Results shows that under identical polishing conditions, increases with the polishing removal rate.

[pt] A indústria do petróleo realiza contínuas pesquisas para aperfeiçoar as operações de perfuração, aumentando a taxa de penetração e reduzindo o tempo não produtivo. Diversos estudos analisam o processo de corte em rocha utilizando brocas PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact). Experimentos como o ensaio de cortador único simulam a interação existente entre a rocha e o cortador. Além disso, modelos numéricos têm sido criados para fazer o mesmo tipo de análise obtendo estimativas concordantes com resultados experimentais. No entanto, os ensaios experimentais geram altos custos de investimento, e por sua vez, as simulações numéricas demandam tempo muito alto para realizar análises de boa qualidade. Modelos analíticos procuram eliminar o fator custo e tempo, gerando resultados confiáveis da simulação do processo de corte, similares aos resultados das análises experimentais e numéricas. Os modelos analíticos aqui apresentados permitem estimar as forças medidas pelo cortador no processo de corte, partindo das propriedades mecânicas da rocha. Os modelos levam em conta o equilíbrio de forças no instante do corte e consideram, para o cálculo das forças, a sua geometria e as propriedades de resistência do material. A rocha utilizada no presente trabalho é um evaporito. A aplicação deste tipo de metodologia para corte em halita obriga a considerar no modelo analítico o incremento nas forças devido ao comportamento dúctil do material, à existência de deformações plásticas e à aglomeração de material na face do cortador a fim de obter uma melhor estimativa das forças de corte. Conseguem-se estimativas aceitáveis com dois dos modelos avaliados nas condições de pressões atmosféricas e altas pressões de confinamento. / [en] The oil industry carries out continuous research to improve drilling operations, to increase the penetration rate and to reduce non-productive time. Several studies analyze the rock cutting process using PDC bits (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact). Experiments with a single cutter machine measure the interaction between the rock and the cutter. Furthermore, numerical models aim to simulate the physical process and calculate results as possible consistent with experimental data. However, experimental tests are expensive and robust and numerical simulations are time consuming. Analytical models aim to reduce both cost and time factor, while providing reliable results for simulation of cutting process. The analytical models presented here allow us to estimate the forces measured on the cutter in the rock cutting process. The models take into account the balance of forces acting on the cutter face and these forces are calculated based on geometry and material properties of both cutter and rock. The rock evaluated in this work is an evaporite. The application of such type of methodology to simulate the salt rock drilling requires the analytical model to consider the increase of forces due to rock ductile behavior and the existence of plastic deformation and agglomeration of material on the cutter s face in order to obtain adequate estimation of the cutting forces. Two of the evaluated models in this work presented agreement with experimental results, both under atmospheric and high pressure conditions.

Este trabalho aborda o estudo da aderência aço-concreto em pilares mistos preenchidos através de revisão bibliográfica e de investigação experimental. De modo esquemático, a aderência é dividida em três parcelas: adesão, aderência mecânica e atrito, que em conjunto compõem a aderência natural. Adicionalmente, podem ser empregados conectores de cisalhamento, que são dispositivos mecânicos fixados nas superfícies internas dos tubos, como meio de ampliar a resistência ao escorregamento. Foram realizados ensaios do tipo pushout em alguns tipos de modelos de pilar preenchido: modelos simples, com adição de conectores tipo pino com cabeça, com cantoneiras na interface aço-concreto e semelhantes aos anteriores mais elementos de ligação. Com os resultados obtidos traçaram-se comportamentos força x escorregamento do concreto, força x deformações axiais nos materiais e curvas de distribuição de força ao longo do comprimento dos modelos. Concluiu-se que conectores tipo pino com cabeça e cantoneiras são uma excelente alternativa como dispositivos auxiliares na transferência de tensões de cisalhamento na interface aço-concreto. Entretanto, é necessário garantir resistência à ligação para que esses mecanismos sejam mobilizados / This research presents a study of influence of bond on concrete-filled steel tubes by means of a bibliography review and an experimental investigation. The bond strength counts on three mechanisms: adhesion of the concrete to the steel surface, friction and wedging of the concrete core. In order to improve the shear resistance of the steel-concrete interface, shear connectors can be used. A series of push-out tests of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubes was conducted in the specimens without mechanical shear connectors, specimens with stud bolt shear connectors and specimens with angles. They were also tested the corresponding beam-column connections. The results are shown in curves force x slip of concrete, force x axial strain of materials and distribution of axial load to the steel and to the concrete. The results of the tests permitted identify the mechanisms of natural bond and indicated that the stud bolts and the angles are excellent alternatives as auxiliary mechanisms to transfer shear between the concrete and steel in the concrete filled composite column. However, it is necessary to guarantee the connection enough strength in order to permit these resistance be developed

Este trabalho aborda o estudo da aderência aço-concreto em pilares mistos preenchidos através de revisão bibliográfica e de investigação experimental. De modo esquemático, a aderência é dividida em três parcelas: adesão, aderência mecânica e atrito, que em conjunto compõem a aderência natural. Adicionalmente, podem ser empregados conectores de cisalhamento, que são dispositivos mecânicos fixados nas superfícies internas dos tubos, como meio de ampliar a resistência ao escorregamento. Foram realizados ensaios do tipo pushout em alguns tipos de modelos de pilar preenchido: modelos simples, com adição de conectores tipo pino com cabeça, com cantoneiras na interface aço-concreto e semelhantes aos anteriores mais elementos de ligação. Com os resultados obtidos traçaram-se comportamentos força x escorregamento do concreto, força x deformações axiais nos materiais e curvas de distribuição de força ao longo do comprimento dos modelos. Concluiu-se que conectores tipo pino com cabeça e cantoneiras são uma excelente alternativa como dispositivos auxiliares na transferência de tensões de cisalhamento na interface aço-concreto. Entretanto, é necessário garantir resistência à ligação para que esses mecanismos sejam mobilizados / This research presents a study of influence of bond on concrete-filled steel tubes by means of a bibliography review and an experimental investigation. The bond strength counts on three mechanisms: adhesion of the concrete to the steel surface, friction and wedging of the concrete core. In order to improve the shear resistance of the steel-concrete interface, shear connectors can be used. A series of push-out tests of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubes was conducted in the specimens without mechanical shear connectors, specimens with stud bolt shear connectors and specimens with angles. They were also tested the corresponding beam-column connections. The results are shown in curves force x slip of concrete, force x axial strain of materials and distribution of axial load to the steel and to the concrete. The results of the tests permitted identify the mechanisms of natural bond and indicated that the stud bolts and the angles are excellent alternatives as auxiliary mechanisms to transfer shear between the concrete and steel in the concrete filled composite column. However, it is necessary to guarantee the connection enough strength in order to permit these resistance be developed