No description available.

We develop a two-fluid model (TFM) for heat transfer in dense non-Brownian suspensions. Specifically, we propose closure relations for the inter-phase heat transfer coefficient and the thermal diffusivity of the particle phase based on calibration against experimental data. The model is then employed to simulate non-isothermal flow in an annular Couette cell. We find that, when the shear rate is controlled by the rotation of the inner cylinder, both the shear and thermal gradients are responsible for particle migration. Within the TFM framework, we identify the origin and functional form of a "thermo-rheological" migration force that rationalizes our observations. Furthermore, we apply our model to flow in eccentric Couette cells. Our simulations reveal that the system's heat transfer coefficient is affected by both the classic shear-induced migration of particles and the newly identified thermo-rheological migration effect. Finally, we employed the proposed computational TFM framework to analyze electronics cooling by forced convection for microchannel cooling. We used a suspensions of high thermal conductivity (Boron Nitride) particles in a 3M Fluorinert FC-43 cooling fluid. Three-dimensional simulations were run to quantify the temperature distributions under uniform heating (5 W) and under hot-spot heating (2 W/cm^2) conditions. A 100 K junction level temperature improvement (enhanced thermal spreading) was seen for hot-spot heating and 15 K was observed for uniform heating, demonstrating the enhanced cooling capabilities of dense particulate suspensions of high-conductivity particles, over a clear FC-43 fluid.

Des méthodes numériques et expérimentales ont été utilisées pour identifier la relation entre les propriétés macroscopiques et la microstructure d'une suspension contenant soit des sphères soit des fibres rigides. Pour les fibres, les résultats en utilisant un modèle numérique original indiquent que les contacts sont dominants dans la prédiction de la dynamique de la microstructure. Les résultats montrent en outre que les contacts doivent être inclus dans le calcul des contraintes afin de prédire avec précision les différences de contraintes normales. Des expériences ont été effectués pour mesurer les différences de contraintes normales et ont sont en accord avec les prédictions numériques. Cela valide le modèle développé et ses résultats. Les écarts avec les travaux antérieurs dans la littérature ont été examinées. Le temps nécessaire pour atteindre l'état d'équilibre et l'influence de confinement de la géométrie expérimentale peuvent être la source de ces différences. Pour les sphères, une expérience a été construite pour étudier la dynamique de la migration de particules dans un écoulement de Poiseuille. Nous avons mesuré la fraction volumique de particules avec une grande résolution ainsi que les distribution de vitesse. Les résultats dans le régime stationnaire de migration finale ont été jugés en excellent accord avec les précédentes simulations discrètes et les expériences dans des géométries et concentrations. La dynamique a été comparée à le modèle de bilan de suspension ('Suspension Balance Model'). L'accord avec ce modèle n'est bon qu'à grande fraction volumique. Des développements supplémentaires concernant la rhéologie utilisés dans le SBM sont nécessaires. / Numerical and experimental methods were used to reveal the complex relationship between the macroscopic properties and the microstructure of a suspension where either spheres or rigid fibers were considered. For fibers, results using a newly developed numerical model indicate that contacts are dominant in predicting the dynamics of the microstructure. The results show contacts must be included in calculating the stress in order to accurately predict the normal stress differences as well. Experiments measuring the normal stress differences were performed and were found to be in agreement with the numerical predictions, validating the model and its results. Discrepancies with previous work in the literature were examined. The long time required to reach steady state and the influence of confinement from the experimental geometry were found to be the source of these differences. For spheres, an experiment was built to study the dynamics of particle migration in parabolic flow. High-resolution particle volume fraction and velocity distribution measurements were made. Steady state results were found to be in excellent agreement with previous discrete element simulations and experiments at similar geometries and volume fractions. Dynamic results were compared to the suspension balance model (SBM). Excellent agreement with the SBM was exhibited only at the highest bulk particle volume fraction. Accordingly, additional development of the rheology used in the SBM is required to understand the role of the bulk volume fraction on its predictions. The results from this experiment will greatly aid this endeavor by providing the experimental data required for validation.

Les suspensions non browniennes présentent un comportement rhéologique très différent en fonction de leur concentration. L'écoulement de suspensions semi-diluées est newtonien et montre une migration des particules provoquant des hétérogénéités de concentration. Au contraire, les suspensions concentrées présentent un large éventail de phénomènes rhéologiques non linéaire. Ce travail cherche à mieux comprendre les écoulements de suspensions dans différente gamme de concentration. A basse concentration,une étude de la migration est réalisée afin de quantifier les forces responsables de ce phénomène. Pour cela, les forces de migration sont comparées aux forces de sédimentation,grâce à un écoulement unidirectionnel et confiné. Des techniques de suivi de particules avancées et la microscopie confocale, permettent une mesure systématiquement à la fois des profils de fraction volumique et des profils de vitesse. Plusieurs systèmes sont comparés afin de mettre en évidence que les forces hydrodynamiques jouent un rôle important dans la migration. La seconde partie de ce travail consiste à caractériser l'écoulement d'un système rhéoépaississant. Des techniques de rhéologie locale, tel que la vélocimétrie ultrasonore et la tomographie RX sont utilisées dans différentes cellules de Couette. Ces techniques permettent de mesurer les profils de fraction volumique et les profils de vitesse. Nous soulevons que les propriétés rhéologiques dépendent fortement du confinement et de la rugosité, et parfois, nous avons observé instabilités dues aux interfaces. / Flows of non-Brownian suspensions are present in different fields, and exhibitdifferent behavior in function of concentration. Flows of semi-dilute suspensions aremainly governed by the spatial repartition of the particles. At low Reynolds numbers,it is indeed generally non-uniform due to cross-stream migration towards low shearedregions of the flow. In this work we aim at testing the idea that interactions betweenparticles could also be involved in the shear induced migration phenomenon. In orderto quantify the strength of shear induced migration, we take advantage of horizontalflow of buoyant particles in slits, where viscous resuspension is in competitionwith buoyancy.Using advanced particle imaging velocimetrie techniques and confocalmicroscopy, we measure systematically both volume fraction and velocity profiles.We compare two systems with and without interaction and any different was found.Concentrated suspensions exhibit a wide range of non linear rheological phenomena.This work characterizes the local rheology of a continuous shear thickening. We areused ultrasonic rheology and tomography RX in Couette cell for measured the volumefraction profile and velocity profile. We report that the rheological properties dependstrongly of the confinement and roughness, and sometimes we observed instabilitiesdue to the interface.

A suspension flow model based on the "suspension balance" approach has been developed. This work modifies the model to allow the solution of suspension flows under general flow conditions. This requires the development of a frame-invariant constitutive model for the particle stress which can take into account the spatially-varying local kinematic conditions. The mass and momentum balances for the bulk suspension and particle phase are solved numerically using a finite volume method. The particle stress is based upon the computed rate of strain and the local kinematic conditions. A nonlocal stress contribution corrects the continuum approximation of the particle phase for finite particle size effects. Local kinematic conditions are accounted through the local ratio of rotation to extension in the flow field. The coordinates for the stress definition are the local principal axes of the rate of strain field. The developed model is applied to a range of problems. (i) Axially-developing conduit flows are computed using both the full two-dimensional solution and the more computationally efficient "marching" method. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for cross-stream particle concentration profiles and axial development lengths. (ii) Model predictions are compared to experiments for wide-gap circular Couette flow of a concentrated suspension in a shear-thinning liquid. With minor modification, the suspension flow model predicts the major trends and results observed in this flow. (iii) Comparisons are made to experiments for an axisymmetric contraction-expansion. Model predictions for a two-dimensional planar contraction flow test the influence of model formulation. The variation of the magnitude of an isotropic particle normal stress with local kinematic conditions and anisotropy in the in-plane normal stresses are both explored. The formulation of the particle phase stress is found to have significant effects on the solid fraction and velocity. (iv) Finally, for a rectangular piston-driven flow and an obstructed channel flow, a "computational suspension dynamics" study explores the effect of particle migration on the bulk flow field, system pressure drop and particle phase composition.

No description available.