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O Plano Nacional de Logística e Transportes (PNLT) sinalizou a intenção de uma mudança substancial na matriz de transporte de cargas brasileira, com a diminuição do modal rodoviário e uma transição do modal aquaviário de 13 para 29% até 2025, o que só será possível com a ampliação da cabotagem. Desta forma, o presente trabalho dimensiona terminais \"rápidos\" de contêineres dedicados à cabotagem, que a partir de sua implantação possam ser ampliados gradativamente. Por meio de simulação de eventos discretos, o melhor layout modular, dimensionado por berço, foi definido de acordo com a demanda de contêineres movimentados e equipamentos utilizados, de forma a identificar gargalos e obter a melhor opção de modularização. Tal abordagem de terminais \"rápidos\" dedicados permitiria a desburocratização do sistema atual e a redução dos custos e tempos de armazenamento, tornando a cabotagem mais competitiva. / The National Logistics and Transport Plan (PNLT) has the intention of a substantial change in the Brazilian cargo transportation matrix, with the reduction of the road modal and a transition from 13 to 29% in the waterway modal by 2025, which will only be possible with the increase of short sea shipping. Thus, the present work will size a modular \"fast\" containers terminal dedicated to short sea shipping, that when implemented could be gradually extended. Using discrete events simulation, the best modular layout, dimensioned by berths, was defined according to containers demand and chosen equipments, in order to identify bottlenecks and the best modularization option. Such an approach of dedicated \"fast\" terminals would allow the reduction of bureaucratization of the current system and transport and storage costs and times, making short sea shipping more competitive.

O Brasil possui uma matriz de transporte onde apenas 13% das cargas utilizam vias marítimas, o que não condiz com a realidade de seu território, onde sua extensa área e litoral fazem do modal aquaviário uma importante alternativa na movimentação de cargas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho simulou um sistema de cabotagem onde navios circulam entre três portos dedicados, localizados em Suape, Santos e Rio Grande, e tem como objetivo dimensionar o número de berços por porto e a número e tamanho dos navios necessários para transportar, exclusivamente por contêineres, uma parcela da carga rodoviária. O trabalho considera as atividades de pré-operação, operação (carregamento e descarregamento), pós-operação, viagem entre portos e eventuais filas de entrada, em uma abordagem estocástica desses fatores, além do balanceamento e movimentação de contêineres vazios. Os resultados mostram que o tamanho da infraestrutura necessária para a implementação de um sistema dedicado à cabotagem é viável e seria uma alternativa para melhorar o sistema de transporte de carga entre os estados estudados. / Only 13% of Brazilian loads are transported by ships, which does not match the reality of its territory, where its extensive area and coastline make the waterway mode an important alternative in cargo handling. In this context, the present work aims to simulate a short sea shipping system where ships circulate between three dedicated ports, located in Suape, Santos and Rio Grande, in order to size the number of berths per port and the number and size of the ships necessary to transport, exclusively by containers, a portion of the road load. The work considers the pre-operation, operation (loading and unloading), post-operation, travel between ports and eventual entry queues, in a stochastic approach of these factors, and beside that the balancing and movement of empty containers. The results show that the infrastructure size required for the implementation of a short sea shipping system is feasible and would be an alternative to improve the system of cargo transportation among the states studied.

Este estudo propõe requisitos para a adequação da operação de cabotagem de contêineres nos terminais portuários brasileiros. Esta adequação transforma os terminais convencionais em terminais marítimos denominados aqui como rápidos. O conceito de terminais eficientes utilizado pelo projeto europeu Motorways of the Sea - MoS serviu como referência para o desenvolvimento da proposta. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se na coleta de dados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a usuários da cabotagem, além de questionário online com especialistas e simulação por eventos discretos da operação de cabotagem. As respostas das entrevistas direcionaram o estudo para fatores de melhorias relacionados a processos de liberação da carga por parte de órgãos de fiscalização, custos portuários e controles alfandegários. A avaliação das respostas do questionário online se fez por meio de uma variação da técnica Delphi com Q-sort que consolidou as respostas em cinco categorias: administrativo/fiscal, custos, hinterlândia, infraestrutura e operacional. O modelo de simulação de eventos discretos verificou os dados operacionais e avaliou as diferenças entre a operação dos terminais convencionais e de terminais compatíveis com o modelo do projeto MoS. Os principais requisitos propostos são: a melhoria no processo de fiscalização com a simplificação nas inspeções e liberações das cargas; a redução de fretes para transporte de carga porta-a-porta; a existência de acessos terrestres (rodoviário/ferroviário) para interconexões entre os modais; a disponibilidade de infraestrutura adequada (equipamentos) para uso nos terminais; e a minimização de tempos operacionais e de entrega porta-a-porta. Uma derivação da técnica Matriz QFD (Quality Function Deployment) foi utilizada para obtenção do sequenciamento dos requisitos propostos. O estudo verificou que a aplicação dos requisitos salienta as oportunidades de melhorias na operação de cabotagem nos terminais brasileiros. Também ficou evidenciado a possibilidade de adequação dos terminais convencionais em terminais rápidos, mediante a aplicação do sequenciamento obtido para os requisitos propostos. / This study proposes requirements for the adequacy of Short Sea Shipping (SSS) operation in Brazilian container port terminals. This adaptation transforms conventional port terminals into maritime terminals called \"fast\". The concept of \"eficient terminals\" of the European project Motorways of the Sea MoS served as reference for the development of this proposal. The methodology was based on data collection through semi-structured interviews with SSS users as well as an online questionnaire with experts and discrete event simulation of SSS terminals. The responses from the interviews directed the study to factors related to processes of cargo release by regulatory agencies, port costs and customs controls. The evaluation of the online questionnaire responses was done by means of a variation of the Delphi technique with Q-sort that consolidated the responses in five aspects: administrative, costs, hinterland, infrastructure and operational. The discrete event simulation model verified operational data and evaluated the differences between the operation of conventional terminals and those compatible with the MoS project model. The main proposed requirements are: the process improvement to reduce inspections and cargo clearances, the freight reduction on cargo door-to-door transportation, the existence of land access (road/rail) for interconnections between modes, the availability of adequate infrastructure (equipment) for terminal use and the decrease of operating times and door-to-door delivery. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix technique was used to obtain a sequencing order for the proposed requirements. The study found that the requirements application highlights the improvement opportunities in SSS operation in Brazilian terminals. It was also evidenced the possibility of conversion of these conventional terminals on \"fast\" terminals, with the requirements sequencing order application.

Este estudo propõe requisitos para a adequação da operação de cabotagem de contêineres nos terminais portuários brasileiros. Esta adequação transforma os terminais convencionais em terminais marítimos denominados aqui como rápidos. O conceito de terminais eficientes utilizado pelo projeto europeu Motorways of the Sea - MoS serviu como referência para o desenvolvimento da proposta. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se na coleta de dados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a usuários da cabotagem, além de questionário online com especialistas e simulação por eventos discretos da operação de cabotagem. As respostas das entrevistas direcionaram o estudo para fatores de melhorias relacionados a processos de liberação da carga por parte de órgãos de fiscalização, custos portuários e controles alfandegários. A avaliação das respostas do questionário online se fez por meio de uma variação da técnica Delphi com Q-sort que consolidou as respostas em cinco categorias: administrativo/fiscal, custos, hinterlândia, infraestrutura e operacional. O modelo de simulação de eventos discretos verificou os dados operacionais e avaliou as diferenças entre a operação dos terminais convencionais e de terminais compatíveis com o modelo do projeto MoS. Os principais requisitos propostos são: a melhoria no processo de fiscalização com a simplificação nas inspeções e liberações das cargas; a redução de fretes para transporte de carga porta-a-porta; a existência de acessos terrestres (rodoviário/ferroviário) para interconexões entre os modais; a disponibilidade de infraestrutura adequada (equipamentos) para uso nos terminais; e a minimização de tempos operacionais e de entrega porta-a-porta. Uma derivação da técnica Matriz QFD (Quality Function Deployment) foi utilizada para obtenção do sequenciamento dos requisitos propostos. O estudo verificou que a aplicação dos requisitos salienta as oportunidades de melhorias na operação de cabotagem nos terminais brasileiros. Também ficou evidenciado a possibilidade de adequação dos terminais convencionais em terminais rápidos, mediante a aplicação do sequenciamento obtido para os requisitos propostos. / This study proposes requirements for the adequacy of Short Sea Shipping (SSS) operation in Brazilian container port terminals. This adaptation transforms conventional port terminals into maritime terminals called \"fast\". The concept of \"eficient terminals\" of the European project Motorways of the Sea MoS served as reference for the development of this proposal. The methodology was based on data collection through semi-structured interviews with SSS users as well as an online questionnaire with experts and discrete event simulation of SSS terminals. The responses from the interviews directed the study to factors related to processes of cargo release by regulatory agencies, port costs and customs controls. The evaluation of the online questionnaire responses was done by means of a variation of the Delphi technique with Q-sort that consolidated the responses in five aspects: administrative, costs, hinterland, infrastructure and operational. The discrete event simulation model verified operational data and evaluated the differences between the operation of conventional terminals and those compatible with the MoS project model. The main proposed requirements are: the process improvement to reduce inspections and cargo clearances, the freight reduction on cargo door-to-door transportation, the existence of land access (road/rail) for interconnections between modes, the availability of adequate infrastructure (equipment) for terminal use and the decrease of operating times and door-to-door delivery. The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrix technique was used to obtain a sequencing order for the proposed requirements. The study found that the requirements application highlights the improvement opportunities in SSS operation in Brazilian terminals. It was also evidenced the possibility of conversion of these conventional terminals on \"fast\" terminals, with the requirements sequencing order application.

This Master Thesis occupies itself with Short Sea Shipping and its link to the Port of Hamburg. The theoretical part deals in its first part with the topic Short Sea Shipping in general, defines it, describes its specifics and presents its position and regulation in the European Union, second part introduces the Port of Hamburg and basic data about its performance in general and most importantly in the field of Short Sea Shipping. The practical part analyses available statistics and documents monitoring the current situation and mainly political tendencies related to Short Sea Shipping in the European Union. The concluding chapter deal with an interview held with a representative of Hafen Hamburg Marketing in Prague regarding this subject in relation to the Port of Hamburg. Main goals of this Master Thesis are to identify key Short Sea markets, potential, opportunities and challenges of the Port of Hamburg.

The goal of the thesis is to find out wether it's possible to consider short sea shipping as an adequate alternative to trucking. The thesis describes the specifics of Short Sea Shipping and its main maritime route. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of short sea shipping and truck transportation. Furthermore the thesis assesses their economical aspects and the potential risks associated with these means of transport. The conclusion of the thesis recommends the suitable routes and comes up with other circumstances that should be considered while using Short Sea Shipping as a trucking alternative.

The thesis investigates the development of short-sea shipping (SSS) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region by studying the determinants of SSS, the stated choice preference of shippers and freight forwarders and the stated intentions of maritime carriers for SSS. It is purported the introduction of SSS in SADC could reduce socio-environmental problems currently faced such as road damage, road congestion, pollution and transport related accidents. Discrete choice modeling (DCM) is employed as the main methodology to study shipper and carrier behavior. Discrete choice modeling permits the construction of general utility functions incorporating various decision maker characteristics and choice attributes to elicit preference of respondents. The general postulate in DCM is that utility is derived from the properties of things rather than the actual thing per se. A particular benefit of DCM in this study is the elicitation of preference for services and interventions that have not been introduced by SSS. The first step in the study is a theoretical investigation of the potential of SSS in the SADC region. It highlights the policy initiatives, the barriers and enablers related to the development of SSS. The proposed SSS system would have three main roles: to offer an alternative mode of freight transport service between port cities, to serve as the main leg in an intermodal transport network, and to serve feeder services between hub-and-spoke ports. The findings reveal that, SSS has the theoretical potential to work in the SADC region, given the large geographic region, projected freight volumes and customs and trade policies the SADC region is pursuing. The second step in the study involves an a-priori study conducted to develop a general understanding of freight transport in SADC. For this purpose, a uniquely developed online survey was conducted across the SADC region to ascertain in particular: who the decision maker is in terms of freight mode choice; and what the significant attributes that influence freight mode choice are. The results reveal that both the shipper and the freight forwarder are involved in mode choice decisions, however the shipper being the dominant decision maker. Furthermore, the results of the exploded logit model reveal that the top five modal attributes that shippers consider most important are: reliability, transport cost, risk of damage, frequency of service and transit time. These results were subsequently employed to inform the shipper and carrier behavior studies. The third step entails the assessment of shipper behavior, where trip specific mode choice decisions are studied along five intra-urban origin-destination (O-D) paired routes (which would form the study corridors). Three of these corridors considered unimodal SSS, and the two considered intermodal SSS. Unimodal SSS was studied along the following corridors: Cape Town (South Africa)~ Walvis Bay (Namibia), Walvis Bay (Namibia) ~ Luanda (Angola) and Durban (South Africa) ~Beira (Mozambique); and intermodal SSS was studied along the following corridors: Durban (South Africa) ~ Harare (Zimbabwe) and Cape Town (South Africa) ~ Windhoek (Namibia). To develop the choice scenarios, d-efficient stated choice experiments were uniquely developed for each of the corridors with the following key modal attributes systematically varied and analyzed across respondents: service frequency, reliability in terms of arriving on time, expected delay, transport cost and transport time. Subsequently, the following choice models were developed: Binary Logit, Mixed Logit and Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Structure models for the unimodal corridors; and Multinomial Logit, Nested Logit and Cross Nested Logit models for the intermodal corridors. The results highlight that in addition to the modal attributes, mode choice decisions are driven by shipper characteristics and situational characteristics. Moreover, the unimodal SSS study reveals that underlying latent perceptions also influence freight mode choice decisions; while the intermodal SSS study reveal strong correlations in the intermodal SSS alternatives, which requires improved intermodal capability if SSS is to become competitive. The fourth step in the study entail the assessment of maritime carriers preference for SSS given varying levels of maritime conditions that include: dedicated freight volumes, income from freight, port dues discount, terminal handling fees discount and ship registration requirements. The results of an ordered logit model reveal that ship registration provisions and terminal handling charges are the most important to the development of SSS from a carrier side. Moreover, ship registration and maritime cabotage provisions require visitation to boost the participation of carriers in SSS. The last step of the study revisits the modeling results and considers their implications through the estimation of willingness-to-pay and attribute elasticities. The results were then employed to suggest policy actions and interventions to develop SSS.

Le transport intérieur de marchandises de l’Union européenne (UE) se caractérise par la domination du transport routier. En tant que mode le plus utilisé, le transport routier génère les coûts externes les plus considérables. Il est le responsable principal de la congestion routière et des émissions de CO2 qui sont les deux problèmes majeurs du système européen de transport de marchandises. Pour lutter contre ces deux problèmes, l’UE investit des fonds publics dédiés à la construction de nouvelles infrastructures afin d’augmenter leur capacité et de répondre à la demande de transport. De plus, elle favorise les solutions permettant d’alléger les trafics routiers comme le transfert modal d’une partie du trafic routier saturé vers d’autres modes moins polluants. Dans ce contexte, l’UE a promu les autoroutes de la mer (AdM). Nous avons analysé le contexte de développement des AdM, leur positionnement dans le système de transport et leur perspective de développement dans l’UE pour clarifier leur concept et étayer leur pertinence. En effet, pour répondre aux objectifs de l’UE de l’éliminer la congestion routière et de réduire les émissions de CO2, les AdM sont développées pour diminuer le trafic des poids lourds circulant sur les routes. Dans ce cas, la technique du navire roulier permettant de transporter des poids lourds semble adaptée. Les AdM constituent un nouveau parcours pour la construction d’itinéraire d’acheminement des marchandises des transporteurs routiers. Elles offrent une solution moins couteuse que le « tout routier ». En utilisant les AdM, les transporteurs routiers peuvent réduire les émissions de CO2 dues à leur activité grâce à la diminution de la distance routière parcourue. Ainsi, les AdM constituent un mode de transport complémentaire du transport routier. Dans le cadre de la France, les trafics routiers de marchandises se composent d’une part important des flux de transit. De plus, à cause des obstacles naturels à la frontière tels que les Pyrénées, les Alpes et la Manche, les flux de transit se concentrent sur deux axes routiers principaux : l’un, du nord au sud de la France et l’autre, à bord de la Méditerranée. En favorisant le transfert modal de la route vers la mer, la mise en œuvre des AdM permet d’alléger les trafics sur ces axes. Dans ce contexte opérationnel, les ports jouent ainsi un rôle important. Situé au nord de la France, le port du Havre serait impliqué pour alléger le trafic routier du nord au sud de la France. Ainsi, nous avons étudié le cas du port du Havre pour évaluer la possibilité de ce transfert modal. / The inland freight transport in the European Union is characterized by the domination of road transport. As the most used, road transport generates the most significant external costs. It is primarily responsible for traffic congestion and CO2 emissions which are the two major problems of the European system of freight transport. To fight against these problems, the EU invests public funds dedicated to the construction of new infrastructure to increase capacity and meet the demand for transport. In addition, it promotes solutions to alleviate road traffic as a modal shift from road traffic saturated to less polluting modes. In this context, the EU has promoted the motorways of the sea (MoS). We analyzed the development context MoS, their position in the transportation system and development prospect in the European Union to clarify its concept and its relevance. In order to meet the objectives of the EU to eliminate congestion and reduce CO2 emissions, MoS are developed to reduce the heavy vehicle driven on the road. In this case, the technique of rollon/ roll-off to carry heavy weight seems appropriate. MoS are new routes for the construction of routings goods hauliers. They offer a less expensive than the "all roads" solution. Using MoS, hauliers can reduce CO2 emissions thank to reducing the roadway travel. For this reason, the MoS are a complementary mode of road transport. In France, road freight traffic accounts for a large number of transit flows. Also, the number of border crossings is limited due to natural barriers of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the English Channel. Congestion is therefore serious on two main roads: one from north to south of France and the other go along the Mediterranean Sea. Promoting modal shift from road to sea by the implementation of MoS, part of the traffic of these axes and points of saturated transition could be carried over the sea. Ports thus play an important role to make the shift from land to sea. Located in northern France, the port of Le Havre can be involved to ease the traffic from north to south of France. We studied the case of the port of Le Havre to assess the feasibility of this modal shift.

Climate change is raising huge challenges for all industries worldwide. It is mainly due to anthropogenic activity and energy consumption which is the cause for emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) among other environmental impacts and is expected to have huge impact on our societies globally. Of those global GHG emissions, around a quarter is emitted by transportations of all kinds as transportation relies heavily on fossil fuels. If the past years have seen a rising share of electrification within the passenger car industry, the commercial transportation isn’t that prone to electrification and other pathway to decarbonization are studied. Shipping is responsible for around 90% of the world commercial transportation work and therefore is a keyplayer in the transition toward low carbon transportation. It relies exclusively on fossil fuels with different kinds of oil-based fuels being the historical fuel suppliers and has seen a quick increase of the share of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the past decade. Yet the international maritime organization (IMO) has set ambitious emission reduction targets for shipping and alternative fuel technologies are considered to be a relevant pathway if not the most promising pathway to low carbon or even zero carbon shipping. This study aims at evaluating and comparing different alternative fuels pathways available to perform the shift toward low carbon fuel technologies within Swedish short sea shipping (SSS) and inland waterway transportation (IWT) based on a set of criteria designed to reflect all aspects of the implementation of an alternative fuel pathway implementation. Those criteria are divided into 5 different categories which are technological, technical, economic, environmental, and finally social. There are 2 main categories to consider for low carbon fuels, biofuels and electrofuels. Fossil fuels are also included within the study so that the alternative pathways get compared not only with one another but also with the current marine fuels. The first comparison between different alternative fuel pathways is relevant to choose the most promising and feasible one while the comparison between a chosen alternative fuelpathway and the main marine fossil fuels is what stakeholders will look at when considering an alternativefuel pathway implementation challenge. The electrofuels included within the comparison are ammonia and hydrogen within 2 similar pathways which include production using water electrolysis and renewableelectricity (the carbon intensity of the Swedish grid is considered) before consumption within fuel cells (FC)instead of internal combustion engines (ICE). Those electrofuels end up with the last ranks within the comparison due to low technological maturity, technical and economic challenges remaining and social issued to address despite being the most environmentally promising pathways. Biofuel’s pathways on the other hand include both fischer tropsch diesel (FTD) and bio-methanol production using as feedstock various mixes of black liquor (BL) andpyrolysis oil (PO). FTD ends up as the most promising alternative fuel pathway within the whole studywhile bio-methanol appears more challenging but also more promising toward environmental criteria. / Klimatförändringarna innebär stora utmaningar för alla branscher världen över. Den beror främst på antropogen aktivitet och energikonsumtion som orsakar utsläpp av växthusgaser bland andra miljöeffekter och förväntas få stora konsekvenser för våra samhällen globalt. Av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser kommer omkring en fjärdedel från alla typer av transporter, eftersom transporterna är starkt beroende avfossila bränslen. Under de senaste åren har man sett en ökande andel elektrifiering inom personbilsindustrin,men kommersiella transporter är inte lika benägna att elektrifieras och andra vägar till avkolning studeras. Sjöfarten står för cirka 90 % av världens kommersiella transportarbete och är därför en nyckelspelare i övergången till koldioxidsnåla transporter. Den är uteslutande beroende av fossila bränslen med olika typer av oljebaserade bränslen som historiska bränsleleverantörer och har sett en snabb ökning av andelen flytande naturgas (LNG) under det senaste decenniet. Internationella sjöfartsorganisationen (IMO) har dock fastställt ambitiösa mål för minskning av utsläppen för sjöfarten, och tekniker för alternativa bränslen anses vara enr elevant väg, om inte den mest lovande, för att uppnå en sjöfart med låga koldioxidutsläpp eller till och med utan koldioxidutsläpp. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera och jämföra olika alternativa bränslen som finns tillgängliga för att genomföra övergången till bränsleteknik med låga koldioxidutsläpp inom svensk närsjöfart (SSS) och transport på inre vattenvägar (IWT) utifrån en uppsättning kriterier som är utformade för att återspegla alla aspekter av genomförandet av en alternativ bränslesatsning. Dessa kriterier är indelade i fem olika kategorier som är tekniska, tekniska, ekonomiska, miljömässiga och slutligen sociala. Det finns två huvudkategorier att ta hänsyn till när det gäller bränslen med låga koldioxidutsläpp, nämligen biobränslen och elektrobränslen. Fossila bränslen ingår också i studien så att de alternativa vägarna inte bara jämförs med varandra utan också med de nuvarande marina bränslena. Den första jämförelsen mellan olika alternativa bränslevägar är relevant för att välja den mest lovande och genomförbara, medan jämförelsen mellan en vald alternativ bränsleväg och de viktigaste marina fossila bränslena är vad intressenterna kommer att titta på när de överväger att genomföra en alternativ bränsleväg. De elektrobränslen som ingår i jämförelsen är ammoniak och vätgas inom två liknande vägar som omfattar produktion med hjälp av vattenelektrolys och förnybar el (det svenska elnätets koldioxidintensitet beaktas) innan de förbrukas i bränsleceller i stället för i förbränningsmotorer. Dessa elektrobränslen hamnar på de sista platserna i jämförelsen på grund av låg teknisk mognad, återstående tekniska och ekonomiska utmaningar och sociala problem som måste lösas, trots att de är de miljömässigt mest lovande vägarna. Biobränslevägar omfattar å andra sidan både fischer tropsch diesel(FTD) och produktion av biometanol med olika blandningar av svartlut (BL) och pyrolysolja (PO) som råmaterial. FTD är den mest lovande alternativa bränslevägen i hela studien, medan bio-metanol verkar vara en större utmaning men också mer lovande när det gäller miljökriterier.