Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning / Brent Chamberlain / Growing urban populations and the increasing prevalence of the millennial generation are profoundly changing personal travel behaviors and patterns. As a result, cities, planners, and developers must understand and act upon the shifting preferences and expectations of these public transit users in order to align costly public transit services with user needs in efficient ways. While public transit systems are becoming an increasingly vital part of urban life, few jurisdictions have considered the need to tailor these systems to millennials – those most likely to incorporate public transit into their daily lives. This paper examines the travel behaviors of University Students engaged in a forced travel intervention caused by a sudden relocation of their work site. The change in work location encouraged the use of a free public transit system as means of commuting. Longitudinal survey results, taken pre and post-intervention, indicate statistical differences between transit preferences and actual habits related to transit use and other modes of travel. Survey findings suggest that there is a statistically significant difference between the stated willingness and actual travel behaviors of public transit users and of drivers, and that modal shifts can assist in overcoming the attitude/behavior split related to personal travel among millennials.

Today the regional railway system lacks the capacity at the central station in order to meet the demand for both the public and freight transportation. The West link is a railway infrastructure project that is expected to both increase train commuting and also increase the train capacity at the central station in Gothenburg. The purpose of this thesis work is to do an elastic demand analysis between car traffic and the West Link in modal shift to determine how many travelers will change mode. Also traffic simulations will be made to investigate the traffic conditions around the stations when the West link has been implemeted. The simulation results showed that nowadays there are congestions on the major highways and some of the smaller low capacity roads. In the future, congestions will become more significant if no countermeasures are implemented like the West link. In the elastic demand analysis the results were overall around 47% – 51% on a demand of between 350 000 – 400 000 trips. As a conclusion it cannot be said whether the West link will ease the pressure on car traffic or not. The reasons are that the population will increase about 100 000 inhabitants until 2030 and the West link is assumed by the region to have this amount of travelers each day. This would result in the same traffic pressure as today with congestions in certain parts. If the number of West link users will be around 200 000, as the results of this thesis shows, then the West link will ease the pressure on car traffic.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro Riquetti.pdf: 3330851 bytes, checksum: c7b3461400e9e6d802395b99ad09a901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-13 / The profile of the Brazilian transport mode, mainly roads, has caused many problems for society and organizations. Among them are: the poor condition of roads, bringing risks of accidents and the rising cost of transportation, increased levels of congestion in metropolitan areas and ports, generating more pollution and, difficulty in disposing of the crop, especially for export due to low productivity of road transport over long distances. One possible solution to replace the use of road transport is intermodal transport (Modal Shift). However, there are bottlenecks that need to be overcome in order to encourage the use of intermodal transport by shippers. The speed of the railroad is still low compared to other countries. On some routes, rail fares are high compared to highways and transhipment terminals have low productivity, making the transit time high. In this context, this study aimed to identify the influence of Modal Shift in the relationship between Performance Management and Logistics. Based on theories of business logistics, this study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage of exploratory nature, aimed at, to know more deeply the management of logistics and intermodal transport processes. The data collected through interviews and processed by content analysis revealed important factors for the continuation of the second step. Thus, with the results of the previous step, we carried out the research of a descriptive nature in order to identify the influence of modal shift in the relationship between performance and logistics management. To this end, we used semi-structured questionnaires and applied with the managers of member companies will ANDA (National Association for the Promotion of Fertilizers). The responses collected were processed by descriptive statistics and multivariate, and showed that: a) intermodal (modal shift), although presented as mediating variable between the logistics management and performance, it falls short of being considered influential on the performance and logistics; b) logistics performance for the domestic fertilizer industry may result from actions such as reducing waste products when changing modes, increase the speed of trains, increase productivity in transhipment terminals and warehouses and employ more efficiently the information technology. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the Modal Shift is used by logistics managers as a means to seek a balance between the rates charged by road and rail and also there is a long way to moving toward competitive advantage, based on logistics. / O perfil da matriz brasileira de transportes, predominantemente rodoviário, tem causado diversos problemas à sociedade e às organizações. Dentre eles, destacam-se: o mau estado de conservação das rodovias, trazendo riscos de acidentes e elevando o custo do transporte; aumento dos níveis de congestionamento das regiões metropolitanas e portuárias, gerando mais poluição e; dificuldade de escoamento da safra, principalmente para exportação, devido à baixa produtividade do transporte rodoviário em longas distâncias. Uma solução possível em substituição ao uso do transporte rodoviário é o transporte intermodal (Modal Shift). Entretanto, existem gargalos que precisam ser superados de maneira a incentivar o uso do transporte intermodal pelos embarcadores. A velocidade das ferrovias ainda é baixa em comparação a outros países. Em algumas rotas, as tarifas ferroviárias são altas em comparação às rodovias e os terminais de transbordo têm baixa produtividade, tornando o tempo de trânsito elevado. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a influência do Modal Shift na relação entre Gestão Logística e Desempenho. Fundamentado nas teorias da logística empresarial, este estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, de natureza exploratória, teve por objetivo, conhecer com maior profundidade a gestão logística e os processos de transportes intermodais. Os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e tratadas pela análise de conteúdo revelaram fatores importantes para o prosseguimento da segunda etapa. Assim, de posse dos resultados da etapa anterior, realizou-se a pesquisa de natureza descritiva com o objetivo de identificar a influência do modal shift na relação entre a gestão logística e o desempenho. Para tanto, utilizou-se de questionários semi-estruturados e aplicados juntos aos gestores de empresas associadas á ANDA (Associação Nacional para a Difusão de Adubos). As respostas coletadas foram tratadas pelas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas, e revelaram que: a) a intermodalidade (modal shift), embora tenha apresentado como variável mediadora entre a gestão logística e desempenho, ela está aquém de ser considerada influenciadora sobre o desempenho logístico e; b) o desempenho logístico para a indústria nacional de fertilizantes pode ser decorrente de ações como: reduzir o desperdício de produtos durante a troca de modais, aumentar a velocidade dos trens, aumentar a produtividade nos terminais de transbordo e armazéns e empregar com mais eficiência a tecnologia da informação. Por conta destes resultados, pode-se concluir que o Modal Shift é utilizado pelos gestores de logística como meio para buscar o equilíbrio entre as tarifas praticadas pelo transporte ferroviário e o rodoviário e, ainda, existe um longo percurso a ser caminhado para a vantagem competitiva, baseado na logística.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-04T21:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 washingtonluizpereirasoares.pdf: 3570054 bytes, checksum: fbef250ccbd05106267a8dca84156af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-19 / Esta dissertação examina o conceito de Modal Shift na gestão de negócios prestados em serviços logísticos com a atividade de um operador de transporte multimodal. O eixo epistemológico é o conceito de Modal Shift que é o estudo inserido em escolha das características dos modais de transporte, com relação aos fatores de emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GHG). No que tange a metodologia, a pesquisa estudo de caso exploratório, revela os dados funcionais do Modal Shift por meio dos serviços da empresa ITRI Rodoferrovia e Serviços Ltda., na atividade de OTM - Operador de Transporte Multimodal. Os métodos de coleta de dados utilizados foram: pesquisas bibliográficas, entrevistas, observação dos modelos de programas de transporte públicos e privados, relatórios corporativos e documentos extraídos diretamente da empresa investigada. As construções teóricas do conceito de Modal Shift sobre a questão das emissões e da influência dos modos são verificadas com a revisão da literatura por: Rodrigue, J. P.; Comtois, C.; Slack, B. (1999); Bravo, M. L. (2000); Ruesch, M.; Rapp, A.G.I.; Zurich, P. (2001); Geerts, J. F. (2002); Ogawa, K. (2004); Bontekoning, Y.M.; Macharis, C.; Trip, J.J. (2004); Bloemhof, J.; Van Nunen, J. (2005); Okano, H. (2006); Blauwens, G.; Vandaele, D.N.; Voorde, E.C.; Vernimmen, B.; Witlox, F. (2006); Akabane, G.K. (2009). A pesquisa de campo ocorreu no Porto de Santos na observação de modelos de Modal Shift para explorar a ferrovia na gestão de transporte de contêineres, por remoção aduaneira de carga, do Município de Santos SP para o Município de Suzano SP, em direção ao CRAGEA - Companhia Regional de Armazéns Gerais e Entreposto Aduaneiro. O método de difusão da visão de sustentabilidade da empresa é o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) que possibilita expor a visão estratégica da multimodalidade aos colaboradores e stakeholders, a partir de indicadores específicos, para gestão e controle do impacto ambiental, na participação do setor privado por serviços públicos em transporte de cargas. O método de cálculo de emissões estipulado no Greenhouse Gas Protocol publicado pelo World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), foi utilizado neste estudo de caso como um parâmetro técnico para calcular as emissões de GHG, com base em fatores de emissões específicos de cada modal, a partir de dados da ITRI. O resultado quantitativo de CO2 foi obtido considerando-se a movimentação de 500 (quinhentas) toneladas, movimentadas em contêineres, em ambas as modalidades investigadas. Para análise, verificou-se a ecoeficiência das modalidades na distância de 140 km no sistema unimodal combinado Rota A ([100 km] por ferrovia) adicionando a Rota B ([40 km] por ferrovia), que obteve o montante de emissões em apenas 2,04 t de CO2. No sistema unimodal combinado Rota A ([100 km] por rodovia) adicionando a Rota B ([40 km] por rodovia) as emissões acumuladas totalizaram 183,6 t de CO2. Finalmente, na multimodalidade foi considerado o uso da ferrovia, para a maior parte do percurso (100 km) e o modal rodoviário em 40 km para a distribuição física para minimizar o nível de emissões que atingiu o montante de 53,4 t de CO2. Concluiu-se, que, no transporte multimodal, os modelos de Modal Shift podem ser mais eco-eficientes à medida que se minimize o consumo de energia e obtenha-se maior produtividade por modal, para uma matriz de transporte mais sustentável no transporte de cargas.

Focus of this bachelor thesis is on examining the port located in Köping, thus a holistic view of maritime transportation is adapted in relation to the examined companies in the region and their global trade. The aim of this study is to examine the current situation and the potential to increase transportation of goods by maritime transportation and what criteria are the most important for different industrial/customer segments. The aim is divided into three research questions: • RQ1: Which decision criterions are considered in selection of transportation mode? • RQ2: What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the different transportation modes? • RQ3: When is maritime transportation preferable to road and railway? The research approach used in order to answer the aim and research questions were; literature review to gain an understanding of freight transportation in a broad context. To narrow down the area, freight transportation practice in the Swedish setting have been examined. Data collection for the Swedish setting have been collected through reports published by the national authorities. Lastly, data for freight transportation in the region of Western Mälardalen has been collected through a case study.Several criterions were found to be of importance during a transportation mode decision, as well as interrelationships between criterions. The identified criterions were cost, reliability and time, frequency and volume and lastly specific goods need. This was found to be in line with theoretical framework, especially the fact that the mode decision is vastly complex and highly depended upon which industry is making the decision, that is the context. A comparison of the modes was made to specify the benefits and downfalls with each mode for answering research question 2. Furthermore, an important identification is the gap between transportation purchaser and providers view of the reliability criterion. This difference can create a gap making it difficult to attract customers to maritime transportation. It is recommended that a thorough investigation is needed in order to examine what aspect of reliability is achievable and realistic in maritime transportation in general and for Köping´s Port in particular.

Le transport intérieur de marchandises de l’Union européenne (UE) se caractérise par la domination du transport routier. En tant que mode le plus utilisé, le transport routier génère les coûts externes les plus considérables. Il est le responsable principal de la congestion routière et des émissions de CO2 qui sont les deux problèmes majeurs du système européen de transport de marchandises. Pour lutter contre ces deux problèmes, l’UE investit des fonds publics dédiés à la construction de nouvelles infrastructures afin d’augmenter leur capacité et de répondre à la demande de transport. De plus, elle favorise les solutions permettant d’alléger les trafics routiers comme le transfert modal d’une partie du trafic routier saturé vers d’autres modes moins polluants. Dans ce contexte, l’UE a promu les autoroutes de la mer (AdM). Nous avons analysé le contexte de développement des AdM, leur positionnement dans le système de transport et leur perspective de développement dans l’UE pour clarifier leur concept et étayer leur pertinence. En effet, pour répondre aux objectifs de l’UE de l’éliminer la congestion routière et de réduire les émissions de CO2, les AdM sont développées pour diminuer le trafic des poids lourds circulant sur les routes. Dans ce cas, la technique du navire roulier permettant de transporter des poids lourds semble adaptée. Les AdM constituent un nouveau parcours pour la construction d’itinéraire d’acheminement des marchandises des transporteurs routiers. Elles offrent une solution moins couteuse que le « tout routier ». En utilisant les AdM, les transporteurs routiers peuvent réduire les émissions de CO2 dues à leur activité grâce à la diminution de la distance routière parcourue. Ainsi, les AdM constituent un mode de transport complémentaire du transport routier. Dans le cadre de la France, les trafics routiers de marchandises se composent d’une part important des flux de transit. De plus, à cause des obstacles naturels à la frontière tels que les Pyrénées, les Alpes et la Manche, les flux de transit se concentrent sur deux axes routiers principaux : l’un, du nord au sud de la France et l’autre, à bord de la Méditerranée. En favorisant le transfert modal de la route vers la mer, la mise en œuvre des AdM permet d’alléger les trafics sur ces axes. Dans ce contexte opérationnel, les ports jouent ainsi un rôle important. Situé au nord de la France, le port du Havre serait impliqué pour alléger le trafic routier du nord au sud de la France. Ainsi, nous avons étudié le cas du port du Havre pour évaluer la possibilité de ce transfert modal. / The inland freight transport in the European Union is characterized by the domination of road transport. As the most used, road transport generates the most significant external costs. It is primarily responsible for traffic congestion and CO2 emissions which are the two major problems of the European system of freight transport. To fight against these problems, the EU invests public funds dedicated to the construction of new infrastructure to increase capacity and meet the demand for transport. In addition, it promotes solutions to alleviate road traffic as a modal shift from road traffic saturated to less polluting modes. In this context, the EU has promoted the motorways of the sea (MoS). We analyzed the development context MoS, their position in the transportation system and development prospect in the European Union to clarify its concept and its relevance. In order to meet the objectives of the EU to eliminate congestion and reduce CO2 emissions, MoS are developed to reduce the heavy vehicle driven on the road. In this case, the technique of rollon/ roll-off to carry heavy weight seems appropriate. MoS are new routes for the construction of routings goods hauliers. They offer a less expensive than the "all roads" solution. Using MoS, hauliers can reduce CO2 emissions thank to reducing the roadway travel. For this reason, the MoS are a complementary mode of road transport. In France, road freight traffic accounts for a large number of transit flows. Also, the number of border crossings is limited due to natural barriers of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the English Channel. Congestion is therefore serious on two main roads: one from north to south of France and the other go along the Mediterranean Sea. Promoting modal shift from road to sea by the implementation of MoS, part of the traffic of these axes and points of saturated transition could be carried over the sea. Ports thus play an important role to make the shift from land to sea. Located in northern France, the port of Le Havre can be involved to ease the traffic from north to south of France. We studied the case of the port of Le Havre to assess the feasibility of this modal shift.

Godstransporter på väg förväntas öka avsevärt i framtiden om inga åtgärder vidtas. Politiska beslutfattare är medvetna om att situationen inte är hållbar och föreslår en bättre användning av alternativa transporter, vilket innefattar järnvägstransporter i en intermodal transport. Genom ett intermodalt system går det att uppnå kostnadsbesparingar och ett högre nyttjande av järnvägstransporter eftersom intermodala transporter möjliggör kombinationen av de specifika fördelar som varje transportslag har. Denna studie undersöker befintliga problem med implementeringen av intermodala transporter och vad det finns för alternativa lösningar som potentiellt kan främja intermodala transporter. Studien tar utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning om intermodala transporter och empirisk insamlat material från intervjupersoner inom branschen samt relevant data från rapporter. Det framkommer problem vid omlastningen och vid framkomligheten på järnvägen vilket har en negativ påverkan på kostnaden, tillförlitligheten samt snabbheten av transporten. Det framkommer även att flera transportrelationer och en högre frekvens av tjänster är en förutsättning för att intermodala transporter ska kunna producera kortare transporttider. Utmaningen med flera transportförhållanden i Sverige har varit att nyttjandegraden vid terminaler har varit låg eftersom det inte finns ett tillräckligt högt flöde mellan dessa relationer för att skapa en lönsamhet. Tågoperatörer anser att en högre hastighet och en högre lastvikt skulle innebära en ökad konkurrenskraft på marknaden. En högre hastighet och en högre lastvikt skulle även innebära en högre framkomlighet och en större mängd gods per transport. Omlastningen skulle dock fortfarande påverka tillförlitligheten och flexibiliteten negativt. Studien har undersökt Flexiwaggon som en alternativ intermodal transportlösning som potentiellt kan främja intermodala transporter. Flexiwaggon är likt den alternativa transportlösningen RoLa vars vision är att flytta vägtransporter till järnvägen. Gemensamt för båda lösningar är att främja användandet av intermodala transporter. Flexiwaggon visar potential vid omlastningen på grund av flexibiliteten genom den automatiserade omlastningstekniken. Detta betyder potentiellt besparande på terminal, personal och tillhörande omlastning utrustning. Det som talar emot Flexiwaggon är investeringskostnaden av vagnlösningen. Tågoperatörer investerar ofta i hela tågsätt och skulle behöva byta ut sitt befintliga tågsätt vilket minskar tågoperatörernas incitament för en alternativ intermodal transportlösning som Flexiwaggon eftersom kostnaden blir hög. / Road freight transport is expected to increase significantly in the future if no action is taken. Policymakers are aware that the situation is not sustainable and propose better use of alternative transport, which includes rail transport in intermodal transport. An intermodal system makes it possible to achieve cost savings and higher use of rail transport, as intermodal transport enables the combination of the specific advantages of each mode of transport. This study examines existing problems with the implementation of intermodal transport and what alternative solutions exist that could potentially promote intermodal transport. The study is based on previous research on intermodal transport and empirical collected material from interviewees in the industry as well as relevant data from reports. Problems emerge during transhipment and accessibility on the railway, which has a negative impact on the cost, reliability and speed of transport. It also emerges that several transport relationships and a higher frequency of services are a prerequisite for intermodal transport to produce shorter transport times. The challenge with several transport conditions in Sweden has been that the utilization rate at terminals has been low because there is not a sufficiently high flow between these relationships to create profitability. Train operators believe that a higher speed and a higher load weight would mean increased competitiveness in the market. A higher speed and a higher load weight would also mean greater accessibility and a greater amount of goods per transport. However, the transshipment would still have a negative impact on reliability and flexibility. The study has investigated Flexiwaggon as an alternative intermodal transport solution that could potentially promote intermodal transport. Flexiwaggon is similar to the alternative transport solution RoLa whose vision is to move road transport to the railway. Common to both solutions is to promote the use of intermodal transport. Flexiwaggon shows potential in transhipment due to the flexibility of automated transhipment technology. This means potential saving on terminal, personnel and associated transhipment equipment. What speaks against Flexiwaggon is the investment cost of the wagon solution. Train operators often invest in entire trainsets and would need to replace their existing trainset, reducing train operators' incentives for an alternative intermodal transport solution such as Flexiwaggon as the cost is high.

L’étude de la mobilité domicile-travail fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches visant à décrire et analyser les caractéristiques des actifs et de leurs déplacements. En France, ces études se concentrent principalement sur les individus vivant dans les espaces fonctionnels construits autour des agglomérations, les aires urbaines. Cette thèse vise à fournir une lecture complémentaire de ces travaux en étudiant les personnes qui se déplacent entre aires urbaines : les actifs interurbains.À partir d’une approche quantitative à l’échelle de la France continentale, menée principalement grâce aux bases de données du recensement de la population, une qualification des actifs interurbains est proposée. Nos résultats montrent une diversité des profils d’actifs en matière de caractéristiques sociodémographiques, ainsi qu’une pluralité de types de liaisons réalisées entre les différents espaces des aires urbaines. Nos travaux mettent également en évidence l’importance de l’usage de la voiture, principal mode de transport utilisé par les actifs interurbains. Aussi, malgré leur poids relativement faible dans la population des aires urbaines grandes et moyennes en France, ces actifs qui se déplacent sur de grandes distances en voiture sont alors responsables d’un volume important d’émissions de CO2.Ce dernier résultat a conduit à quantifier des potentiels de report modal des déplacements des interurbains de la voiture vers le réseau ferroviaire afin de réduire le volume de ces émissions. Nos résultats démontrent l’existence de leviers permettant de réduire théoriquement ces émissions liées à l’usage de l’automobile. Le facteur spatial, à différentes échelles, joue un rôle important dans les différences entre potentiels. Enfin, nous avons également montré que ces mesures ont des conséquences sociales distinctes, en matière de coût, en fonction des professions et catégories socioprofessionnelles / Commuter mobility is the subject of numerous studies meaning to describe and analyze the characteristics of commuters and their movements. In France, these studies focus primarily on people living in the functional area built around cities, called French urban areas. This thesis aims to provide supplementary insight on this topic by studying people moving between those French urban areas: intercity commuters.Analysing the French mainland population thought a quantitative approach conducted using census databases, measurement and qualification of long-distance commuters are proposed. Our results show a diversity of commuters in terms of demographic profile and spatial connections. The important use of the car as the primary mode of transport is emphasized. Despite their relatively low weight in the population of large and medium-sized urban areas in France, those commuters, who travel over long distances by car, are responsible for significant volumes of CO2 emissions.This result led to quantify the potential modal shift from car to rail. Our results demonstrate the existence of levers to theoretically reduce car use and thus the importance of its emissions. The influence of the spatial factor, at different scales, is attested. Furthermore such policies would have different consequences in terms of cost for the various professions and socio-professional categories

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the potential effects of the planned Brenner Pass opening in 2028. The thesis is divided into 3 studies: in the first, we will provide a methodological description of possible approaches to be used in this type of analysis. In the second, we will propose an experiment to understand if it is possible to exploit the default effect to induce a modal shift towards the most sustainable means of transportation: the train. In the third study, we will conduct a simulation by applying the model constructed by Monte et al in 2018. The simulation results demonstrate that the opening of the Brenner Base Tunnel will lead to an increase in welfa re in the Trentino Alto Adige region (+0.2%), along with other socio economic changes such as increased commuting and housing costs. Theresults of the second study highlight the potential of a simple policy based on the default effect, pushing over half ( 54%) of the participants to repeatedly choose the most sustainable option.

Introduction: To reduce pollution from motorized private cars, a modal shift toward more sustainable modes, such as public transport, is desired. A first step to achieving this is the subscription to a public transport ticket. It was investigated if an extended version of the theory of planned behavior is suited to predict subscription to a public transport ticket, and if environmental concern—the channel through which many sustainable transport modes are advertised—plays a significant role. It was further examined if nudging serves as an effective measure in convincing employees to subscribe to the offered ticket. Nudges encourage desired behaviors by changing the information set that individuals face when taking decisions; in this paper, this includes favorable defaults and the manipulation of the social norm. Since nudges lack a coherent theory, it was tested if these nudges can be integrated into the aforementioned theory. Method: - By means of an online experiment, participants (N = 373) were randomly assigned to different nudging conditions or a control condition. The questionnaire mimicked a working contract, including the decision for or against a subscription to the ticket. - Results: Results of structural equation modeling revealed that the theory predicted the purchase decision well, yet the impact of environmental concern was surprisingly low. Most tickets were purchased in the default condition, but no nudge reached statistical significance. - Discussion and Conclusion: The limitations of nudging in the transport sector are discussed, along with the effectiveness of advertising public transport through an environmental lens.