O setor ovino do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai foi afetado por períodos de progressos e crises que modificaram as estratégias e a dinâmica do agronegócio da ovinocultura. A transformação do mercado ovino, seus desequilíbrios e suas mudanças, expõem uma rica realidade empírica para uma análise a partir da Economia Evolucionária. Assim, o objetivo da tese foi comparar a trajetória de mudança histórica, econômica e institucional da produção ovina do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai e avaliar o impacto da crise internacional da lã na configuração do setor. A proposta metodológica da tese baseou-se no uso de dados primários e secundários para analisar e comparar um processo dinâmico, a fim de compreender o passado, caracterizar o presente e projetar o futuro do setor ovino - características centrais de um processo evolucionário. A análise da evolução histórica, produtiva e mudança estrutural na atividade ovina do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai tiveram um caráter descritivo e explicativo, por meio de técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas de séries temporais, na estimação de modelos de regressão linear e regressão semilogarítmica. A caracterização da ovinocultura utilizou-se de uma pesquisa de campo, com aplicação de questionário semiestruturado em uma amostra de 120 produtores do Rio Grande do Sul e 80 produtores do Uruguai. A análise dos dados seguiu técnicas da estatística descritiva e o uso de testes de hipóteses paramétricos. A análise de projeção futura da atividade no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai partiu da construção e estimação de duas classes de modelos de regressão logísticos: modelo econômico e institucional. A estimação de modelos de regressão linear e semilogarítmica comprovaram a mudança estrutural para as variáveis de rebanho ovino, produção de lã e produção de carne ovina das duas regiões, tendo como referência a crise internacional dos preços da lã em 1990/1991. Evidenciaram-se similaridades no perfil socioeconômico, produtivo e institucional dos ovinocultores amostrados do Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai. Os dados primários indicaram que a atividade ovina é desenvolvida nas mais variadas estruturas fundiárias. O rebanho ovino dos estabelecimentos rurais apresenta tamanho diverso, sendo a bovinocultura de corte a principal atividade desenvolvida de forma integrada. Constatou-se que as instituições da ovinocultura apresentam dimensão conectiva - o contexto passado do setor moldou a situação presente, que por sua vez, irá formar as instituições do futuro, em um processo “hereditário”, análogo aos genes da biologia e aos processos de path dependence e causação cumulativa. Os resultados dos modelos logísticos demonstraram que variáveis estritamente produtivas e de ordem econômica não se relacionam significativamente com a pretensão de aumento da produção ovina no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai. Em contrapartida, o modelo institucional estimado foi significativo (P<0,01), com variáveis significativas de envolvimento organizacional, motivação pelo lucro e idade do produtor (P<0,05). Os resultados confirmaram o domínio da Economia Evolucionária no estudo da dinâmica econômica, baseada na análise das mudanças estruturais e institucionais. O estudo da evolução da produção ovina no Rio Grande do Sul e Uruguai demonstrou a possibilidade da aplicação de pressupostos econômicos evolucionários, buscando, além de compreender o fenômeno, estimular o fortalecimento desta aproximação teórico-empírica em diversos temas da economia rural. / The sheep production of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay has experienced periods of growth and decline that affected the strategy of the agribusiness. This dynamic market provides a rich setting for an analysis based on evolutionary economics. The objective of this thesis is to compare the historical, economic and institutional changes in the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay and to evaluate the impact of the international crises in the production of wool in the organization of this sector. The methodological premise of this thesis is the use of primary and secondary data to analyze and compare a dynamic process. The goal is to understand the past, characterize the present, and project the future of the sheep production – the key elements of an evolutionary process. The analysis of historical, productive and structural change in the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay was descriptive in nature, including a literature review and several statistical techniques such as time series analysis, linear regression and semi-logarithmic regression. A field study with a semi-structured questionnaire and a sample of 120 farmers in Rio Grande do Sul and 80 farmers in Uruguay was conducted to characterize the sheep production. The empirical analysis used descriptive statistical techniques and the parametric test of hypotheses. The market projection of the future in the sheep production was based in the estimation of two types of logistic regression models: an economic model and an institutional model. The linear and semi-logarithmic regression models showed a structural change in the dependent variables, such as sheep flock, wool, and meat production in the two regions. Moreover, there were similarities in the socio-economic, productive and institutional profile of the sampled farmers in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. The primary data indicated that the sheep production is developed in different types of farms area, being a source of income as well as subsistence. The size of the sheep flock across the different farms was diverse, reflecting the variance in the size of the properties, and the beef cattle was the main activity developed in an integrated form. Regarding the institutional profile, the institutions of environment of sheep production establishments presented a connective dimension – the past shaped the present, which in turn will shape the future, reflecting a hereditary process similar to the genes in biology and the path dependence processes. The results from the logistic models indicated that the dependent variables related strictly to economic production were not significantly correlated with the willingness to increase the ovine production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. In contrast, the institutional model was significant (P <.01). The institutional variables related to farmers’ organizational involvement, motivation towards profit and age of farmer were significant (P <.05). Based on the analysis of structural and institutional changes, the results confirmed the dominance of evolutionary economics in the study of the economic dynamic. The present study provided an opportunity to apply the principles of evolutionary economics to understand the sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, which can be used to explore several other topics in the context of agricultural economics.

A produção agropecuária tem grande importância na economia do Brasil e a ovinocultura se destaca no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), estado que com pouco menos de quatro milhões de cabeças atualmente possui o maior rebanho ovino brasileiro. Dentre os problemas que prejudicam a ovinocultura, muitos estão diretamente relacionados com pobres condições de bem-estar animal (BEA) e estresse. A dor associada a processos inflamatórios é uma causa frequente de estresse e comprometimento do BEA. Essa situação é observada em rebanhos ovinos acometidos pela podridão dos cascos (PC, footrot) e descrita no primeiro artigo. Em dois rebanhos ovinos acometidos pela PC foram avaliados os escores de lesões podais e comparados com a temperatura da pele do espaço interdigital dos cascos. Foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre a temperatura de cascos sadios e acometidos pela doença nos dois rebanhos, no entanto não foi observada diferença de temperatura entre pés com lesões de diferentes graus de severidade. Nos animais de um dos rebanhos foram avaliadas a frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC) e temperatura retal (TR) como indicadores de estresse causado pela doença. Não foi observada diferença estatística de FR, FC e TR entre ovinos sadios e acometidos pela PC. A termografia infravermelha se mostrou uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar o diagnóstico de lesões de PC em ovinos, no entanto não foi útil para predizer a severidade da lesão. No segundo artigo são abordadas as condições de alojamento dos ovinos em um parque de exposições. Foram feitas 1097 observações em 60 ovinos de 11 raças no Parque Estadual de Exposições Assis Brasil no período de 30 de agosto a quatro de setembro de 2011. Foram medidas a temperatura (T°C) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR) bem como a temperatura do olho (TO) usando uma câmera infravermelha, além da frequência respiratória (FR) por inspeção do animal. As variáveis climáticas mudaram ao longo do dia e ao longo do período de observação. Houve diferença significativa entre as raças, especialmente nos períodos da tarde e noite quando a temperatura do ar foi mais alta e os animais estiveram fora da sua zona de conforto. Houve correlação alta positiva entre a temperatura do ar e parâmetros fisiológicos dos animais e intermediária negativa com a umidade relativa do ar. A raça Santa Inês foi a melhor adaptada às condições de estresse térmico, enquanto animais lanados foram menos adaptados. Cada raça respondeu de uma forma diferente, dado mostrado com limites de temperatura e umidade para cada raça. Sugerimos que condições ambientais controladas no galpão de alojamento possam garantir conforto climático aos animais, principalmente durante a tarde e à noite quando o estresse foi maior. / Livestock production is very important for Brazilian economy, and the sheep industry stands out in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Despite the reduction of the flock of 14 million sheep in the 1970s to just under four million today, the state still has the largest sheep flock in Brazil. Among the problems that affect the sheep industry, many are directly related to poor conditions of animal welfare. Pain associated with inflammation is a frequent cause of stress and impairment of animal welfare in extensive farming systems. This situation is observed in sheep flocks affected by footrot and described in the first study. Footrot is a contagious disease of sheep that causes severe economic losses to producers and compromises the welfare of animals. In two sheep flocks affected by footrot, animals were evaluated and foot scores compared with the temperature of interdigital skin of the hooves. Significant difference (P <0.05) was found between the temperature of hooves healthy and affected by the disease in herds, but there was no difference in temperature of different foot scores. Animals were assessed for respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) as indicators of stress caused by the disease. There was no statistical difference in RR, HR and TR between healthy and affected sheep. It was shown that infrared thermography is a useful tool to aid in the diagnosis of lesions of footrot in sheep, but is not useful to predict the severity of the injury. In the second study, agricultural fairs environment and sheep welfare are discussed. Observations (1097) were made on 60 sheep from 11 breeds in the State Exhibition Park Assis Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, from August 30 to September 4, 2011. We measured the temperature and relative humidity of the air as well as eye temperature using an infrared camera, and respiratory rate by inspection of the animal. The climatic conditions changed throughout the day and during the observation period. There were significant differences between breeds, especially during the afternoon and evening when the air temperature was higher, and when sheep suffered more heat stress. High positive correlations were found between air temperature and physiological parameters of animals but negative and intermediate with relative humidity. The Santa Ines sheep were best adapted to stress, while wool animals were less well adapted. Each breed responded differently, as shown with ranges of temperature and humidity for each breed. We suggest that environmental conditions in the shed where the animals are housed should be controlled to ensure comfort.

Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The study was carried out to determine influence of socio-economic factors on sheep mortality and sales constraints faced by small-scale sheep farmers of Nkangala District in Mpumalanga province. A field survey was carried out in six local municipalities of Nkangala District. Individual interviews were conducted in 132 households who owned sheep using semi-structured questionnaire. Flock size ranged from 1 – 32 sheep (mean flock size was 21.1). The estimated odds ratio shows that variables such as type of sheep housing, production methods adopted by the farmers, availability of supplementary feed and accessibility of veterinary services and extension service had high probabilities of influencing both sheep mortality and sales, whereas variables such as gender and wealth status of the farmer affected sheep sales, but not significant in affecting sheep mortality. The age of the farmer and sheep breed owned by the farmer were not significant in affecting both sheep mortality and sales. About 90 % of farmers keep sheep for income generation in order to meet family expenditures. Over 70 % of male owned large proportion of sheep across all municipalities, while females and youth were less involved in sheep production across all municipalities. Natural veld was the major source of feed for sheep flocks. In general, majority of farmers sourced their breeding stock from auction while few sourced from commercial farms. About 95 % of respondents kept indigenous sheep breeds. Particular breed of sheep was kept for various reasons which included multiple births, adaptation to environment, good temperament, and good mothering ability. Undefined breeding and lambing seasons across all municipalities was common. The majority of respondents practiced extensive production system with improper sheep housing structures and were more likely to experience feed shortage, high percentage of sheep mortality and low sheep v sales. Low income, inadequate access to veterinary and advisory services affected most of sheep producers and as a result, farmers were not able to provide supplementary feeds and medication for their animals to enhance profitability. Diseases and feed shortage contributed to sheep mortality and low sheep sales. As a result, less number and poor quality of sheep were produced. Lack of financial support and distance to market had negative effect on sales and mortality of sheep on small scale sheep producers. It was concluded that government should strengthen accessibility of veterinary and advisory services by small scale sheep producers, initiate accessible credit schemes and arrange accessible markets for these farmers to ensure sustainable sheep farming.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of South African production system (feedlot {FL-} or free-range {FR-}) and gender (ewes, rams or castrates) on growth and carcass characteristics of Dorper sheep. Male lambs (castrates and rams) grew twice as fast as ewes (P<0.05) under FL-conditions while much smaller differences were observed between gender groups in FR-lambs. FL-lambs produced heavier carcasses (P=0.0003) with higher dressing percentages (P<0.05) and greater carcass fatness levels (P<0.052) than FR- lambs. No differences attributable to production system were found on meat tenderness (as indicated by Warner Bratzler shear force strength) and on the intramuscular lipid concentration. In contrast, sensory evaluation results suggested that meat from FL-lambs was juicier and more tender than meat from FR-lambs. The sensory panel could not distinguish between FL and FR meat as far as the attributes of aroma and flavour were concerned. Cholesterol results indicated that for intermuscular fat, higher cholesterol levels were observed for FL-lambs than for FR-lambs. The level of palmitic acid (C16:0) was significantly higher (P=0.0375) in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of FL-lambs. For intramuscular fat from the Biceps femoris (BF) muscle, g-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6) was higher (P<0.0001) in FL- lambs. Results for intramuscular BF further indicated that ram lambs had the highest (P=0.0019) palmitic acid (C16:0) and sum of TUFA (P=0.0014), castrates had the highest (P=0.0260) α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and g-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6), while ewe lambs had the highest (P=0.0014) SFA concentrations. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6c) was significantly higher (P=0.0067) in the subcutaneous fat of FL-lambs while FR-lambs had more linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). For the kidney fat, FR-feeding increased (P < 0.05) stearic (C18:0), linolelaidic (C18:2n-6t), α-linolenic (C18:3n-3) and homo-g-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6) percentages. Conversely, linoleic acid (C18:2n-6c) was increased (P=0.0372) by FL-feeding. For the intermuscular fat, FR-lambs had higher linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and SFA (P=0.0113 and P=0.0341) compared to FL-lambs. On the other hand, the sum of TUFA for the intermuscular fat was higher (P=0.0341) in FL-lambs compared to FR-lambs. Results from the study imply that the consumer may not necessarily be able to discern between meat from FR- or FL-lambs, although they may possibly discriminate against the increase in visible fatness of FL-lambs. No clear advantage of production system in terms of human health could be demonstrated as far as the proximate chemical composition and the fatty acid composition of the meat was concerned. The faster growth and the associated shorter production cycle of FL-lambs could be an advantage under certain production systems. However, it needs to be weighed against the cost of concentrate feeding and the preference consumers are likely to develop for lamb produced in natural environments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om Suid Afrikaanse produksiestelsel (voerkraal {VK-} of veld {VD}) en geslag (ooie, hamels of ramme) op die groeivermoë en karkaseienskappe van die Dorperskape te bepaal. Manlike lammers (ramme and hamels) het twee keer vinniger (P<0.05) as ooilammers onder VK-toestande gegroei, terwyl kleiner verskille tussen geslagsgroepe by VD-diere waargeneem is. VK-lammers het swaarder karkasse (P=0.0003), hoër uitslagpersentasies (P<0.05) en meer karkas vet (P<0.052) as VD -lammers vertoon. Geen verskille as gevolg van produksiestelsel is op die sagtheid van vleis (soos aangedui deur Warner-Bratzler skeurkragwaardes) en die binnespierse vetinhoud gevind nie. Daarenteen het sensoriese analises aangedui dat vleis van VK-lammers sappiger en sagter as vleis van VD- lammers was. Die sensoriese paneel kon nie verskille aangaande die aroma en geur van vleis tussen VK- en VD-vleis onderskei nie. Cholesterolvlakke was hoër vir VK-lammers as by VD-lammers. Die vlak van palmitiese suur (C16:0) was hoër (P=0.0375) in die Longissimus dorsi (LD) spier van VK-lammers. Vir binnespierse vet van die Biceps femoris (BF) spier was g-linoleniese suur (C18:3n-6) hoër (P<0.0001) in VK-lammers. Resultate vir binnespierse vet van die BF spier het verder bewys dat ramlammers die hoogste (P=0.0019) palmitiese suur (C16:0) and totale onversadigde vetsure (P = 0.0014) getoon het, hamels die hoogste (P=0.0260) α-linoleniese suur (C18:3n-3) en g-linolenese suur (C18:3n-6) getoon het terwyl ooilammers die hoogste (P=0.0014) versadigde vetsuurvlakke getoon het. Linoliese suur (C18:2n-6c) was hoër (P=0.0067) in die onderhuidse vet van VK-lammers terwyl VD-lammers meer linoliese suur (C18:3n-3) gehad het. Resultate vir niervet het getoon dat VD-voeding die persentasies van steariese (C18:0), linoleladiese (C18:2n-6t), α-linoleniese (C18:3n-3) and homo-g-linoleniese suur (C20:3n-6) verhoog (P<0.05) het relatief tot VK-voeding. Linoliese suur (C18:2n-6c) is deur VK-voeding verhoog (P=0.0372). Vir intermuskulêre vet het VD-lammers hoër linoleniese suur (C18:3n-3) en versadigde vetsure (P=0.0113 en P=0.0341) as VK-lammers gehad. Die totale onversadigde vetsure vir tussenspiere vet was hoër (P=0.0341) in VK-lammers in vergelyking met VD-lammers. Resultate van hierdie studie dui daarop dat verbruikers nie noodwendig tussen vleis van VD- en VK-lammers sal onderskei nie, alhoewel hulle dalk teen die sigbaar vetter vleis van VK-lammers kan diskrimineer. Geen definitiewe voordeel in terme van menslike gesondheid kon op grond van die chemiese samestelling van die vleis bevestig word nie. Vinniger groei van VK-lammers, en die korter produksiesiklus wat daarmee verband hou, mag onder sekere produksie stelsels ʼn voordeel wees. Die voordeel moet teen die hoër koste van VK-voeding en die voorkeur van verbruikers vir lam produksie in natuurlike omgewing opgeweeg word.

As ações conjuntas vêm sendo adotadas por vários segmentos produtivos visando desempenho e competitividade dos empreendimentos para garantir a presença em mercados mundiais. O agronegócio tem importância no processo de desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil como um todo e do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul pela sua capacidade de geração de riquezas, criação de empregos, transferência e circulação de renda, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, pesquisas e desenvolvimento da ciência em geral. Estudos também avaliam o potencial das parcerias rurais, enfocando cinco capitais como categorias de ativos que interferem na formação de parcerias, pois é de grande importância a compreensão dos produtores rurais sobre a estreita relação entre a expansão dos bens de capital e a capacitação organizacional. O problema verificado na presente pesquisa refere-se ao processo de formação de estratégias conjuntas no processo de criação de ovinos em escala local, originando a questão-problema que conduziu a pesquisa: Quais os principais fatores de produção (capitais) que contribuem e que limitam o processo de formação de estratégias conjuntas visando à ampliação da capacidade de produção e a competitividade? O estudo teve por objetivo analisar estes fatores. Para isso, foi utilizado o método de investigação de natureza qualitativa e descritiva, a fim de apreender as características do fenômeno e projetar possíveis melhorias no processo proporcionando uma nova visão do problema. A investigação teve início a partir da literatura originária dos diversos autores com estudos relacionados à formação de estratégias conjuntas. Foram definidas categorias de análise baseadas na avaliação de fatores de produção, denominados de capitais humano, financeiro, natural, social e físico. A região selecionada para o desenvolvimento do estudo abrange as cidades de Santa Maria, São Pedro do Sul, Dilermando de Aguiar e São Martinho da Serra, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma população-alvo constituída de produtores de pequeno porte na produção de ovinos de lã e de corte. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas como instrumento de coleta de dados. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram que os produtores apresentam potencial capacidade de desenvolver estratégias conjuntas, com estrutura suficiente para obter eficiência, sendo os fatores de convivência, os quais estão relacionados ao capital social, considerados como os indutores do processo. O estudo evidenciou ainda falta de entendimento e compreensão dos pesquisados com as questões relativas às preocupações ambientais. / Joint actions are being taken by many productive segments targeting performance and competitiveness of projects to ensure its presence in world markets. Agribusiness has importance economic development process in Brazil\'s as a whole and the State of Rio Grande do Sul for its ability to generate wealth, create jobs, transference and circulation of income, development of new technologies, research and development of science in general. Studies also evaluate the potential of rural partners, focusing on five capitals as asset categories that interfere in the formation of partners, it is very important to understand the rural farmers about the close relationship between the expansion of capital assets and organizational skills. The problem encountered in this study refers to the formation of joint strategies in the process of sheep farming on a local scale causing the problem-question who led the research : What are the main factors of production (capital) which contribute and which limit the process of formation of joint strategies aimed at expanding of production capacity and competitiveness? The study aimed to analyze these factors. For this, we used the method of investigation of qualitative and descriptive in nature, a view to apprehend the characteristics of the phenomenon and projecting possible improvements in the process by providing a new view of the problem. The investigation began from the literature of the different authors with studies associated to the formation of joint strategies . were defined categories of analysis based on the evaluation of factors of production, called human capital, financial, natural, social and physical . The region selected for the development of the study includes the cities of Santa Maria, São Pedro do Sul, Dilermando de Aguiar and São Martinho da Serra in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with a target population consists of small producers in the production of sheep wool and cutting. Semi-structured interviews were applied as a tool for data collection. The findings results indicated that producers have the potential capacity to develop joint strategies, with structure large enough to achieve efficiency, and the cohabitation factors, which are related to the social capital, considered as inducers of process. The study also revealed a lack of understanding and comprehension of respondents with issues related to environmental concerns.

As ações conjuntas vêm sendo adotadas por vários segmentos produtivos visando desempenho e competitividade dos empreendimentos para garantir a presença em mercados mundiais. O agronegócio tem importância no processo de desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil como um todo e do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul pela sua capacidade de geração de riquezas, criação de empregos, transferência e circulação de renda, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, pesquisas e desenvolvimento da ciência em geral. Estudos também avaliam o potencial das parcerias rurais, enfocando cinco capitais como categorias de ativos que interferem na formação de parcerias, pois é de grande importância a compreensão dos produtores rurais sobre a estreita relação entre a expansão dos bens de capital e a capacitação organizacional. O problema verificado na presente pesquisa refere-se ao processo de formação de estratégias conjuntas no processo de criação de ovinos em escala local, originando a questão-problema que conduziu a pesquisa: Quais os principais fatores de produção (capitais) que contribuem e que limitam o processo de formação de estratégias conjuntas visando à ampliação da capacidade de produção e a competitividade? O estudo teve por objetivo analisar estes fatores. Para isso, foi utilizado o método de investigação de natureza qualitativa e descritiva, a fim de apreender as características do fenômeno e projetar possíveis melhorias no processo proporcionando uma nova visão do problema. A investigação teve início a partir da literatura originária dos diversos autores com estudos relacionados à formação de estratégias conjuntas. Foram definidas categorias de análise baseadas na avaliação de fatores de produção, denominados de capitais humano, financeiro, natural, social e físico. A região selecionada para o desenvolvimento do estudo abrange as cidades de Santa Maria, São Pedro do Sul, Dilermando de Aguiar e São Martinho da Serra, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma população-alvo constituída de produtores de pequeno porte na produção de ovinos de lã e de corte. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas como instrumento de coleta de dados. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram que os produtores apresentam potencial capacidade de desenvolver estratégias conjuntas, com estrutura suficiente para obter eficiência, sendo os fatores de convivência, os quais estão relacionados ao capital social, considerados como os indutores do processo. O estudo evidenciou ainda falta de entendimento e compreensão dos pesquisados com as questões relativas às preocupações ambientais. / Joint actions are being taken by many productive segments targeting performance and competitiveness of projects to ensure its presence in world markets. Agribusiness has importance economic development process in Brazil\'s as a whole and the State of Rio Grande do Sul for its ability to generate wealth, create jobs, transference and circulation of income, development of new technologies, research and development of science in general. Studies also evaluate the potential of rural partners, focusing on five capitals as asset categories that interfere in the formation of partners, it is very important to understand the rural farmers about the close relationship between the expansion of capital assets and organizational skills. The problem encountered in this study refers to the formation of joint strategies in the process of sheep farming on a local scale causing the problem-question who led the research : What are the main factors of production (capital) which contribute and which limit the process of formation of joint strategies aimed at expanding of production capacity and competitiveness? The study aimed to analyze these factors. For this, we used the method of investigation of qualitative and descriptive in nature, a view to apprehend the characteristics of the phenomenon and projecting possible improvements in the process by providing a new view of the problem. The investigation began from the literature of the different authors with studies associated to the formation of joint strategies . were defined categories of analysis based on the evaluation of factors of production, called human capital, financial, natural, social and physical . The region selected for the development of the study includes the cities of Santa Maria, São Pedro do Sul, Dilermando de Aguiar and São Martinho da Serra in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with a target population consists of small producers in the production of sheep wool and cutting. Semi-structured interviews were applied as a tool for data collection. The findings results indicated that producers have the potential capacity to develop joint strategies, with structure large enough to achieve efficiency, and the cohabitation factors, which are related to the social capital, considered as inducers of process. The study also revealed a lack of understanding and comprehension of respondents with issues related to environmental concerns.

This dissertation seeks to study the dynamics of the Rio Grande do Sul sheep production from the configuration of slaughterhose industry supply chains front cnsumer market requirements. Employed the strategy of mixed methods analysis, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in conducting a multicase study. Therefore, three case studies were conducted from interviews in focal firms (slaughterhouse) in the municipalities of Santana do Livramento/RS, Pântano Grande/RS and Sapiranga/RS, interviews and questionnaires applied by the suppliers and customers of the focal firms and analysis of data from official records of the sheep industry in the State. The nature of the organizational forms of the slaughterhouse segment is checked based on the assumptions of supply chain management, through its strategic, structural and relational dimensions and the behavior of the various supply chains front requirements of the consumers is perceived through the analysis of the Importance-Performance Matrix, methodology proposed by Slack et al. (2009) and evaluated in the context of the present study. The differences and similarities in the slaughterhouse supply chains are exposed in the results, pointing to the diversity of organizational forms present in sheep meat production of Rio Grande do Sul and indicating a limitation of delimiters elements of a guiding the configuration of the supply chains of the slaughterhouse segment. It turns out that the use of the Importance-Performance Matrix in conjunction with the mesoanalitic approach of supply chains shown suitable as analysis methodology for the sector studied, providing an accurate vision of the relationship between the ways companies organize their supply chains and the specifics of demand. / A presente dissertação busca estudar a dinâmica da ovinocultura de corte do Rio Grande do Sul a partir da configuração das cadeias de suprimentos de empresas do segmento frigorífico frente aos requisitos do mercado consumidor. Emprega-se a estratégia de métodos mistos de análise, combinando as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa na realização de um estudo multicaso. Para tanto, três estudos de caso foram realizados a partir de entrevistas em empresas focais (frigoríficos) nos municípios de Santana do Livramento/RS, Pântano Grande/RS e Sapiranga/RS, entrevistas e questionários aplicados junto à fornecedores e clientes das empresas focais, e, análise de dados oriundos de registros oficiais do setor ovino do estado. A natureza das formas organizacionais do segmento frigorífico é verificada com base nos pressupostos da gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, através de suas dimensões estratégica, estrutural e relacional, e, o comportamento das diferentes cadeias de suprimentos frente aos requisitos dos consumidores é percebido através da análise da Matriz Importância-Desempenho, metodologia proposta por Slack et al. (2009) e avaliada no contexto do presente estudo. As diferenças e semelhanças presentes nas cadeias de suprimentos dos frigoríficos são expostas nos resultados, apontando para a heterogeneidade de formas organizacionais presente na ovinocultura de corte do Rio Grande do Sul e indicando uma limitação de elementos conformadores de um padrão norteador na configuração das cadeias de suprimentos do segmento frigorífico. Verifica-se que a utilização da Matriz Importância-Desempenho em conjunto com a abordagem mesoanalítica de cadeias de suprimentos se mostra adequada como metodologia de análise para o setor estudado, proporcionando uma visão apurada da relação entre as formas como as empresas organizam suas cadeias de suprimentos e as especificidades da demanda.

Notable structural changes have taken place in the world sheepmeat market over the 1960-80 period. Imports into the major consuming countries of the EEC are declining as a result of changing tastes, higher import barriers and other factors. World exports have steadily increased however, and sales diversified into a number of alternative, expanding markets. Little quantitative information exists on these markets. An econometric model was constructed to analyse the changes on a global basis. The model covers production, consumption and trade in the main importing and exporting regions over a twenty one year period. These components form a dynamic, simultaneous system which solves for the world price. It allows the impact of changes in any particular market to be evaluated in terms of the effect on other markets and international prices. Simulation analysis is employed to test the effects of various shocks to the market, and to evaluate the impacts of certain policy changes, such as those recently implemented in the EEC. The changes are assessed against a Base simulation, which also provides a forecast of the market situation through the 1980's. From the conclusions various policy implications are drawn with respect to NZ's exports.

Foram pesquisados os arquivos do Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e revisados os diagnósticos de causa morte de ovinos realizados entre os anos de 2002 a 2012. No período estudado foram realizados 53.988 exames de animais domésticos e silvestres. Desses, 12.888 correspondiam a necropsias e 41.100 a exames histopatológicos realizados em materiais enviados por veterinários. Quarenta e nove necropsias e 230 casos de exames histopatológicos em ovinos correspondiam a experimentos e, portanto, foram excluídos do estudo. Foram excluídos também os 37 casos de necropsia e os 1240 materiais enviados por terceiros testados negativos no monitoramento de scrapie e 68 exames histopatológicos nos quais os animais não vieram a óbito. Após essa exclusão foram obtidas 247 necropsias e 161 exames histopatológicos de ovinos. O diagnóstico foi conclusivo em 200 casos de necropsia e em 124 casos dos exames histopatológicos, somando 324 casos conclusivos. Esses casos foram divididos em grupos conforme a etiologia: 131 casos (40,43%) de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias; 135 casos (41,66%) de intoxicações e toxi-infecções; e 40 casos (12,34%) de doenças metabólicas e nutricionais. Dezoito (5,55%) foram classificados em “outros distúrbios” por não se enquadrarem em nenhum dos outros grupos. Hemoncose e intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foram os diagnósticos de ovinos mais observados nesses 11 anos. / An 11-year (2002-2012) database search in files of the Setor de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul was carried out. In this period, 53.988 exams in domestic and wild animals were done. Out of these exams, 12.888 were necropsies and 41.100 were performed in samples from practitioners who had necropsied the animals in their private practices. Experimental cases were excluded from this study and corresponded to 47 necropsies and 37 histopathologic exams resulted in sheep. Were excluded as well, 37 necropsy cases and 1240 histopathologic exams from scrapie monitoring scheme and 68 exams that animals have not died. Out of these, 124 cases in the group of necropsies and 200 in the group of the histopathologic exams had conclusive diagnosis. The resulting 324 conclusive cases were grouped according to the etiology: 131 (40.43%) cases of infectious and parasitary diseases; 135 (41.66%) cases of intoxications or toxi-infections; and 40 (12.34%) cases of metabolic and nutritional diseases. Eigthteen (5.55%) cases did not fit in any of the above categories and were grouped under the denomination of “other conditions”. Hemoncosis and Brachiaria poisoning were the most prevalent diseases in sheep during the 11 years of this study.

Foram pesquisados os arquivos do Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e revisados os diagnósticos de causa morte de ovinos realizados entre os anos de 2002 a 2012. No período estudado foram realizados 53.988 exames de animais domésticos e silvestres. Desses, 12.888 correspondiam a necropsias e 41.100 a exames histopatológicos realizados em materiais enviados por veterinários. Quarenta e nove necropsias e 230 casos de exames histopatológicos em ovinos correspondiam a experimentos e, portanto, foram excluídos do estudo. Foram excluídos também os 37 casos de necropsia e os 1240 materiais enviados por terceiros testados negativos no monitoramento de scrapie e 68 exames histopatológicos nos quais os animais não vieram a óbito. Após essa exclusão foram obtidas 247 necropsias e 161 exames histopatológicos de ovinos. O diagnóstico foi conclusivo em 200 casos de necropsia e em 124 casos dos exames histopatológicos, somando 324 casos conclusivos. Esses casos foram divididos em grupos conforme a etiologia: 131 casos (40,43%) de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias; 135 casos (41,66%) de intoxicações e toxi-infecções; e 40 casos (12,34%) de doenças metabólicas e nutricionais. Dezoito (5,55%) foram classificados em “outros distúrbios” por não se enquadrarem em nenhum dos outros grupos. Hemoncose e intoxicação por Brachiaria spp. foram os diagnósticos de ovinos mais observados nesses 11 anos. / An 11-year (2002-2012) database search in files of the Setor de Patologia Veterinária of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul was carried out. In this period, 53.988 exams in domestic and wild animals were done. Out of these exams, 12.888 were necropsies and 41.100 were performed in samples from practitioners who had necropsied the animals in their private practices. Experimental cases were excluded from this study and corresponded to 47 necropsies and 37 histopathologic exams resulted in sheep. Were excluded as well, 37 necropsy cases and 1240 histopathologic exams from scrapie monitoring scheme and 68 exams that animals have not died. Out of these, 124 cases in the group of necropsies and 200 in the group of the histopathologic exams had conclusive diagnosis. The resulting 324 conclusive cases were grouped according to the etiology: 131 (40.43%) cases of infectious and parasitary diseases; 135 (41.66%) cases of intoxications or toxi-infections; and 40 (12.34%) cases of metabolic and nutritional diseases. Eigthteen (5.55%) cases did not fit in any of the above categories and were grouped under the denomination of “other conditions”. Hemoncosis and Brachiaria poisoning were the most prevalent diseases in sheep during the 11 years of this study.