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<p>  </p> <p>Advancements in technology have propelled the availability of enriched and more frequent information about traffic conditions as well as the external factors that impact traffic such as weather, emergency response etc. Most newer vehicles are equipped with sensors that transmit their data back to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) at near real-time fidelity. A growing number of such connected vehicles (CV) and the advent of third-party data collectors from various OEMs have made big data for traffic commercially available for use. Agencies maintaining and managing surface transportation are presented with opportunities to leverage such big data for efficiency gains. The focus of this dissertation is enhancing the use of CV data and applications derived from fusing it with other datasets to extract meaningful information that will aid agencies in data driven efficient decision making to improve network wide mobility and safety performance.   </p> <p>One of the primary concerns of CV data for agencies is data sampling, particularly during low-volume overnight hours. An evaluation of over 3 billion CV records in May 2022 in Indiana has shown an overall CV penetration rate of 6.3% on interstates and 5.3% on non-interstate roadways. Fusion of CV traffic speeds with precipitation intensity from NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid-Refresh (HRRR) data over 42 unique rainy days has shown reduction in the average traffic speed by approximately 8.4% during conditions classified as very heavy rain compared to no rain. </p> <p>Both aggregate analysis and disaggregate analysis performed during this study enables agencies and automobile manufacturers to effectively answer the often-asked question of what rain intensity it takes to begin impacting traffic speeds. Proactive measures such as providing advance warnings that improve the situational awareness of motorists and enhance roadway safety should be considered during very heavy rain periods, wind events, and low daylight conditions.</p> <p>Scalable methodologies that can be used to systematically analyze hard braking and speed data were also developed. This study demonstrated both quantitatively and qualitatively how CV data provides an opportunity for near real-time assessment of work zone operations using metrics such as congestion, location-based speed profiles and hard braking. The availability of data across different states and ease of scalability makes the methodology implementable on a state or national basis for tracking any highway work zone with little to no infrastructure investment. These techniques can provide a nationwide opportunity in assessing the current guidelines and giving feedback in updating the design procedures to improve the consistency and safety of construction work zones on a national level.  </p> <p>CV data was also used to evaluate the impact of queue warning trucks sending digital alerts. Hard-braking events were found to decrease by approximately 80% when queue warning trucks were used to alert motorists of impending queues analyzed from 370 hours of queueing with queue trucks present and 58 hours of queueing without the queue trucks present, thus improving work zone safety. </p> <p>Emerging opportunities to identify and measure traffic shock waves and their forming or recovery speed anywhere across a roadway network are provided due to the ubiquity of the CV data providers. A methodology for identifying different shock waves was presented, and among the various case studies found typical backward forming shock wave speeds ranged from 1.75 to 11.76 mph whereas the backward recovery shock wave speeds were between 5.78 to 16.54 mph. The significance of this is illustrated with a case study of  a secondary crash that suggested  accelerating the clearance by 9 minutes could have prevented the secondary crash incident occurring at the back of the queue. Such capability of identifying and measuring shock wave speeds can be utilized by various stakeholders for traffic management decision-making that provide a holistic perspective on the importance of both on scene risk as well as the risk at the back of the queue. Near real-time estimation of shock waves using CV data can recommend travel time prediction models and serve as input variables to navigation systems to identify alternate route choice opportunities ahead of a driver’s time of arrival.   </p> <p>The overall contribution of this thesis is developing scalable methodologies and evaluation techniques to extract valuable information from CV data that aids agencies in operational decision making.</p>

Title Comparison between the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and the surgical approach in the treatment of the rotator cuff tendinopathy. Objective The main goal of this research work is comparing the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and the surgical intervention (arthroscopic approach) in the treatment of calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy depending on the outcome measures of the Constant-Murley Score (CMS), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from the recent scientific publications. Methodology This thesis is systemic (literature) review. The studies which recruited in this research were randomized controlled trials, prospective studies, and retrospective case series studies which written in English language form, and published between the year 2000 to the year 2018. The studies were retrieved from following databases: EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, SpringerLink, ProQuest using different integrations of the key words. The participants in the studies were from both genders and all ages. The type of the pathology which included in this research was chronic calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy. Regarding the intervention types both Radial, and Focused ESWT with low, medium, and high intensities and the arthroscopic interventions were the main types of...