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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_fo_me_ilha.pdf: 819769 bytes, checksum: 88d8eb791de97678aeffb0163237a264 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os escoamentos em superfície livre que ocorrem em canais inclinados, tanto em fluido Newtoniano quanto em fluido não-Newtoniano (hiperconcentrado), podem desenvolver instabilidades, tais como ondas em forma de ressalto hidráulico, com comprimentos bem definidos. Tais perturbações são denominadas Roll Waves. Essas ondas são comuns em canais artificiais, em lavas torrenciais e deslizamento de avalanchas. Neste trabalho, no plano teórico, é determinado um modelo matemático geral, com base nas equações de Navier- Stokes integradas na vertical, em cujo tensor de tensões é introduzido a reologia de Herschel- Bulkley. A velocidade média do escoamento é determinada levando-se em consideração que o escoamento apresenta um perfil de velocidade parabólico na região cisalhada (próximo ao fundo do canal) acoplado a um perfil linear na região não cisalhada (condição de plug), característico dos escoamentos de lamas e detritos. A partir do sistema de equações (conservação da massa e equação da quantidade de movimento) em variáveis adimensionais, uma análise de estabilidade linear é realizada, colocando em evidência as condições de formação dessas instabilidades, tanto em fluido hiperconcentrado como em fluido Newtoniano. Com as condições de formação de instabilidades estabelecidas, uma teoria analítica de Roll Waves permanente é imposta e um modelo matemático para geração de tais instabilidades é determinado. No plano numérico, utilizando a linguagem de programação Python, a validade do modelo é verificada, considerando que essas ondas são ajustadas por choques devido às singularidades existentes no modelo. Com a determinação das condições de choque e da velocidade de propagação da onda em um ponto crítico; pode-se observar a formação de Roll Waves em fluidos não Newtonianos com reologia de Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham, Power Law, como também em fluido Newtoniano. / The flows in free surface that occur in sloping canals, such as Newtonian fluid as in non- Newtonian fluid (hyperconcentrated), they can develop instabilities, such as long waves in form of hydraulical jumps, with well defined lengths; these instabilities are called Roll Waves, more common in artificial canals, torrential spillways of dams, lava and avalanche landslide. This work, in the theoretical plan, a general mathematical model is determined, on the basis of the integrated Navier-Stokes equation in the vertical, of tensor tensions the rheology of Herschel-Bulkley is introduced. The average velocity of the flows is determined taking itself in consideration that the flows presents a parabolic profile of speed in the shear region (near of the floor of canal) connected to a linear profile in the region not shear (condition of plug), categorized as flows of mudflows and debris flows. From the system of equations (conservation of the mass and equation of the momentum) in adimensional variables, an analysis of linear stability is carried through, placing the conditions of formation of these instabilities, as much in hyperconcentrated fluid as in Newtonian fluid. With the conditions of formation of instabilities established, a analytical theory of permanent Roll Waves is imployed and a mathematical model for geration of such stabilities it’s determined. In the numerical plan, using the computational consol Python, the validity of model is checked, considering of this waves are adjusted by shocks devided by the singularities existents in the model. With the determination of conditions of shock and the velocity of propagation of wave in a critical point; we can observe the formation of Roll Waves such in fluids non-Newtonians (Herschel- Bulkley, Bingham, Power law) as Newtonian fluids.

Orientador: Lúcio Tunes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gower_ArturLewis_M.pdf: 2962671 bytes, checksum: 60eacb0b1c81be752469204420ce44d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nesta tese expomos uma investigação qualitativa e quantitativa sobre a propagação de ondas com simetria radial em materiais elásticos pré-esticados, isotrópicos e homogêneos. Esse tipo de modelo se aproxima a uma explosão em um sólido como, por exemplo, uma fonte em sísmica. Além disso, o comportamento qualitativo da dinâmica radial ajuda o melhor entendimento do caso tridimensional. O trabalho tem um enfoque mais específico na modelagem, condições de choques, a dinâmica próximo do centro do corpo e análise da solução analítica do material linearizado / Abstract: This thesis is an exploration into the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of wave propagation with radial symmetry in materials which are prestressed elastic, isotropic and homogeneous. This type of model approximates an explosion in a solid, such as a seismic source. Also, an understanding of the radial dynamics can bring insight and contribute to our comprehension of the general 3D case. This thesis focuses on modelling, shock conditions, the dynamics close to the centre of the body and examining the analytical solution of an linearised material / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada

Les ondes de choc de cisaillement dans les solides quasi-incompressibles sont un type d'onde peu exploré car accessible à la mesure seulement depuis une douzaine d'années. Elles se distinguent des ondes de choc de compression par leur non-linéarité cubique au lieu de quadratique. Les faibles vitesses des ondes de cisaillement, de l'ordre du mètre par seconde, permettent notamment d'atteindre des régimes assez fortement non linéaires sur de faibles distances, et de contrebalancer l'absorption relativement importante dans ces milieux. A notre connaissance, ces ondes ont été étudiées presque exclusivement en ondes planes. Or, la focalisation est un phénomène fondamental dans la physique des ondes et ses applications. C'est cette focalisation que l'on s'est attaché à étudier spécifiquement ici, tant du point de vue théorique et numérique, qu'expérimental. L'objectif était de mettre en évidence la focalisation des ondes de choc de cisaillement. Ce travail est en particulier motivé par son application potentielle en biomécanique. On a ici fait l'hypothèse que les ondes de choc de cisaillement pourraient jouer un rôle dans la formation de certaines lésions cérébrales suite à un traumatisme crânien, la géométrie du crâne induisant leur focalisation. Ces considérations nous ont conduits à dimensionner les phénomènes étudiés en conséquence, en termes de fréquence, d'amplitude et de géométrie. La focalisation a ainsi été montrée dans le cas d'un gel simulant un tissu biologique. Les comparaisons avec le modèle théorique et numérique se sont avérées favorables. Pour approfondir l'analyse de l'hypothèse, il resterait à prouver que ces ondes de choc peuvent induire des lésions. / Shear shock waves in quasi-incompressible soft solids have been observed experimentally only twelve years ago. They differ from compression shock waves because their nonlinearity is cubic instead of quadratic. Velocities of shear waves are small, of the order of the meter per second, and thus induce a strong nonlinear behavior over small distances. This allows to counter-balance the quite strong absorption in such media. To our knowledge, these shear shock waves have been studied only for plane waves. However, focusing is a fundamental phenomenon in the wave physics and its applications. This is why our objective is to investigate the focusing of shear waves theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. This work was in particular motivated by a potential application in biomechanics. We have hypothesized that shear shock waves could play a role in the formation of some traumatic brain injuries, the geometry of the skull producing the focusing effect. These hypotheses have governed our studies for the choice of the different parameters such as the frequency, the amplitude and the geometry. The focusing has been demonstrated in a biological tissue-mimicking gel. Comparisons with the theoretical and numerical model have shown a good agreement. Further studies should concern the possible formation of lesions by shear shock waves.

Stochastic differential equations are becoming a popular tool for modeling the transport and acceleration of cosmic rays in the heliosphere. In diffusive shock acceleration, cosmic rays diffuse across a region of discontinuity where the up- stream diffusion coefficient abruptly changes to the downstream value. Because the method of stochastic integration has not yet been developed to handle these types of discontinuities, I utilize methods and ideas from probability theory to develop a conceptual framework for the treatment of such discontinuities. Using this framework, I then produce some simple numerical algorithms that allow one to incorporate and simulate a variety of discontinuities (or boundary conditions) using stochastic integration. These algorithms were then modified to create a new algorithm which incorporates the discontinuous change in diffusion coefficient found in shock acceleration (known as Skew Brownian Motion). The originality of this algorithm lies in the fact that it is the first of its kind to be statistically exact, so that one obtains accuracy without the use of approximations (other than the machine precision error). I then apply this algorithm to model the problem of diffusive shock acceleration, modifying it to incorporate the additional effect of the discontinuous flow speed profile found at the shock. A steady-state solution is obtained that accurately simulates this phenomenon. This result represents a significant improvement over previous approximation algorithms, and will be useful for the simulation of discontinuous diffusion processes in other fields, such as biology and finance.

Observations by spacecraft such as ACE, STEREO, and others show that there are proton spectral "breaks" with energy E-br at 1-10 MeV in some large CME-driven shocks. Generally, a single shock with the diffusive acceleration mechanism would not predict the "broken" energy spectrum. The present paper focuses on two converging shocks to identify this energy spectral feature. In this case, the converging shocks comprise one forward CME-driven shock on 2006 December 13 and another backward Earth bow shock. We simulate the detailed particle acceleration processes in the region of the converging shocks using the Monte Carlo method. As a result, we not only obtain an extended energy spectrum with an energy "tail" up to a few 10 MeV higher than that in previous single shock model, but also we find an energy spectral "break" occurring on similar to 5.5 MeV. The predicted energy spectral shape is consistent with observations from multiple spacecraft. The spectral "break," then, in this case is caused by the interaction between the CME shock and Earth's bow shock, and otherwise would not be present if Earth were not in the path of the CME.

We investigate the physics of charged-particle acceleration at spherical shocks moving into a uniform plasma containing a turbulent magnetic field with a uniform mean. This has applications to particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks, most notably, to supernovae blast waves. We numerically integrate the equations of motion of a large number of test protons moving under the influence of electric and magnetic fields determined from a kinematically defined plasma flow associated with a radially propagating blast wave. Distribution functions are determined from the positions and velocities of the protons. The unshocked plasma contains a magnetic field with a uniform mean and an irregular component having a Kolmogorov-like power spectrum. The field inside the blast wave is determined from Maxwell's equations. The angle between the average magnetic field and unit normal to the shock varies with position along its surface. It is quasi-perpendicular to the unit normal near the sphere's equator, and quasi-parallel to it near the poles. We find that the highest intensities of particles, accelerated by the shock, are at the poles of the blast wave. The particles "collect" at the poles as they approximately adhere to magnetic field lines that move poleward from their initial encounter with the shock at the equator, as the shock expands. The field lines at the poles have been connected to the shock the longest. We also find that the highest-energy protons are initially accelerated near the equator or near the quasi-perpendicular portion of the shock, where the acceleration is more rapid.

The attenuation mechanism of shock waves of arbitrary strength propagating in air has been reasonably well understood. On the other hand, very little is known about the precise mechanism of shock wave attenuation and energy dissipation in liquids. The equation of state for shock propagation in water is empirical in nature and considerable differences exist with reference to the exact value of various constants even in the cast of Tait’ s equation of state, which is popularly used by researchers to describe the shock wave propagating through water. In recent times, considerable attention is being focused by researchers on shock wave attenuation and associated features in liquid medium mainly in the backdrop of development of many innovative industrial applications of shock waves. The present study focuses on generating reliable experimental data on shock wave attenuation in liquids of different viscosity. Experiments have been performed in a conventional vertical shock tube and a modified diaphragmless shock tube to understand how shock wave of requisite strength attenuates in liquids. A new vertical shock tube was designed, fabricated and successfully tested in the laboratory as a part of this study. In this new facility shock loading experiments with liquids or any complex fluid medium can be carried out. In the present study five liquids (Water, Castor Oil, Sodium Chloride (10%NaCl aqueous solution), Kerosene and Glycerin) have been subjected to shock wave loading. Exhaustive static pressure measurements in the liquid medium have been carried out to understand the attenuation characteristics of shock waves. The validity of Taits equation state has been experimentally verified for water. Based on the experimental results modified Taits equation of state has been obtained for castor oil, sodium chloride, kerosene and glycerin. Illustrative theoretical study is also carried out to complement the experiments.

A series of impedance-mismatch experiments with aluminum-gold targets has been performed. These experiments are used to probe the equation of state (EOS) of gold at high pressure. By measuring the shock breakout time from the target rear surface, the shock trajectory is determined and found to be in good agreement with equation of state predictions. In addition, temperatures derived from temporally resolved luminescence measurements of the shocked target rear surface are compared with two different equation of state theoretical models. Our results indicate that whereas the SESAME (from Los Alamos National Laboratory) EOS seems to overestimate the shock temperature, the equation of state of gold which incoporated both the solid and liquid phases gives much closer agreement with observations. The measurements of gold at a shock pressure of ~ 6 Mbar and temperature of ~ 17500 K also represent the first study of gold under shock melting. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

L'objectif de ces travaux est de déterminer l'atténuation des effets d'une explosion sous-marine par un rideau de bulles. Dans ce cadre, une modélisation de la propagation d'un chocdans les liquides à bulles a été développée, basée sur une technique de transition d'échelles.Cette méthode permet la formulation de modèles continus de liquides aérés, dont la mise enoeuvre est aisée et rapide. Nous avons d'abord développé une modélisation pour des liquidesdiphasiques au sein desquels les bulles sont régulièrement réparties dans l'espace, avant deproposer une extension de ce modèle au cas des liquides à bulles présentant des hétérogénéitésde porosité sous la forme d'amas sphériques de bulles. Un modèle de fragmentation des bulleslors du passage du choc a également été développé, basé sur une analyse linéaire de stabilitédes bulles. L'étude a permis d'établir un critère prédictif de fission et de déterminer le nombrede fragments associés. L'ensemble des modélisations proposées a fait l'objet de comparaisonsavec des résultats expérimentaux issus de la littérature. La concordance entre résultats d'essaiset résultats issus de la modélisation démontre les capacités prédictives de l'approche proposée.Cette modélisation a enfin été appliquée au cas de rideaux de bulles soumis à une explosionsous-marine. Une étude de sensibilité sur les paramètres physiques du rideau a été menée, eta permis de confirmer les tendances expérimentales : sous certaines conditions, la dispositiond'un rideau de bulles sous l'eau permet de diminuer de façon très conséquente l'énergie duchoc transmis en aval du rideau. / The present work deals with the modelling of shock wave propagation in bubbly liquids, inorder to assess the damping of underwater explosion by bubble curtains. The modelling is basedon a scale transition technique, which allows to formulate efficient continuum models of bubblyliquids. A modelling of homogeneous bubbly liquids has first been proposed, then extended tothe case of liquids with spherical bubble clusters. A modelling of bubble fragmentation duringshock propagation has also been developed, based on a stability analysis of the bubbles. Thisstudy enables us to establish a criterion for bubble fission and to determine the numberof fragments. The accuracy of the proposed models has been assessed through comparisonwith experimental data of the literature. The agreement between numerical and experimentalresults proves the predictive capabilities of the whole approach. The modelling has then beenapplied to the mitigation of UNDEX-induced shock wave by bubble curtain. A sensitive studyabout physical parameters of the curtain has been performed, and confirms the experimentaltendencies : the use of a bubble curtain can dissipate a significant part of the shock energy.