Extracting the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuations from an audio recording and comparing it to a reference database is a new technology intended to perform forensic digital audio authentication. The objective of this thesis is to implement and design a range of programs and algorithms for capturing and extracting ENF signals. The developed C-program combined with a probe can be used to build the reference database. Our implementation of the Short-Time Fourier Transform method is intended for the ENF extraction of longer signals while our novel proposed use of the Autoregressive parametric method and our implementation of the zero-crossing approach tackle the case of shorter recordings. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed to facilitate the process of extracting the ENF fluctuations. The whole process is tested and evaluated for various scenarios ranging from long to short recordings.

Master´s thesis is focused to analyse the acoustic and electomagnetic emission signals. These signals generate external power applied on the material. This power put there plastic deformation and create cracks. Spectral analyse show that signals are non-stationary. Wavelet transformation was used to spectral analyse which informate about time-frequence vaules of the signal.

[ES] Los motores eléctricos son máquinas eléctricas rotatorias que permiten realizar la conversión de energía eléctrica en energía mecánica, misma que resulta de gran utilidad en diversos procesos industriales, principalmente para accionar mecanismos y cadenas cinemáticas complejas que ejecutan alguna tarea en específico. Dentro de los distintos tipos de motores eléctricos, las máquinas de inducción se han utilizado ampliamente en una gran variedad de procesos industriales. Esto se debe principalmente a sus excelentes características y prestaciones, como lo son: robustez, fácil control, simplicidad, confiabilidad, y fácil mantenimiento. Sin embargo, a pesar de su elevada robustez, este tipo de máquinas se encuentran sujetas a esfuerzos mecánicos, térmicos, eléctricos y ambientales bajo diversas condiciones de operación durante su vida útil, lo que de forma inevitable conduce a fallos. Los principales fallos que suelen presentarse en los motores eléctricos de inducción son aquellos relacionados a sus componentes internos como lo son barras de rotor rotas, desgaste en las pistas exterior e interior en los rodamientos, desgaste en la jaula del rodamiento, fallas en el estator (por ejemplo, cortocircuito entre espiras adyacentes), entre otros. Cuando un motor eléctrico se encuentra operando bajo alguna condición de falla su rendimiento puede verse afectado, lo que se traduce en consumos de energía más elevados, causando a su vez costos extras al momento de facturar. En este trabajo de investigación se presenta el desarrollo de una metodología innovadora, capaz de generar un diagnóstico adecuado y de forma automática de la ocurrencia de las fallas más comunes que pueden desarrollarse en los motores eléctricos de inducción bajo diversas condiciones de operación mediante el análisis del flujo magnético de dispersión (que puede ser capturado en la periferia del marco del motor) empleando herramientas de descomposición en tiempo-frecuencia, herramientas de clasificación de datos y parámetros de caracterización de señales. Así entonces, se prueba la validez de técnicas basadas en el análisis del flujo magnético de dispersión para el diagnóstico de distintas fallas electromecánicas en motores de inducción. Los resultados demuestran el excelente desempeño de la metodología de diagnóstico automático propuesta, al ser evaluada en una gran variedad de motores con diversas características constructivas. / [CA] Els motors elèctrics són màquines elèctriques rotatòries que permeten realitzar la conversió d'energia elèctrica en energia mecànica, la qual cosa resulta de gran utilitat en diversos processos industrials, principalment per a accionar mecanismes i cadenes cinemàtiques complexes que executen alguna tasca en específic. Dins dels diferents tipus de motors elèctrics, les màquines d'inducció s'han utilitzat àmpliament en una gran varietat de processos industrials. Això es deu principalment a les seues excel·lents característiques i prestacions, com ara robustesa, fàcil control, simplicitat, fiabilitat i fàcil manteniment. No obstant això, malgrat la seua elevada robustesa, aquest tipus de màquines estan sotmeses a esforços mecànics, tèrmics, elèctrics i ambientals en diverses condicions d'operació durant la seua vida útil, la qual cosa inevitablement condueix a fallades. Les principals fallades que solen presentar-se en els motors elèctrics d'inducció són aquelles relacionades amb els seus components interns, com ara barres de rotor trencades, desgast en les pistes exterior i interior dels rodaments, desgast en la gàbia del rodaments, fallades en l'estator (per exemple, curtcircuit entre espires adjacents), entre altres. Quan un motor elèctric està funcionant sota alguna condició de fallada, el seu rendiment pot veure's afectat, la qual cosa es tradueix en consums d'energia més elevats, causant al seu torn costos addicionals en el moment de facturar. En aquest treball d'investigació es presenta el desenvolupament d'una metodologia innovadora, capaç de generar un diagnòstic adequat i de forma automàtica de l'ocurrència de les fallades més comunes que poden desenvolupar-se en els motors elèctrics d'inducció sota diverses condicions d'operació mitjançant l'anàlisi del flux magnètic de dispersió (que pot ser capturat en la perifèria del marc del motor) emprant eines de descomposició en temps-freqüència, eines de classificació de dades i paràmetres de caracterització de senyals. Així doncs, es prova la validesa de tècniques basades en l'anàlisi del flux magnètic de dispersió per al diagnòstic de diferents fallades electromecàniques en motors d'inducció. Els resultats demostren l'excellent rendiment de la metodologia de diagnòstic automàtic proposada, en ser avaluada en una gran varietat de motors amb diverses característiques constructives. / [EN] Electric motors are rotating electrical machines that allow the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, which is very useful in various industrial processes, mainly to drive mechanisms and complex kinematic chains that perform a specific task. Within the different types of electric motors, induction machines have been widely used in a wide variety of industrial processes. This is mainly due to its excellent features and benefits, such as robustness, easy control, simplicity, reliability, and easy maintenance. However, despite its high robustness, this type of machine is subject to mechanical, thermal, electrical, and environmental stress under various operating conditions during its useful life, which inevitably leads to failures. The main failures that usually occur in electric induction motors are those related to their internal components, such as broken rotor bars, wear on the outer and inner races of the bearings, wear on the bearing cage, stator failures ( for example, short circuit between adjacent turns), among others. When an electric motor is operating under some fault condition, its performance may be affected, which translates into higher energy consumption, causing extra costs at the time of billing. This research thesis presents the development of an innovative methodology capable of automatically generating an adequate diagnosis of the occurrence of the most common failures that can develop in electric induction motors under various operating conditions through the analysis of the stray magnetic flux (which can be captured at the periphery of the motor frame). This is performed by using time-frequency decomposition tools, data classification tools, and signal characterization parameters. Thus, the validity of techniques based on the analysis of the stray magnetic flux for the diagnosis of different electromechanical failures in induction motors is tested. The results demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed automatic diagnosis methodology when evaluated in a wide variety of engines with different construction characteristics. / Zamudio Ramírez, I. (2023). Diagnóstico de fallos electromecánicos en motores eléctricos mediante el análisis avanzado del flujo magnético y su implementación en hardware [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/197989

Diese Dissertation ist dem Studium temperierter Distributionen mittels mikrolokaler Methoden gewidmet. Die fundamentale Größe der mikrolokalen Analysis, die Wellenfrontmenge, wird durch zwei analoge Konzepte ersetzt, die den pseudo-differentiellen SG- und Shubin-Kalkülen zugeordnet sind. Die Eigenschaften dieser globalen Wellenfrontmengen werden studiert und ferner werden unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten, diese globalen Singularitäten zu charakterisieren, untersucht, insbesondere mittels der FBI-Transformation. Zahlreiche Konstruktionen, die den klassischen Wellenfrontmengenbegriff beinhalten, werden in den globalen Kontext übersetzt, insbesondere Rechenoperationen mit temperierten Distributionen wie etwa (getwistete) Produkte, Pull-backs und Paarungen, für die mikrolokale Existenzkriterien angegeben werden. Als eine Anwendung wird eine Klasse von temperierten Oszillatorintegralen eingeführt, welche durch inhomogene Phasenfunktionen und Amplituden aus SG-Symbolklassen parametrisiert werden. Die SG-Wellenfrontmengen dieser Distributionen werden untersucht und es stellt sich heraus, dass diese durch eine Verallgemeinerung der Menge stationärer Punkte der Phasenfunktionen beschränkt werden. In diesem Kontext wird eine Verallgemeinerung des klassischen Begriffs einer konischen Lagrange-Untermannifaltigkeit des T*R^d vorgenommen und diese Objekte werden auf ihre Parametrisierungseigenschaften untersucht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass jedes solche Objekt lokal als die Menge der stationären Punkte einer SG-Phasenfunktion realisiert werden kann. Als weitere Anwendung werden einige Konstruktionen der axiomatischen Quantenfeldtheorie, die Distributionen beinhalten, im temperierten Kontext realisiert.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sinais diversos estão presentes em nosso cotidiano, assim como nas medidas realizadas nas atividades de ciência e tecnologia. Dentre estes sinais, tem grande importância tecnológica aqueles associados à corrosão de estruturas metálicas. Assim, esta tese propõe o estudo de um esquema local de transformada de Fourier janelada, com a janela variando em função da curtose, aplicada a sinais de ruído eletroquímico. A curtose foi avaliada nos domínios do tempo e da frequência e processada pelo programa desenvolvido para esse fim. O esquema foi aplicado a sinais de ruído eletroquímico dos aços UNS S31600, UNS G10200 e UNS S32750 imersos em três soluções: FeCl3 0,1 mol=L (cloreto férrico), H2SO4 5%(ácido sulfúrico) e NaOH 0,1%(hidróxido de sódio). Para os aços inoxidáveis, estas soluções promovem corrosão localizada, uniforme e passivação, respectivamente. Visando testar o desempenho do esquema de Fourier desenvolvido, testes foram realizados utilizando-se inicialmente sinais sintéticos e em seguida sinais de ruído eletroquímico. Notou-se que os sinais têm características de não-estacionaridade e a maior parte da energia está presente em baixa frequência. Os intervalos de tempo e de frequência onde se concentra a maior parte da energia do sinal foram correlacionados. Para os picos máximos dos sinais de potencial e corrente obtidos de amperimetria de resistência nula, a correlação entre eles foi baixa, independente da forma de corrosão presente. Conclui-se que o método se adaptou bastante bem às características locais do sinal eletroquímico permitindo o monitoramento dos espectros tempo-frequência. O fato de ser sensível às características locais do sinal permite analisar aspectos dos sinais que do modo clássico não podem ser diretamente processados. O método da transformada de Fourier janelada variável (Variable Short-Time Fourier Transform - VSTFT) adaptou-se muito bem no monitoramento dos sinais originados de potencial de circuito aberto e amperimetria de resistência nula. / Several signals are present in our daily lives, as well as in the measurements from scientific and technological procedures. Among these signals, it has great technological importance those associated with corrosion of metallic structures. Thus, this thesis considers a local windowed Fourier transform, varying according to the kurtosis of signals, applied to electrochemical noise. The kurtosis was assessed in the kurtosis of the time and frequency domains and evaluated by the software developed for this purpose. The scheme has been applied to electrochemical noise signals of UNS S31600, UNS G10200 and UNS S32750 steels immersed in three solutions: FeCl3 0.1 mol=L (ferric chloride), H2SO4 5 % (sulfuric acid) and NaOH 0.1 % (sodium hydroxide). For stainless steels, these solutions cause localized corrosion, uniform corrosion and passivation, respectively. To test the performance of the proposed Fourier scheme, tests were conducted initially using synthetic signal and then electrochemical noise signals. It is worth noticing that the signals have non-stationary characteristics and most part of its energy is present at low frequency. The time and frequency intervals which concentrate most part of the energy of the signal were correlated. For the maximum peaks of the potential and current signals obtained by zero resistance ammeter, the correlation between them was low, regardless of the form of present corrosion. We conclude that the method is well adapted to the local features of the electrochemical signal allowing the monitoring of time-frequency spectograms. As the method is sensitive to the local features of the sign, it allows to analyse signals that by the classic approach can not be directly processed. The windowed Fourier transform (Variable Short-Time Fourier Transform - VSTFT) adapted very well in monitoring of the signals originated by open circuit potential and zero resistance ammeter.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sinais diversos estão presentes em nosso cotidiano, assim como nas medidas realizadas nas atividades de ciência e tecnologia. Dentre estes sinais, tem grande importância tecnológica aqueles associados à corrosão de estruturas metálicas. Assim, esta tese propõe o estudo de um esquema local de transformada de Fourier janelada, com a janela variando em função da curtose, aplicada a sinais de ruído eletroquímico. A curtose foi avaliada nos domínios do tempo e da frequência e processada pelo programa desenvolvido para esse fim. O esquema foi aplicado a sinais de ruído eletroquímico dos aços UNS S31600, UNS G10200 e UNS S32750 imersos em três soluções: FeCl3 0,1 mol=L (cloreto férrico), H2SO4 5%(ácido sulfúrico) e NaOH 0,1%(hidróxido de sódio). Para os aços inoxidáveis, estas soluções promovem corrosão localizada, uniforme e passivação, respectivamente. Visando testar o desempenho do esquema de Fourier desenvolvido, testes foram realizados utilizando-se inicialmente sinais sintéticos e em seguida sinais de ruído eletroquímico. Notou-se que os sinais têm características de não-estacionaridade e a maior parte da energia está presente em baixa frequência. Os intervalos de tempo e de frequência onde se concentra a maior parte da energia do sinal foram correlacionados. Para os picos máximos dos sinais de potencial e corrente obtidos de amperimetria de resistência nula, a correlação entre eles foi baixa, independente da forma de corrosão presente. Conclui-se que o método se adaptou bastante bem às características locais do sinal eletroquímico permitindo o monitoramento dos espectros tempo-frequência. O fato de ser sensível às características locais do sinal permite analisar aspectos dos sinais que do modo clássico não podem ser diretamente processados. O método da transformada de Fourier janelada variável (Variable Short-Time Fourier Transform - VSTFT) adaptou-se muito bem no monitoramento dos sinais originados de potencial de circuito aberto e amperimetria de resistência nula. / Several signals are present in our daily lives, as well as in the measurements from scientific and technological procedures. Among these signals, it has great technological importance those associated with corrosion of metallic structures. Thus, this thesis considers a local windowed Fourier transform, varying according to the kurtosis of signals, applied to electrochemical noise. The kurtosis was assessed in the kurtosis of the time and frequency domains and evaluated by the software developed for this purpose. The scheme has been applied to electrochemical noise signals of UNS S31600, UNS G10200 and UNS S32750 steels immersed in three solutions: FeCl3 0.1 mol=L (ferric chloride), H2SO4 5 % (sulfuric acid) and NaOH 0.1 % (sodium hydroxide). For stainless steels, these solutions cause localized corrosion, uniform corrosion and passivation, respectively. To test the performance of the proposed Fourier scheme, tests were conducted initially using synthetic signal and then electrochemical noise signals. It is worth noticing that the signals have non-stationary characteristics and most part of its energy is present at low frequency. The time and frequency intervals which concentrate most part of the energy of the signal were correlated. For the maximum peaks of the potential and current signals obtained by zero resistance ammeter, the correlation between them was low, regardless of the form of present corrosion. We conclude that the method is well adapted to the local features of the electrochemical signal allowing the monitoring of time-frequency spectograms. As the method is sensitive to the local features of the sign, it allows to analyse signals that by the classic approach can not be directly processed. The windowed Fourier transform (Variable Short-Time Fourier Transform - VSTFT) adapted very well in monitoring of the signals originated by open circuit potential and zero resistance ammeter.

The primary goal of this work is to arrive at direction tomography (DT) algorithms freed from the severe linearization in the formulation, and as-assumptions on variation of the refractive index distribution (RID), involved in the earlier approaches based on Born and Royton approximations and the Fourier di reaction theorem (FDT). To start with, a direct single-step re-covery of RID from intensity measurements is demonstrated, replacing the common two-step procedure involving, rest the recovery of phase from in-density followed by the inversion of scattered led for the RID. The information loss, unavoidable in a two-step procedure is thus successfully addressed. Secondly, an iterative method which works with a forward model obtained directly from the Helmholtz equation is developed. This forward model, though has simplifying assumptions, is more general and can accommodate larger variations in RID than that allowed in the previous linear models. The iterative procedure has an update step which uses a linearization of the forward model and a re-linearization step at the updated RID. The procedure which directly employs the measured intensities is used as part of a deterministic Gauss-Newton algorithm and a stochastic optimization algorithm which uses the ensemble Kalman lter to arrive at the recursive update. The stochastic method is found to be more noise-tolerant and efficient to take care of process model inaccuracies. The proof is seen in better reconstructions from experimental data for two example objects, namely, a graded-index optical bre and a photonic-crystal bre. It is further ob-served that the reconstructions from photonic crystal bre are blurred, noisy and less accurate. Identifying the inaccurate implementation of the modemed Helmholtz equation for large k values employing the current sampling rate as the shortcoming, a new procedure, which splits the bandwidth into smaller components using short-time Fourier Transform is developed. The set of equations arrived at, each t for a narrow frequency band, is solved and the solutions are reassembled to obtain the scattered led for the original problem. The simulated di rated intensities so obtained are better matched to their measured experimental counterparts. However, the impel-mentation of the mode end procedure is computation-intensive, for which a parallel-processing machine can be a good solution. The recovery of RID with this mode cation is not attempted in this work and is left for future implementation.

The separation of independent sources from mixed observed data is a fundamental problem in many practical situations. A typical example is speech recordings made in an acoustic environment in the presence of background noise or other speakers. Problems of signal separation are explored by a group of methods called Blind Source Separation. Blind Source Separation (BSS) consists on estimating a set of N unknown sources from P observations resulting from the mixture of these sources and unknown background. Some existing solutions for instantaneous mixtures are reviewed and in Matlab implemented , i.e Independent Componnent Analysis (ICA) and Time-Frequency Analysis (TF). The acoustic signals recorded in real environment are not instantaneous, but convolutive mixtures. In this case, an ICA algorithm for separation of convolutive mixtures in frequency domain is introduced and in Matlab implemented. This diploma thesis examines the useability and comparisn of proposed separation algorithms.

This paper discusses the possible use of Hilbert-Huang transform to analyze the data obtained from physical experiments. Specifically for the analysis of acoustic emission in the form of acoustic shock. The introductory section explains the concept of acoustic emission and its detection process. Subsequently are discussed methods for signal analysis in time-frequency domain. Specifically, short-term Fourier transform, Wavelet transform, Hilbert transform and Hilbert-Huang transform. The final part contains the proposed method for measuring the performance and accuracy of different approaches.

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na problematiku analýzy signálů za účelem detekce poruchového oblouku, přičemž analýza signálů je prováděna v časové, frekvenční a smíšené časově-frekvenční oblasti. Práce stručně shrnuje existující normy pro zařízení pro detekci poruchového oblouku. Práce dokumentuje testy a měření, které byly realizovány v souladu s normami IEC 62606:2013 a UL 1699B. Z důvodu nedostatečnosti stávajících norem je v práci popsána nová metoda iniciace poruchového oblouku. naměřená data byla analyzována s využitím rychlé Fourierovy transformace, krátkodobé Fourierovy transformace a vlnkové transformace. Na základě provedeného literárního průzkumu a s využitím výsledků provedených analýz signálu je v práci proveden návrh nové detekční metody pro účely detekce poruchového oblouku v systémech napájených střídavým i stejnosměrným napětím.