Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει το πρόβλημα του συγχρονισμού των παραγωγικών διαδικασιών και το πρόβλημα της ανταλλαγής πληροφοριών μεταξύ οργανισμών και επιχειρήσεων κατά τη διάρκεια της συνεργασίας τους για την πραγματοποίηση της επιχειρηματικής διαδικασίας παραγωγής ενός προϊόντος και της παροχής υπηρεσιών. Παρουσιάζεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο πλαίσιο βασισμένο στην σύγχρονη πληροφορική τεχνολογία για το συγχρονισμό των παραγωγικών διαδικασιών που εκτελούνται από τους παραγωγικούς πόρους των συνεργαζόμενων οργανισμών και επιχειρήσεων καθώς και για την ολοκλήρωση των πληροφορικών τους συστημάτων. Ο στόχος του πλαισίου είναι η υποστήριξη της συνεργασίας των οργανισμών και επιχειρήσεων με χρήση πληροφορικής τεχνολογίας καθώς και η διαχείριση της πληροφορίας που ανταλλάσσεται μεταξύ τους για τη διεκπεραίωση των εμπορικών τους συναλλαγών με τον πιο αποδοτικό τρόπο προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί μείωση του συνολικού κόστους λειτουργίας της αλυσίδας των συνεργαζόμενων οργανισμών. Η προτεινόμενη προσέγγιση εφαρμόζεται για την υποστήριξη των εμπορικών δραστηριοτήτων που πραγματοποιούνται μεταξύ οργανισμών και επιχειρήσεων κατά τη διάρκεια της ναυπηγοεπισκευαστικής διαδικασίας. Στη ναυπηγοεπισκευαστική βιομηχανία η εφαρμογή της πληροφορικής τεχνολογίας βρίσκεται στα αρχικά της στάδια. Τα λογισμικά συστήματα τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται, χαρακτηρίζονται ως "νησίδες αυτοματισμού" διότι το κάθε ένα αντιμετωπίζει τμήμα της όλης διαδικασίας. Ταυτόχρονα είναι δύσκολη η ολοκλήρωση και η επικοινωνία των υπαρχόντων συστημάτων λόγω του διαφορετικού τρόπου αποθήκευσης των δεδομένων και του διαφορετικού επιπέδου αυτοματισμού της κάθε εφαρμογής. Επίσης ο μεγάλος όγκος των δεδομένων που ανταλλάσσεται, δημιουργεί πρόσθετη πολυπλοκότητα λόγω της δυσκολίας μεταφοράς τους και της ανάγκης εισαγωγής τους σε διαφορετικά συστήματα προκειμένου να γίνει η απαραίτητη επεξεργασία τους για τη συνέχιση της επιχειρηματικής διαδικασίας. Επιπλέον στην πραγματοποίηση μιας ναυπηγοεπισκευής λαμβάνουν μέρος εξωτερικοί υπεργολάβοι και προμηθευτές με αποτέλεσμα η διαδικασία συγχρονισμού των εργασιών με τις εργασίες που εκτελούνται από τους παραγωγικούς πόρους του ναυπηγείου να περιπλέκεται. Στο προτεινόμενο πλαίσιο, περιγράφεται η προσέγγιση ολοκλήρωσης λογισμικών συστημάτων με σκοπό την οργανωμένη διαχείριση και δόμηση της πληροφορίας. Συγκεκριμένα η πληροφορία που ανταλλάσσεται μοντελοποιείται με βάση σύγχρονα πρότυπα ανταλλαγής και αναπαράστασης δεδομένων, με στόχο την ανάπτυξη λογισμικού που αναλαμβάνει την ανταλλαγή δεδομένων μεταξύ των συνεργαζόμενων οργανισμών και επιχειρήσεων. Με τη χρήση ενός τέτοιου συστήματος επιτυγχάνεται η ανταλλαγή δεδομένων με ακρίβεια και αξιοπιστία, λόγω της μειωμένης ανθρώπινης παρέμβασης. Επιπλέον με τη χρήση του διαδικτύου επιτυγχάνεται η γρήγορη μεταφορά της πληροφορίας και η ελαχιστοποίηση του χρόνου και του κόστους ανταλλαγής της. Τέλος γίνεται εφαρμογή μεθοδολογίας που προτείνεται στη βιβλιογραφία για τον χρονοπρογραμματισμό των εργασιών που εκτελούνται τόσο από τους παραγωγικούς πόρους του ναυπηγείου όσο και από τους παραγωγικούς πόρους εξωτερικών υπεργολάβων και προμηθευτών. / This work examines the problem of synchronization of production processes and the problem of exchange of information during the collaboration of enterprises, for the realization of the business process within a supply chain. An integrated framework is described, based on the modern information technology for the synchronization of production processes performed by the manufacturing resources of cooperating enterprises as well as for the integration of their information technology (IT) systems. The objective of the framework, is to facilitate the collaboration of enterprises with the adoption of modern standards for data exchange and representation, as well as the management of information that is exchanged among them for the implementation of their commercial and production transactions, with the most efficient way so that to achieve reduction of total cost of operation of the overall supply chain. The proposed approach is applied to support the commercial and production operations in a real life shiprepair environment. In the shiprepair industry the implementation of IT systems, is still immature. The IT systems, which are used, are characterized as "islands of automation" because each one implements only partially the business process. In addition, the integration of existing software systems is difficult, because of the different storage mechanism used by each individual system and the different level of automation of each software application used. Furthermore, the large volume of the exchanged data creates additional complexity, because of the difficulty in the transmission and import of data in heterogeneous software systems used by each shiprepair partner, required to enable the essential data processing for the continuation of the shiprepair business process. Finally, during the shiprepair production process, subcontractors and suppliers are also involved; therefore the synchronization of their work with the work that is executed by the shipyard resources is complicated. The proposed framework, suggests an approach for the integration of IT systems, aiming at the structured management of information. In particular, the information that is exchanged, is modeled based on modern standards for data exchange and representation, aiming at the development of software that implements the exchange of data between the cooperating enterprises. Using such a system, the exchange of data is realized with precision and reliability, due to decreased human intervention in data typing operations. Moreover, with the use of the Internet, fast transmission of information is achieved in parallel to the minimisation of time and cost for data exchange. Finally, this work, describes the implementation of a scheduling methodology suggested in the literature, for planning of the work performed by the manufacturing resources of the cooperating partners in the project type manufacturing system. Finally, the implementation of the suggested approach in a real life shiprepair supply chain is described.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor um método para analisar a capacidade de absorção de uma região para um cluster industrial naval e um método para avaliação da intensidade da terceirização na indústria de construção e reparos navais (ICRN), assim como aplicá-lo para a região Norte do Brasil. Para tal, foi necessário caracterizar a cadeia de fornecimento de um cluster industrial naval, por meio da análise de similaridade com clusters de sucesso que apresentem características semelhantes a empresas que atuam na construção e no reparo naval da região norte do Brasil e também a empresas especializadas na construção de embarcações fluviais de carga. Na caracterização da cadeia de fornecimento foram considerados fatores como: os tipos de embarcações construídas; o porte das embarcações; as demanda de construção e reparo; o tipo de organização; as ações do Governo; e a interação entre membros atuantes. Após a caracterização da cadeia de um cluster de sucesso, foi levantado o perfil das empresas que atuam na cadeia de fornecimento da Indústria de Construção Naval (ICN) da Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB), para melhor entendimento da demanda local, de forma a mapear o processo interativo entre compradores (estaleiros, armadores e terceirizadas) e fornecedores (nacionais e internacionais), com base em dados primários obtidos através da aplicação de questionários. Além da caracterização, é proposto um método para análise da capacidade de absorção da região norte do Brasil para um cluster industrial naval, baseado em uma análise de viabilidade técnica da ICRN para os tipos de embarcações demandadas; uma análise de viabilidade econômica e a sua respectiva competitividade, fazendo analogia com clusters industriais marítimos bem-sucedidos. Para análise da competitividade, utilizou-se o modelo do diamante de Porter adaptado para ICRN regional, balizado pelos fatores encontrados por Moura (2011) para a competitividade da ICN, avaliadas como relevantes para o caso em análise e os elementos propostos por Pinto (2016) para a estruturação de um cluster de sucesso. Após o estudo de caso da capacidade de absorção proposta à RMB, foi realizado, por meio da proposição de um método para a análise, fundamentada em modelos consagrados na literatura, um estudo da influência da terceirização sob a ótica da subcontratação no processo de desenvolvimento industrial, levando em conta a disponibilidade; a qualidade do fornecimento; o prazo; e a comparação de custos, através da aplicação de questionários com os representantes dos principais estaleiros da região, dos seus principais fornecedores; e dos representantes dos órgãos de classe. O terceiro objetivo foi a análise da intensidade da cadeia terceirizada na RMB, por meio de uma adaptação metodológica para a ICN, assim como a análise, se a região é capaz de suportar um cluster ou simplesmente ampliar sua cadeia terceirizada. Por fim, é desenvolvido um modelo consistente através do método de tomada de decisão multicritério genérico, via abordagem integrada AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) e PROMETHEE, para a seleção de atividades a serem terceirizadas na ICN, com um estudo de caso no Estado do Pará. / This work aims to propose a method to analyze the absorption capacity of a region for a naval industrial cluster and a method to evaluate the intensity of outsourcing in the shipbuilding and ship repair industry (ICRN), as well as to apply it to the North region of Brazil. For this, it was necessary to characterize the supply chain of a naval industrial cluster, through the analysis of similarity with successful clusters that present similar characteristics to companies that works in the shipbuilding and ship repair of the northern region of Brazil, as well as specialized companies in the construction of inland waterway vessels. In the characterization of the supply chain were considered factors such as: the types of vessels built; the size of the vessels; demand for construction and repair; type of organization; Government actions; and interaction between active members. After the characterization of the chain of a successful cluster, the profile of the companies that operate in the supply chain of the Shipbuilding Industry (ICN) of the Metropolitan Region of Belém (RMB) was surveyed, in order to better understand the local demand, to mapping the interactive process between buyers (shipyards, shipowners and subcontractors) and suppliers (national and international), based on primary data obtained through the application of questionnaires. Besides the characterization is proposed a method for analyzing the absortion capacity of the northern region of Brazil to a naval industrial cluster, where it was based on a technical feasibility analysis of the shipbuilding and repair market industry demanded of vessels; an economic feasibility analysis and their respective competitiveness, making analogy with successful maritime industrial clusters. In order to analyze competitiveness, the Porter diamond model adapted to regional ICRN was used, based on the factors found by Moura (2011) for the competitiveness of the ICN, evaluated as relevant for the case under analysis and the elements proposed by Pinto (2016) for structuring a successful cluster. After the case study of the absorptive capacity proposed to the RMB, a study of the outsourcing influence from the point of view of subcontracting in the process of industrial development was carried out by proposing a method for the analysis, based on models established in the literature, taking into account availability; quality of supply; the deadline; and the comparison of costs, through the application of questionnaires with the representatives of the main shipyards in the region, of its main suppliers; and representatives of the class organs. The third objective was the analysis of the intensity of the outsourced chain in the RMB, through a methodological adaptation to the ICN, as well as the analysis, if the region is able to support a cluster or simply extend its outsourced chain. A model is then developed through the generic multicriteria decision-making method, through an integrated AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and PROMETHEE approach, for the selection of activities to be outsourced at ICN, with a case study in the State of Pará.