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­^ ¤å ºK ­n We investigated the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP60, HSP70 or HSP90 in E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced naïve pheochrommocytoma cell (PC12) death. PC12 cells seeded at a density of 1x105 cells per poly-L-lysine-coated 3.5 cm diameter polystyrene dish were incubated with LPS (1 mg/ml; serotype O55:B5) for 3, 6, 12, or 24 hr. Cell viability was measured by trypan blue test, and expression of HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 were detected by Western blot analysis. We found that the viability of PC12 cell decreased significantly after treatment with LPS for 12 hr, and viability was only 30% at 24 hr post-treatment. Western blot analysis revealed that LPS-induced PC12 cell death was associated with an increase in HSP70 or HSP60. HSP70 was markedly up-regulation at 12 hr; and both HSP70 and HSP60 increased significantly by over 1000% and 200%, respectively, 24 hr after administration of LPS. There was no significant change in HSP90 level 3, 6, 12, or 24 hr after LPS treatment. To further investigate the role of HSP70, 60, or HSP90 in LPS-induced PC12 cell death, we treated PC12 cells with hsps antisense oligonucleotide (AODN) for 24 hr. The effects of LPS on cell viability and HSP60, HSP70, or HSP90 expression were again tested. We found that suppression of HSP70 or HSP60 expression accelerated the process of LPS-induced cell death. A reduction in HSP90 level, however, had little effect. The study revealed that HSP70 and HSP60 played an anti-death role during LPS-induced PC12 cell death, and HSP90 did not appear to be involved.

The effect of heat shock was observed on the expression of hilA in Salmonella Typhimurium by creating a fluorescence-based reporter strain of Salmonella and by realtime reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The hilA gene in Salmonella is known to play an important role in its pathogenesis. hilA is known to be activated when the bacteria encounter stress-inducing conditions. A number of factors have been identified that affect hilA expression, such as, pH, osmolarity, oxygen tension. When Salmonella enter their warm-blooded hosts, they encounter an increase in temperature. Therefore, heat is another stressor that is encountered by Salmonella during infection of their hosts. A fluorescence-based strain of Salmonella was created to study the effect of heat shock. The gene for green fluorescent protein (gfp) was placed under the control of the promoter of hilA on a plasmid. This plasmid was used to transform Salmonella cells to create a fluorescent strain. In this strain, when the hilA promoter is activated, gfp is transcribed, which encodes the green fluorescent protein. This protein can be measured by a fluorescence assay. The results of this study indicated that at 45ºC, hilA is activated. RT-PCR was used to look at hilA expression at different temperature. The results of this study indicated that, compared to 37ºC, higher temperatures like 45ºC and 55ºC significantly activate hilA.

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YDL100cp is the ArsA homologous protein found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous studies show that deletion of YDL100c was not lethal but unable to grow at 40¢XC. To study the role of YDL100c in response to lethal heat shock, the wild type strain (WT) and YDL100c disrupted strain (KO) were exposed to 50¢XC for 30 min. The growth and survival rate of KO cells at 30¢XC after heat-shock was lower than that of WT cells, and the difference was complementated by introducing the plasmid carrying YDL100c. The oxidative stress has been shown to be involved in the heat-induced cell death in S. cerevisiae. Therefore, the intracellular molecular oxidation level, expression of antioxidant genes, trehalose accumulation, and glutathione (GSH) content were further examined. The intracellular molecular oxidation was increased in KO compared to WT when exposed to 50¢XC, suggesting heat-shock-induced cell death is related to oxidation of intracellular components. The results also demonstrated that both WT and KO had a decreased GSH content and trehalose accumulation after heat-shock, indicating that GSH and trehalose are not directly involved in the slow growth of KO after heat-shock. However, CTT1 expression is decreased in KO compared to WT when exposed to 50¢XC, suggesting that decreased CTT1 expression resulted in the increased intracellular oxidation and YDL100c is likely involved in the activation of CTT1 expression.

Real Business Cycle (RBC) theory together with its applications is one of the most important studies in macroeconomics. Recently, Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott received Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. RBC is deeply affected by New Keynesian School (NKS). For example, Solow model emphasizes using CES of production function in RBC. Recently, New Keynesian Economics gives microeconomic foundations of incomplete competition, and explains macroeconomic fluctuations by prices and wages sticky. RBC and NKE were generalized into a new brake through model called DSGE. DSGE combines RBC and NKE to be a microeconomics foundation model. They consider household and firm optimal choice and integrate real and nominal shocks to let theory in macroeconomic to be close to the real world situation. This paper adopts DSGE model in Schmidt and Zimmermann (2005) into Taiwan. From 1981 to 2006, we discuss fluctuaction of macroeconomic variables in a small open economy by national oil price shocks between effect of oil price fluctutaion relationship. There are two main contributions: First, to review and put related Taiwan¡¦s literatures together which supply important calibration values. These sources provide prior information to finish foundations of this thesis. Second, this is the first thesis based on importance of price of imported oil in Taiwan. We split time-series data from 1981 to 1997 and 1998 to 2006. In the period from 1981 to 1997 the oil price shocks can explain 47% of the Taiwan business cycle fluctuations. In the second period, from 1998 to 2006, the oil price shocks can explain 69% of the Taiwan business cycle fluctuations. The main result is that the oil price shocks have more significant influence on the business cycle in Taiwan.

The primary purpose of this study is to explore whether changes in oil price are exogenous for small open economy and the significance of the financial variables in accordance with empirical results to discuss the role of monetary policies and implications. Considering the factors of monetary policy of the central banks with respect to the SVAR model, that tries to determine whether oil price shocks have disparaged effects on two small market economies, Taiwan and Korea, and trying to compare the difference and effects of their respective policies. In this paper, the empirical analysis, we found that the oil price shocks is a direct result of a major factor in decline in output, and while the impact of monetary policy effects on output is vague that coincide with Kim and Roubini (2000). In addition, Bernanke et al. (1997) analysis of the central bank encounter with the rise in oil prices in response to raise interest rates, the empirical results in this article: (1) policy implementation between the two countries have a significant impact on oil prices will be affected by the increase in oil prices which led to the implementation of central bank tightening of monetary policy , (2) central bank policy changes on behalf of the discount rate shocks, their impact on the real impact of the output is limited, (3) found that the central bank monetary policy to curb the effect of smaller price increases.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-188).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-100).

In this report, the feasibility of a massively parallel, nanoscale laser shock peening process is investigated. This report will give a fundamental background on laser shock peening processes in general. The background will include a description of the mechanisms associated with laser shock peening, and the theory behind laser shock peening. The experiments that were performed to develop a nanoscale laser shock peening process will also be described in detail. The problems associated with different experiments and the results will be presented. / text