Yes / Background: The NHS in the UK supports pharmacists’ deployment into general practices. This article reports on the implementation and impact of the Primary Care Pharmacy Programme (PCPP). The programme is a care delivery model that was undertaken at scale across a city in which community pharmacists (CPs) were matched with general practices and performed clinical duties for one half-day per week. Aim: To investigate (a) challenges of integration of CPs in general practices, and (b) the perceived impact on care delivery and community pharmacy practice. Design & setting: This mixed-methods study was conducted with CPs, community pharmacy employers (CPEs), scheme commissioners (SCs), and patients in Sheffield. Method: Semi-structured interviews (n = 22) took place with CPs (n = 12), CPEs (n = 2), SCs (n = 3), and patients (n = 5). A cross-sectional survey of PCPP pharmacists (n = 47, 66%) was also used. A descriptive analysis of patient feedback forms was undertaken and a database of pharmacist activities was created. Results: Eighty-six of 88 practices deployed a pharmacist. Although community pharmacy contracting and backfill arrangements were sometimes complicated, timely deployment was achieved. Development of closer relationships appeared to facilitate extension of initially agreed roles, including transition from ‘backroom’ to patient-facing clinical work. CPs gained understanding of GP processes and patients’ primary care pathway, allowing them to follow up work at the community pharmacy in a more timely way, positively impacting on patients’ and healthcare professionals’ perceived delivery of care. Conclusion: The PCPP scheme was the first of its kind to achieve almost universal uptake by GPs throughout a large city. The study findings reveal the potential for CP–GP joint-working in increasing perceived positive care delivery and reducing fragmented care, and can inform future implementation at scale and at practice level.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianadesouzapenhalbelsilva_dissert.pdf: 1343193 bytes, checksum: e6aec2f7449d341b83eb617b4ddfb1ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / Introduction: Malnutrition adversely affects the patients who have gone through oncological surgery, leading to greater surgical morbidity and mortality. However, there is still the need to establish a golden rule for nutritional evaluation as a predictive factor in the morbimortality of these patients. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the capacity of nutritional assessment methods in the prognosis of complications in patients submitted to gastric cancer gastrectomy. Methods: The method used was the prospective observational study of 66 gastric cancer patients who were submitted to gastrectomies. Assessment was made through the following nutritional evaluation methods: Subjective Global Assessment of Nutritional Status (SGA), Objective Nutritional Evaluation (ONE) and the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI). Beyond the surgical risk by means of a prognostic index of Sheffield (SPI). The results were compared to surgical morbimortality, total duration of hospitalization and stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The stage of the disease was based on the American classification for gastric cancer. For the estatiscal analyses were used Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, t test or non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Associations were evaluated by the Pearson chi-square test, or by the Fisher exact test whenever recommended. Results: Malnutrition was present in 80.7%, 66.7% and 85% in the SGA, ONE and NRI, respectively. The SPI demonstrated a high surgical risk in 92% of patients. There was a slight agreement in the SGA and NRI (Kappa=0.30). The SGA results showed that the malnourished patient (p<0.05) remained in the hospital for a longer period time. Most of the patients (62.9%) were at an advanced stage of the disease which was associated to an increase in complications (p<0.01) and isolated cases of pneumonia that were associated with lymphopenia (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SGA and the NRI were the methods that had the closest agreement in the results. The SGA was the only method that demonstrated an association between malnutrition and longer stay in hospital. Pneumonia was observed in the presence of advanced tumors and lymphopenia, thus increasing the duration of hospitalization and stay in the ICU (p<0.05). / Introdução: A desnutrição afeta adversamente o paciente cirúrgico oncológico, levando-o a maiores morbidades e mortalidade operatórias. Porém, ainda há necessidade de se estabelecer um padrão ouro de avaliação nutricional como fator preditivo de morbimortalidade nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar a capacidade dos métodos de avaliação nutricional no prognóstico de complicações de pacientes submetidos a gastrectomias por câncer gástrico. Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo envolvendo 66 pacientes com câncer gástrico e submetidos a gastrectomias. Foram analisados os métodos de avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), avaliação nutricional objetiva (ANO) e o índice de risco nutricional (IRN), além do risco cirúrgico por meio do índice prognóstico de Sheffield (IPS). Os resultados foram comparados com a morbimortalidade cirúrgica, tempo de internação total e em UTI. O estadio da doença foi obtido pela classificação americana para câncer gástrico. Resultados: A desnutrição esteve presente em 80,7%, 66,7% e 85% nas ANSG, ANO e IRN, respectivamente. O IPS demonstrou alto risco cirúrgico em 92% dos pacientes. Houve concordância leve entre a ANSG e IRN (Kappa=0,30). A ANSG demonstrou maior tempo de internação hospitalar nos desnutridos (p<0,05). A maioria dos pacientes (62,9%) apresentaram-se com estágio avançado e associado à maior incidência de complicações (p<0,01) e isoladamente a pneumonia esteve associada com a linfopenia (p<0,05). Conclusão: ANSG e o IRN foram os métodos que tiveram uma concordância mais próxima. A ANSG foi o único método que demonstrou associação entre desnutrição e maior tempo de internação hospitalar. A pneumonia foi observada no tumor avançado e na presença de linfopenia, aumentando os dias de internação hospitalar e em UTI (p<0,05).

Boston personalism has generally been recognized as a philosophic system based upon a metaphysical idealism. What is less known, however, is that the founder of this school of thought and some of the major contributors to the early development of this tradition were committed members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The purpose of this study is to examine the contributions made by the early Boston personalists to the cause of theological liberalism in the Methodist Church. It will be shown that personalist philosophers and theologians at Boston University ushered in and consolidated the liberal era in Methodist theology. Further, it will be argued that the religious demands of the philosophy of personalism eventually led some members of the tradition from theological liberalism to modernism and the beginnings of a religious pluralism. In other words, the thesis of this study is that the early Boston personalists were theological innovators in the Methodist Church, leading the denomination from its nineteenth-century evangelical pietism to the modernism and pluralism that was part of mid-twentieth century American Protestantism. The focus of this study will therefore be on the first two generations of personalists at Boston University: the founder of the personalist tradition, Borden Parker Bowne, and two of his most prominent students, Albert Cornelius Knudson and Edgar Sheffield Brightman. One chapter is devoted to each of figure, focused upon the impact of their personalist philosophy and methodology on their theology and philosophy of religion, and their influence on American Methodist theology. The period this study, which commences from the time of Bowne's appointment to the Department of Philosophy at Boston University in 1876 to the death of both Knudson and Brightman in 1953, reveals how Methodism grappled with the theological implications raised by the complexities of modernity and the emerging sciences. Attention will be focused on how the philosophical method of the personalists dictated their movement from pietism toward liberalism and onto modernism and pluralism. As such, this study demonstrates the integral role played by the Boston personalist tradition in theological development during the liberal era of American Methodism.

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