Public memory of psychological casualties from the Great War and the Second World War has recalled men who were shunned and scorned by society and their peers. Using letters and diaries written contemporaneously within the two World Wars, and newspapers and official documents from the inter-war period, this paper examines the attitudes of Second World War New Zealand soldiers to those in their midst who were mentally injured by their experiences and unable to continue their duties. This research indicates that there was more compassion and sympathy from government agencies, the public and comrades of shell shock and anxiety neurosis victims, than has been indicated in existing historiography. The onset of shell shock during the Great War of 1914 to 1918, and how it entered the public sphere, influenced the attitudes of the men who, a generation later, were again going into battle. Social changes in New Zealand, both before and during the Second World War, are investigated to determine how they influenced the attitudes of the men of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force during World War Two in comparison to those of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force of the Great War.

This study identified striking increase in plasma of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-I), a major inhibitor of fibrinolysis levels in septic patients who are non-neutropenic. Neutropenic patients show less striking changes. Where shock occurs both groups of patients show very high levels of PAI-1. These observations suggest a role for leucocytes in PAI production. In the second section neutrophils are identified as containing PAI-1 in normal subjects, the levels rising significantly in sepsis. Monocytes contain no PAI-1 but do contain Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2(PAI-2) levels of which inhibitor also rise in sepsis. Normal neutrophils contained no PAI-2 but neutrophils from septic patients contained significant quantities of this inhibitor. In the third section mononuclear cells from septic patients are identified as enhancing PAI-1 production in cultured endothelial cell (EC). Septic neutrophils have a more complex effect on EC. Mononuclear cells and neutrophils therefore, both contribute to the fibrinolytic inhibition of septic disorders but by different mechanisms. Each cell type contains one of the major inhibitor of plasminogen activator and levels of these rise in sepsis. Both cell types from septic patients promote greater release of PAI-1 from endothelial cells than do cells from normal individuals. Inhibition of fibrinolysis by leucocytes may contribute to fibrin persistence in sepsis. This may be useful in localizing infection. If generalized, it may contribute to vascular occlusive complications of sepsis such as shock lung, acute renal failure or digital gangrene. Absence of leucocytes may account for the apparent reduction of vascular occlusive complications in leucopenic septic patients.

It can be shown that for the complete description of all the physical parameters in the flow behind an imtermediate strength unsteady shock, a knowledge of the particle trajectories within the flow is sufficient. This principle has been applied to determine the variation of the physical parameters throughout the length of a conventional shock tube. The particle trajectories were obtained by the high speed photography of cigarette smoke tracers, placed at 10 cm. intervals along the tube. By applying the conservation of mass equation to the particle trajectory data, the density variation was obtained throughout the flow including the rarefaction wave from the end of the compression chamber and behind the first reflected shock from the closed end of the expansion chamber. By means of the Rankine-Hugoniot relation, the pressures immediately behind the incident and reflected shock fronts were calculated, and by assuming isentropic flow between shocks along any particle trajectory, the complete pressure variation was determined. The temperature and local sound speed were subsequently calculated at all points and the particle velocities were determined from the time derivative of the particle trajectories. A complete mapping of all the parameters in the shock tube was thus obtained using a single photographic technique, which is simpler than previous methods. / Graduate / 0605

No description available.

The heat shock response was studied in the intestinal parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Temperature shifts from 37$ sp circ$C to 44$ sp circ$C enhanced the synthesis of five major heat shock (or stress) proteins (HSP) of 100, 50, 42, 37, and 28 kDa. Similarly, exposure of amebae to lymphokine activated macrophages and hydrogen peroxide caused HSP expression. Heat shock caused the reversible inhibition of amebic adherence to Chinese hamster ovary cells and human colonic mucin binding to trophozoites by ${>80 %}$. This was due to a decrease in the surface expression of the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin and a marked reduction in the lectin mRNA expression. However, the presence of target Chinese hamster ovary cells during recovery at 37$ sp circ$C augmented amebic adherence. These results suggest that E. histolytica trophozoites produce a variety of HSP in response to different stimuli and can modulate the expression of the surface adherence lectin which maybe important in pathogenesis.

No description available.

The hydroxyl (OH) radical is a common intermediate species in any hydrogen- or hydrocarbon-based flame. Investigating OH at elevated temperatures and pressures is not a trivial task, and many considerations must be made to fully study the molecule. Shock tubes can provide the experimenter with a wide range of temperatures and pressures to investigate a variety of combustion characteristics including, but not limited to, OH kinetic profiles. Described in this dissertation is the diagnostic used to measure OH within a shock tube using UV absorption spectroscopy from an enhanced UV Xenon lamp passed through a spectrometer. OH absorption was made over a narrow range of wavelengths around 309.551 nm within the widely studied OH X→A ground vibrational transition region. Experiments have been performed in the shock-tube facility at Texas A&M University using this OH absorption diagnostic. A calibration mixture of stoichiometric H2/O2 diluted in 98% argon by volume was tested initially and compared with a well-known hydrogen-based kinetics mechanism to generate an absorption coefficient correlation. This correlation is valid over the range of conditions observed in the experiments at two pressures near 2 and 13 atm and temperatures from 1182 to 2017 K. Tests were completed using the absorption coefficient correlation on stoichiometric mixtures of methane, methane and water, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene to compare against a comprehensive, detailed chemical kinetics mechanism which considers up through C5 hydrocarbons. Measurements of methane show good agreement in peak OH formation and ignition delay time when compared with the mechanism. Improvements can be made in the shape of the methane-oxygen OH profile, and sensitivity and rate of production analyses were performed with the mechanism to identify key reactions for tuning. Similar results were found for methane-water-oxygen mixtures with no difference in profile shape or ignition delay time noted. There is room for improvement between the mechanism and measured values of OH for ethane-, ethylene-, and acetylene-based mixtures, although interesting pre-ignition features are nonetheless captured relatively well by the mechanism. Uncertainty in the measurement comes from the inherent noise in the photomultiplier tube signal and is ±25-150 ppm for the 2-atm experiments and ±6-25 ppm for the 13-atm experiments.

The phenomenon of photochemical initiation of gaseous detonation waves has been experimentally and theoretically investigated. In the experiments, the flash photolysis technique has been employed and the initiation phenomenon has been directly observed through schlieren photography, while in the theoretical phase, the non-steady reacting flow-field of a photochemically ignited gas mixture has been numerically analyzed. The results conclusively show that the direct detonation initiation can be generated by an intense ultra-violet radiation, and it is shown that the initiation mechanism is mainly attributed to the rapid shock wave amplification occurring in a non-uniformly photo-dissociating gas mixture. It was found that the shock wave amplification is due to the coherent energy release from the non-uniformly reacting gas mixture to the shock wave and that the induction time gradient field generated by the flash photolysis plays an important role in the shock amplification process. / Further insight into the fundamental mechanisms of shock wave amplification has been obtained by considering a relatively simple theoretical model. This model illustrates the important role of the induction time gradient field in the shock wave amplification. Finally the concept of shock wave amplification in an induction time gradient field has been further extended to include the problem of transition to detonation in a non-uniformly preheated mixture.

NOx produced during combustion can persist in the exhaust gases of a gas turbine engine in quantities significant to induce regulatory concerns. There has been much research which has led to important insights into NOx chemistry. One method of NOx reduction is exhaust gas recirculation. In exhaust gas recirculation, a portion of the exhaust gases that exit are redirected to the inlet air stream that enters the combustion chamber, along with fuel. Due to the presence of NOx in the exhaust gases which are subsequently introduced into the burner, knowledge of the effects of NOx on combustion is advantageous. Contrary to general NOx research, little has been conducted to investigate the sensitizing effects of NO2 and N2O addition to methane/oxygen combustion. Experiments were made with dilute and real fuel air mixtures of CH4/O2/Ar with the addition of NO2 and N2O. The real fuel air concentrations were made with the addition of NO2 only. The equivalence ratios of mixtures made were 0.5, 1 and 2. The experimental pressure range was 1 - 44 atm and the temperature range tested was 1177 – 2095 K. The additives NO2 and N2O were added in concentrations from 831 ppm to 3539 ppm. The results of the mixtures with NO2 have a reduction in ignition delay time across the pressure ranges tested, and the mixtures with N2O show a similar trend. At 1.3 atm, the NO2 831 ppm mixture shows a 65% reduction and shows a 75% reduction at 30 atm. The NO2 mixtures showed a higher decrease in ignition time than the N2O mixtures. The real fuel air mixture also showed a reduction. Sensitivity Analyses were performed. The two most dominant reactions in the NO2 mixtures are the reaction O+H2 = O+OH and the reaction CH3+NO2 = CH3O+NO. The presence of this second reaction is the means by which NO2 decreases ignition delay time, which is indicated in the experimental results. The reaction produces CH3O which is reactive and can participate in chain propagating reactions, speeding up ignition. The two dominant reactions for the N2O mixture are the reaction O+H2 = O+OH and, interestingly, the other dominant reaction is the reverse of the initiation reaction in the N2O-mechanism: O+N2+M = N2O+M. The reverse of this reaction is the direct oxidation of nitrous oxide. The O produced in this reaction can then speed up ignition by partaking in propagation reactions, which was experimentally observed.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1985. / Bibliography: leaves 119-128. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / ix, 128 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm